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IEA Advanced Fuel Cells Implementing Agreement (IA)

U.S. Senate

July 31, 2009

Dr. Mark C. Williams

Visiting Professor, Fellow of the Electrochemical Society

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New Industrial Revolution

• We will always have chemical energy from sunlight on this planet– Coal, petroleum and natural gas are stored chemical energy

from the past– Methane from human, animal and plant residues and wastes

captured from sunlight will be available for tomorrow• Fuel cells technology transforms electricity production in

stationary and transportation applications because it is the most efficient way to convert chemical energy to electricity

• Fuel cells are the enabler for all types of primary energy - coal, NG, biomass. When fuel cells are placed in systems converting the chemical energy of these primary energies to electricity, fuel cells make all the systems more efficient.

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IA Aims, scope & participation

• The IA aims to advance knowledge in the field of (advanced) fuel cells.

• Task shared R&D + information exchange

• Covers technologies and applications for:– Polymer Fuel Cells (PEFC)

– Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

– Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)

• 19 participating countries including USA, EU members, Japan

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Participating countries

                                           

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

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Annexes List/Sponsor – 2008

• Annex XVI Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (US DOE, Argonne National Laboratory)

• Annex XVII Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (KIST, Korea)• Annex XVIII Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (varies between the

member countries – now Finland)• Annex XIX Fuel Cells for Stationary Applications (Eon,

Sweden – SOFC, MCFC, PEFC)• Annex XX Fuel Cells for Transportation (ECN,

Netherlands [1] PEFC and SOFC (APU))• Annex XXI Fuel Cells for Portable Power

(Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany - PEFC)

[1] [1] Operating Agent for Annex XX was TU Berlin, Germany until November 2006

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Annex structure

Technology annexes Application annexes

MCFC

SOFC

PEFC

Stationary

Transport

Portable

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Annex Participation

Participation in the current annexes Annex

XVI Annex XVII

Annex XVIII

Annex XIX

Annex XX

Annex XXI

Australia X X Austria X X X X Belgium X X Canada X X X Denmark X X X X Finland X X X X X France X X X Germany X X X X X X Italy X X X X X X Japan X X X X X Korea X X X X X X Mexico X Netherlands X X X X Norway X Sweden X X X X Switzerland X X Turkey X X UK X X USA X X X X X

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

FCV - C. WindFCV - Nuke

FCV - C. BiomassFCV - Coal w/ sequest.

FCV - Natural GasPHEV - 40 - E85 (cell)PHEV - 40 - GasolineHEV - Cellulosic E90

HEV - Corn E90HEV - Diesel

HEV - GasolineICEV- Natural Gas

ICEV- Gasoline

Well-to-Wheels Petroleum Energy Use(based on a projected state of the technologies in 2020)

Conventional Vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles(40-mile all-electric range)

Fuel Cell Vehic les

Gasoline

Natural Gas

Gasoline

Diesel

Corn Ethanol – E85

Cellulosic Ethanol – E85

Gasoline

Cellulosic Ethanol – E85

H2 from Distributed Natural Gas

H2 from Coal w/Sequestration

H2 from Biomass Gasification

H2 from Central Wind Electrolysis

Btu per mile

4550

25

2710

2370

850

860

1530

530

30

25

95

45

15

2000 3000 40001000 5000

Today’s Gasoline Vehicle

6070

H2 from Nuclear High-Temp Electrolysis

Analysis shows DOE’s portfolio of transportation technologies will reduce oil consumption.Analysis shows DOE’s portfolio of transportation technologies will reduce oil consumption.

Systems Analysis — Petroleum Use

Program Record #9002, www.hydrogen.energy.gov/program_records.html.

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Analysis shows DOE’s portfolio of transportation technologies will reduce emissions of Analysis shows DOE’s portfolio of transportation technologies will reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.greenhouse gases.

Systems Analysis — Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Program Record #9002, www.hydrogen.energy.gov/program_records.html.

Today’s Gasoline Vehicle

0 100 200 300 400

FCV - C. WindFCV - Nuke

FCV - C. BiomassFCV - Coal w/

FCV - Natural GasPHEV - 40 - E85

PHEV - 40 - GasolineHEV - Cellulosic E85

HEV - Corn E85HEV - Diesel

HEV - GasolineICEV- Natural Gas

ICEV- Gasoline

Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions(life cycle emissions, based on a projected state of the technologies in 2020)

Conventional Vehic les

Hybrid Electric Vehic les

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehic les (40-mile all-electric range)

Fuel Cell Vehic les

Gasoline

Natural Gas

Gasoline

Diesel

Corn Ethanol – E85

Cellulosic Ethanol – E85

Gasoline

Cellulosic Ethanol – E85

H2 from Distributed Natural Gas

H2 from Coal w/Sequestration

H2 from Biomass Gasification

H2 from Central Wind Electrolysis

H2 from Nuclear High-Temp Electrolysis

410

320

250

220

190

<65*

240

<150*

200

<110*

<55*

<40*

50

100 200 300 400

Grams of CO2-equivalent per mile

540

*Net emissions from these pathways will be lower if these figures are adjusted to include:• The displacement of emissions from grid power–generation that will occur when surplus electricity is co-produced with cellulosic ethanol• The displacement of emissions from grid power–generation that may occur if electricity is co-produced with hydrogen in the biomass and

coal pathways, and if surplus wind power is generated in the wind-to-hydrogen pathway• Carbon dioxide sequestration in the biomass-to-hydrogen process

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Revolutionizing Power Production & Use:

SECA as a part of DOE’s Strategy

SECA: Solid State SOFC

Solid-State Lighting

SMART GRID

SECA and other DOE programs can realistically reduce fuel use to meet U.S. lighting needs by more than 10x in the medium-term!

100

coal electricity

65% loss ~ 4.8% loss

Generation Transmission

~ 35

Distribution

electricity

~ 33

electricity

~ 31

~ 88% loss

End-Use

~ 5.1% loss

~4

Adapted from AEP, Ohio Fuel Cell Coalition, June 2009

lightToday

DOE

Programs

Future 100 ~ 60 ~ 55 >40

Coal, gas, renewables electricity electricity light

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Technical Achievements 2004-2008

• Technology annexes:– Materials & process development– Stack development & testing– System modelling

• Applications annexes:– Learning from demonstration projects– Market studies– Well to wheel studies

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USA Benefits

Information exchange“One of Best forum for understanding world R&D status of fuel cell technology – pace and direction; discussion of difficulties and obstacles in fuel cell commercialization; Identification of markets for USA products.

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Wider Benefits2004-2008

Open discussion oftechnical issues

“Being a multi-disciplinary research area, fuel cellsneed to be cross-fertilized by people from different laboratories around the world” “The level of opennessand personal contact is superior to bigger conferences”

Information exchange“The primary benefit is that you get a true internationalnetwork within fuel cells. There are no other forumswhere you can cooperate with Japan, USA, Canada etc.”

National programmes “The IEA work has enabled us to shape the hydrogenand fuel cell program in the Netherlands”

Further collaboration “Participation enabled POSCO (a Korean steel maker)to start new fuel cell business with FCE of USA”

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Strategy for the period2009-2013

Further strengthen cooperation through activities that:• Continue and expand the informational network• Perform market assessment and monitoring• Identify and lower barriers to implementation• Develop technical and economically viable stacks and systems• Stimulate tools for, and knowledge of, balance of plant• Increase the value of demonstration programmes by evaluating

test data• Contribute to feasibility studies of deployment of FC technologies

In this way the Implementing Agreement (IA) can make a major contribution to addressing the barriers to FC commercialisation and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of other national and international FC activities.

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Annexes - Future

• Annex 22: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells• Annex 23: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells• Annex 24: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells• Annex 25: Fuel Cells for Stationary

Applications• Annex 26: Fuel Cells for Transportation• Annex 27: Fuel Cells for Portable Applications

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For further information please contact:

Mrs Heather Haydock Secretary, IEA Advanced Fuel Cells

Executive Committeeheather.haydock@aeat.co.uk

Or see the web site atwww.ieafuelcell.com

Thank you for your attention

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Backups

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Annex Accomplishments

• Annex XX: Fuel Cells for Transportation– Information has been shared on targets, status and

projections for automotive fuel cell systems, including results from a study of the cost breakdown of components of a PEMFC stack. A review has been undertaken of hydrogen storage options and their status, characteristics and challenges. Information has been exchanged on the progress and future plans of fuel cell vehicle development programmes in participant countries.

• Annex XXI: Fuel Cells for Portable Applications– Two expert meetings were held in 2005 and 2006, at which

information was exchanged on system analysis, system, stack and cell development, and materials innovation.

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Annex Accomplishments

• Annex XIX: Fuel Cells for Stationary Applications– A study has been completed on the market prospects for fuel cells in different countries based on the

latest available information regarding the development of and the market conditions for stationary fuel cell systems. One of the important outcomes from this market study is that the different conditions in different countries and regions like energy prices, grid stability, demand pattern for heating and cooling domestic energy sources etc are very important for the introduction of fuel cells. The conditions are not at all the same and this is especially valid for the small stationary fuel cells. For the larger fuel cells it is not so sensitive as they operate for longer periods with base load characteristics and can ideally use locally produced fuels. In that case is the investment costs not that important but the high efficiency and reliability of the fuel cells plant are major advantages. The environmental advantages are also one of the major factors for the decision to invest in a stationary fuel cells plant.

– The Annex XIX subtask describing fuels for fuel cells has developed a comprehensive library of different possible fuels for stationary fuel cells. In almost any country or region, biofuels and waste gases can be used with significant advantage in stationary fuel cells. Biogas produced from anaerobic digester plants based on sewage or agriculture waste, manure etc can be used in high temperature fuel cells with significantly higher efficiency than other conventional technologies. This technology is now demonstrated at several sites in different countries. The biogas as such is an aggressive greenhouse gas that now can be as fuel for production of electricity and heat.

– About two thirds of the costs for a fuel cell plant is related to the balance of plant. As a significant cost reduction is needed if stationary fuel cells are to be commercially competitive, the costs of balance of plant components must be reduced. Annex XIX has started to investigate if this is feasible. It was a difficult task, as the developers of fuel cell systems and components considered this to be proprietary information. The focus of the task was then changed to concentrate more on the specification of balance of plant components.

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Annex Accomplishments

• Annex XVI: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells– Technical achievements in Annex XVI have included sharing of information on:

• new methods for making lower-cost, higher durability platinum electrodes, • development of an ammonia-fuelled PEFC, • development of an 80kW system for fuel cell locomotives, • understanding of the degradation mechanisms involved when cells are started up and shut

down, and when they are exposed to sub zero temperatures, • development of a PEFC stack simulator for system studies, • studies on the effect of air impurities on the performance of cell components, and • performance modelling of high temperature PEFCs.

• Annex XVII: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells– The latest R&D data on MCFC stack and system performance have been presented

and discussed at annual workshops. Discussions have centred on reducing stack degradation rates and costs through better design and improved materials.

• Annex XVIII: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells– Annex XIII has held a series of successful annual workshops to exchange information

on SOFC cells, stacks and systems. Workshops held to date have addressed low cost manufacture and design; low temperature operation; systems, and; modelling of cell and stack operation and electrode processes. They have also provided an opportunity to share information on national programmes and industry activities.

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H2 & Fuel Cells — Where are we today?

Hydrogen & Fuel Cells for Transportation (in the U.S.):

> 200 fuel cell vehicles

> 20 hydrogen-fueled buses

~ 60 fueling stations

Several carmakers (including GM, Honda, Daimler) have announced plans for increased deployments in the next few years.Fuel Cells for Auxiliary Power and

Specialty Vehicles

Production & Delivery of Hydrogen

In the U.S., there are currently:

~9 million metric tons of H2 produced annually

> 1,200 miles of H2 pipelines

Fuel cells can be a cost-competitive

option for critical-load facilities, backup

power, and forklifts

The largest markets for fuel cells today are in stationary power, portable power, auxiliary power units, and forklifts.

~52,000 fuel cells have been shipped worldwide.

~18,000 fuel cells were shipped in 2008.

Fuel Cells are Part of DOE’s Strategy to electrify the transportation sector to reduce dependence on oil and reduce GHGs

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DOE Programs to Revolutionize Energy Production and Utilization

100

coal electricity

65.5% loss ~ 4.8% loss

Generation Transmission

~ 35

Distribution

electricity

~ 33

electricity

~ 31

~ 88% loss

End UseUtilization

~4

~ 5.1% loss

100

coal electricity

65.5% loss ~ 4.8% loss

Generation Transmission

~ 35

Distribution

electricity

~ 33

electricity

~ 31

~ 88% loss

End UseUtilization

~4

~ 5.1% loss

SECA:Solid State SOFC

Solid-State LightingSMART GRID

Getting the most out of R&D dollars – By cutting Generation Losses in half, SECA’s SOFCs can revolutionize the

central generation power industry

AEP Ohio Fuel Cell Coalition, June 2009

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Overview of presentation

• Introduction to the programme

• Achievements 2004-2008

• Strategy 2009-2013

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Advanced Fuel CellsAdvanced Materials for TransportationAdvanced Motor FuelsBioenergyBuildings and Community Systems (ECBCS)Clean Coal SciencesClimate Technology Initiative (CTI)Demand-Side ManagementDistrict Heating and CoolingEfficient Electrical End-Use Equipment Electricity Networks Analysis, Research & Development (ENARD)Emissions Reduction in CombustionEnergy StorageEnergy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE)Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ETSAP)Enhanced Oil RecoveryEnvironmental, Safety and Economic Aspects of Fusion PowerFluidized Bed ConversionFusion MaterialsGeothermalGreenhouse Gas RD ProgrammeHeat Pumping TechnologiesHigh-Temperature Superconductivity (HTS) on the Electric Power Sector

Hybrid and Electric VehiclesHydrogenHydropowerIEA Clean Coal CentreIndustrial Energy-Related Technologies and SystemsLarge TokamaksMultiphase Flow SciencesNuclear Technology of Fusion ReactorsOcean Energy SystemsPhotovoltaic Power SystemsPlasma Wall Interaction in TEXTORRenewable Energy Technology DeploymentReversed Field PinchesSolar Heating and CoolingSolarPACESSpherical ToriStellarator ConceptTokomaks with Poloidal Field Divertors (ASDEX Upgrade)Wind Energy Systems

Current Implementing Agreements:

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Annexes Reports

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Proposed programme2009-2013

• Continuation of the programme with a similar content and structure

• Strategy for all Annexes in place

• 16 of 19 current participants have confirmed they will continue (and the others are likely to)

• Additional cross-annex activities being considered

• Co-ordination with other IAs will continue

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IEA AFC programme2009-2013

MCFC

SOFC

PEFC

R&D activities• Materials development (all)• Component development (all)• Stack/system modelling (PEFC, SOFC)• Biomass fuelling (MCFC)

Demonstration activities• Exchange of experience (MCFC. SOFC)

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IEA AFC programme2009-2013

Stationary

Transport

Portable

Demonstration activities• Exchange of demonstration experience• System studies

Commercialisation activities• Market & cost studies• Well-to-wheel studies

Supporting activities• Support to codes & standards authorities

In collaboration with other IEA Agreements including Hydrogen and Hybrid & Electric Vehicles