1. If you did not attend school today, what would you be doing?

2. If we did not have a compulsory education law, and high school was

optional would you show up? Why/why not?

3. Do you think most of your peers would show up?

4. How would the future of our nation look if high school was optional?

DO NOW:

Cleaning Up the Cities Debriefing Get back in your groups Prepare to describe how the changes

you made will clean up NYC

The Drive for Reform

Chapter 17 Section 1 (cont)

CITY LIFE EARLY 20th CenturyOvercrowded

Diseases such as typhoid (caused by polluted water) and tuberculosis

commonFires were frequent

Streets unpaved and littered with trash and feces

Industrialization and Urbanization Industrialization created many social

problems in American cities. These included: poor housing and living conditions dangerous working conditions for miners,

railroads, and factory workers Use and abuse of child labor and women

workers

Progressives believed honest and efficient government could bring social justice. They wanted to end corruption. They wanted new election reforms. They tried to make government more

responsive to people’s needs.

Progressives targeted a variety of issues and problems:

corrupt political machines trusts and monopolies safety/workplace reform city services women’s suffrage and compensation public school funding

Muckrakers:

journalists who helped spread the reform message

published stories on corruption in politics and business, and social problems such as slums and child labor in magazines like McClure’s Magazine

Lincoln Steffans, editor of McClure’s Magazine, published The Shame of the Cities

Journal Question:

Why do you think “muckraking was what the people wanted to hear”?

Primary Source READING

1. What was Alice P’s hourly wage? 2. Why did Alice P quit her job 3. How did James injure

himself?OPINION Is Child Labor ok? Why or Why

not? Should the government

regulate labor in private industry? Why or why not?

How far should regulation go? 100 years later does this still

occur? If so where?

Lewis Hine (Faces of Lost Youth)

Photographer for the National Child Labor Committee (1908 – 1918)

From April 25th to May 16th 1911, I made quiet visits to every cotton mill in the state, with but one or two exceptions, and in all cases spending some time inside the mills during work hours, as well as other hours spent around the mills at noon-hours, and around the homes at various times. In some of the villages, I made careful house-to-house canvass, locating the homes of working children and getting data about them.

WHY DO YOU THINK HINE MADE “QUIET” VISITS?

Activity: Pick 2 packets to answer the following

1. Observe: What people and objects are shown? What is the physical setting? (conditions?)

2. Knowledge: Did Hines’ caption give you a better

understanding of the photo? How? Be specific. 3. Interpret:

What is going on in the picture? Who are the people & what are they doing?

After viewing all 3 photos what can we conclude about the time period? Would you switch places with these children?

Creative Writing

Imagine you are one of the children from Lewis Hines book “Faces of Lost Youth” Choose a photo/job

Write a diary entry describing your day (3 paragraphs)

Consider the long hours, unsafe conditions, and what a young child laborer might be missing out on (be specific, what would you miss if you were forced to work instead of attend school)

ONCE COMPLETE, take a copy of the homework due TUESDAY

Child Labor Laws

In 1904, Florence Kelley helped organize the National Child Labor Committee

In 1912 child labor laws were passed in 39 states

Enforcement of laws was lax

Progressives succeeded in reducing child labor and improving school enrollment.

The United States Children’s Bureau was created in 1912.

Muckrakers (Continued):

Ida Tarbell wrote The History of Standard Oil on John D. Rockefeller's oil companies which resulted in federal action and the breakup of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey

Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle that provided a shocking look at meatpacking in Chicago’s Stockyards.

W.W.J.D.? Walter Roushenbusch

created The Social Gospel by blending German socialism and American Progressivism

believed Christianity should be the basis of reform and that the Bible teachings about charity and justice should be used

demanded a shorter work day and the end of child labor

Discussion Question:

What do you expect in terms of working conditions, wages, and hours?

What conditions would you consider to be unacceptable?

What would you do about unacceptable circumstances if you encountered them?

Problems on the Job:

Long hours, low wages, no job security, unsafe conditions, and no benefits

Employers forced workers to live in company towns (Workers had to rent housing provided by the employer and were required to pay rent, even when the employer laid them off)

Workplace Reform:

Prohibit monopolies 8 hour work day a minimum wage safer working conditions end child labor

City Commissions:

After a hurricane in Galveston, Texas in 1900, 6,000 people were killed, government not able to deal with emergency

State legislature then decided to create a 5-person commission to rebuild the area

Commission was made up of experts rather than party loyalists

One eyewitness account said the storm "sounded like 1,000 demons screaming in the night," with women and children screaming for help and men "begging for mercy from God."(AP Photo)