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Q1. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
(a) The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbon Boiling point in °C
methane, CH4
–162
butane, C4H
10
0
pentane, C5H
12
+36
decane, C10
H22
+175
Tick ( ) two statements that are correct about these hydrocarbons.
(2)
Statement Tick ( )
decane has the largest molecules
pentane is a liquid at 40°C
methane and butane are gases at 20°C
methane has the highest boiling point
butane does not boil
(b) Natural gas supplied to homes and schools is mainly methane. The diagram shows an apparatus to investigate the two substances produced when natural gas burns completely in air.
(i) Name the liquid that collects in the U-tube. ........................................ (1)
(ii) Name the gas that turns the limewater cloudy .................................... (1)
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(c) Some crude oil contains sulfur. Petrol and diesel fuels are produced from crude oil.
The sulfur must be removed from these fuels before they are burned.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................ (2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q2. Hydrogen is an element.
(a) The diagram shows the parts of a hydrogen atom.
Use words from the box to label the diagram.
(2)
electron group nucleus symbol
(b) Hydrogen can be used as a clean fuel for cars.
(i) When hydrogen burns in air, it reacts with another element.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
hydrogen + ................................. → water (1)
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(ii) Suggest one reason why hydrogen is called a clean fuel.
.........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q3. Most electricity in the UK is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels. The diagram lists some of the substances released into the air when fossil fuels are burned.
(a) (i) Which one of the substances released into the air causes acid rain?
......................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) In the sentence below, draw a ring around the correct answer.
The type of environmental pollution caused by
(1)
smoke particle is
global dimming
global warming
rising sea levels
(iii) Suggest how the burning of fossil fuels may cause climate change.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... (2)
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(b) The table shows the percentage of electricity generated by different energy sources.
Complete the bar chart to show the percentage of electricity generated by coal and by gas and oil.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Energy sources
Renewables Nuclear Coal Gas and Oil
Percentage (%)
8 20 32 40
Q4. Crude oil is a natural resource from which useful fuels can be separated.
(a) Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Complete the sentence about a hydrocarbon molecule.
A hydrocarbon molecule is made up of ....................................... and carbon atoms only. (1)
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(b) Many fuels come from crude oil. Some of these fuels are shown in the diagram.
Suggest two properties of these fuels that allow them to be separated from crude oil.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... (2)
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(c) Fuels from crude oil burn to provide heat energy.
When a fuel burns, it combines with oxygen in the air and produces carbon dioxide and water. When there is not enough oxygen, the fuel burns and also produces carbon monoxide and carbon particles.
Draw a straight line from each substance that links it to a possible environmental problem.
One has been done for you.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5. (a) Complete this sentence about crude oil.
Crude oil is mainly a mixture of compounds called ...................................... which contain carbon and hydrogen only.
(1)
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(b) The diagram shows a laboratory experiment used to separate crude oil.
Complete each sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.
The main process taking place at A is .......................................................................
The main process taking place at B is .......................................................................
This method of separating crude oil is called ............................................................ (3)
condensation distillation evaporation
melting sublimation
(c) Complete this sentence by crossing out the word in each box that is wrong. The first one has been done for you.
This method of separating crude oil works because the the molecules are,
the their boiling point and the volatile they are. (1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q6. Petrol is a hydrocarbon fuel.
(a) Complete this sentence.
Hydrocarbons are compounds which are made from the elements ...........................
and ........................................ only. (2)
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(b) This apparatus was used to study the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel.
(i) Name the substance which changed the anhydrous copper sulphate from white to blue.
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Carbon dioxide is also produced when the hydrocarbon fuel is burned. Name the solution, labelled X on the diagram, which tests for carbon dioxide.
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(iii) Complete this sentence.
Carbon dioxide turns solution X ....................................................................... (1)
(c) The graph shows how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air has varied since the year 1000.
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(i) Describe the changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air since the year 1000.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (3)
(ii) Suggest why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air has changed since the year 1800.
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q7. Some gas cookers burn natural gas, methane. Methane, CH4, is a hydrocarbon.
(a) What is meant by hydrocarbon?
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... (2)
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(b) When methane burns there must be a good supply of air.
(i) Complete the word equation by choosing the correct two chemicals from the box.
methane + oxygen → ....................................... + ............................................ (2)
carbon dioxide hydrogen oxygen water
(ii) Without a good supply of air, carbon monoxide is formed. Why is carbon monoxide a dangerous gas?
..........................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q8. Fractional distillation is used to separate fractions in the crude oil mixture.
(a) Draw a line to join each fraction to its use as a fuel. One line has been drawn for you.
(2)
(b) (i) Why does petrol separate from the other fractions in the crude oil mixture?
..........................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................... (1)
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(ii) Petrol contains the elements carbon and hydrogen only.
Which two of the substances in the diagram are formed when petrol burns?
1 ...................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................. (2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q9. The table shows some information about alkanes.
Name Formula Relative formula mass Boiling point in °C
methane CH4
16 –160
ethane C2H
6
30 –90
propane 44 –40
butane C4H
10
58
pentane C5H
12
72 36
hexane C6H
14
86 68
(a) Give the formula of propane.
................................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) (i) What happens to the boiling points of the alkanes as the relative formula mass increases?
......................................................................................................................... (1)
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(ii) Draw a graph. Plot the points and draw a best fit line.
(3)
(iii) What is the boiling point of butane?
......................................................................................................................... (1)
(iv) Show clearly on the graph how you found the boiling point of butane. (1)
(c) Circle which of the following is not an alkane.
C711
16 C
9H
18 C
11H
24 C
24H
50
(1) (Total 8 marks)
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Q10. Hot air balloons are used mainly for pleasure trips.
(a) Air is a mixture of gases. Complete the table. (Carbon dioxide has been done for you.)
(3)
Gas Chemical formula % in air
nitrogen 78
oxygen O2
argon 0.9
carbon dioxide CO2
0.03
(b) The air in the balloon is heated using a propane burner. Propane, C3H
8, is a hydrocarbon
that burns in air forming carbon dioxide, CO2, and water, H
2O.
(i) What does hydrocarbon mean?
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Which gas, in the air, reacts with propane when it burns?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(iii) What type of chemical reaction happens when a hydrocarbon burns?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
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(iv) The formation of more carbon dioxide causes global problems. Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q11. A teacher carried out an experiment to study car engine oil. The experiment was carried out in a fume cupboard and the teacher wore plastic gloves. The oil was poured through a funnel. The time taken for all the oil to go through the funnel was measured. The experiment was repeated with the oil at different temperatures.
(a) What two safety precautions were taken in the experiment?
1 ................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................ (1)
(b) The results of the experiment are shown in the table below.
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(i) Plot the results on the graph paper. One of the results has been plotted for you. Join the points in a smooth curve.
(3)
(ii) Use your graph to find the time it would take the oil to travel through the funnel at 37ºC.
Time = ....................................... seconds (1)
(iii) How does the time taken for the oil to go through the funnel change when the temperature is increased?
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (1)
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(c) An engine oil must be viscous enough to stop the metal parts of the engine from rubbing against each other. It must not be too viscous or the parts cannot move freely.
(i) Complete the sentences below.
The more viscous a liquid is, the less easily it .......................................... .
As the liquid gets hotter it gets ...................................................... viscous. (2)
(ii) Why should the oil in a car engine not be allowed to get too hot?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q12. Propane has a small, hydrocarbon molecule, so it is used as a fuel.
(a) Complete the sentences by choosing the correct words from the box.
Propane is a hydrocarbon with a .................................... boiling point. Propane is a
hydrocarbon because it is made of .................................. and carbon only. (2)
carbohydrate high hydrogen
hydroxide low volatile
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(b) Describe, in as much detail as you can, what happens when propane burns.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... (3)
(Total 5 marks)
Q13. Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
The table gives information about some of the fractions.
Fraction Boiling point
range in °C
Number of carbon atoms per molecule
Gas Below 20 1 – 4
Petrol 20 – 100 5 – 10
Paraffin 100 – 250 11 – 15
Diesel 250 – 350 16 – 20
Lubricant 350 – 500 21 – 35
Bitumen Above 500 Above 35
(a) What is the relationship between the boiling point of a fraction and the number of carbon atoms in its molecules?
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) Give one further difference, other than boiling point, between diesel and paraffin that also depends on the number of carbon atoms in their molecules.
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
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(c) All the fractions contain hydrocarbons.
Name the two elements in a hydrocarbon.
............................... and ............................... (1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q14. The table shows the composition of some crude oil.
Fraction Percentage in crude
oil
Gases 3
Petrol 7
Naphtha 10
Kerosine 15
Gas oil 20
Fuel oil 45
(a) Complete the pie chart for the composition of this crude oil. Remember to label the chart.
(3)
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(b) The diagram shows the process of separating a different sample of crude oil into fractions.
(i) What is the name given to this process?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Which fraction has the lowest boiling point?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(iii) Which fraction is the least volatile?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q15. Crude oil and natural gas are mixtures of hydrocarbons. They are obtained from wells drilled into rocks where they are trapped.
(a) (i) What is the name of the process used to separate the different hydrocarbons in crude oil?
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Methane is one of the gases obtained when crude oil is separated.
Give the name of another hydrocarbon gas obtained from this process.
........................................................................................................................... (1)
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(b) A fuel used in gas cookers is natural gas. It is mainly methane, CH4.
(i) Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of methane.
methane + oxygen → .................................... + .............................................. (2)
(ii) What different gas is produced by the incomplete combustion of methane?
......................................................................................................................... (1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q16. Choose words from this list to complete the sentences,
ammonia carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen
electrical heat solar sound
(a) In air, the two most common gases are oxygen and ............................................. .
(b) When natural gas burns, energy is released mainly as .......................................... .
(c) When natural gas burns, a gas is produced which turns limewater milky.
The gas is ......................................................... . (Total 3 marks)
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M1. (a) decane has the largest molecules 1
methane and butane are gases at 20 °C 1
(b) (i) water 1
(ii) carbon dioxide 1
(c) sulfur dioxide is produced when sulfur burns 1
therefore sulfur must be removed from these fuels because sulfur dioxide causes acid rain
1 [6]
M2. (a) electron
words must be in correct position 1
nucleus 1
(b) (i) oxygen / O2
ignore air 1
(ii) any one from:
• (water) does not pollute accept no harmful gas(es)
• (only) water is produced
• no carbon dioxide (is produced) accept no greenhouse gas(es) / effect
• no sulfur dioxide (is produced) accept no acid rain
• no nitrogen oxides (are produced)
• no carbon / no particles (are produced) 1
[4]
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M3. (a) (i) sulfur dioxide / SO2
1
(ii) global dimming 1
(iii) carbon dioxide / CO2
ignore ozone 1
increases the levels (of carbon dioxide) accept it is a greenhouse gas or causes global warming / greenhouse effect
1
(b) gas / oil bar correct length 1
coal bar correct length 1
[6]
M4. (a) hydrogen
ignore formulae 1
(b) any two from:
• different sized molecules / more or less (carbon) atoms (in molecules) ignore different densities
• fuels have different boiling points
• fuels condense at different temperatures 2
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(c)
all three correct = 3 marks two correct = 2 marks one correct = 1 mark
3 [6]
M5. (a) hydrocarbons 1
(b) evaporation 1
condensation 1
distillation allow fractional distillation
1
(c) lower and more 1
[5]
M6. (a) hydrogen
accept correct symbols but not H2
1
carbon 1
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(b) (i) water accept H
2O
1
(ii) limewater / calcium hydroxide accept Ca(OH)
2
1
(iii) milky / cloudy / chalky / white 1
(c) (i) remains almost the same / increases then decreases slightly from 1000 to 1800
1
increases / rises after 1800 1
rapidly (owtte) 1
(ii) increased burning of hydrocarbon / (fossil) fuels, etc. or increased use of fuels
accept deforestation accept (more) cars / lorries / planes etc. accept power stations do not accept just ‘factories’
1 [9]
M7. (a) hydrocarbon is a compound
not mixture not substance 1
containing carbon and hydrogen accept of the elements carbon and hydrogen accept of carbon and hydrogen contains hydrogen and carbon only (2)
1
(b) (i) any order
carbon dioxide accept CO
2
exact formulae 2
water 1 accept H
2O
not carbon in one box and dioxide in second box (0) ignore any attempt to ‘balance’ the equation
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(ii) it is poisonous accept toxic can kill you accept any reasonable description of its effect on red blood cells or on haemoglobin in terms of reducing oxygen transport not can explode, harmful, dangerous, flammable
1 [5]
M8. (a) all three lines correct two marks one or two lines correct one mark
two ticks only
accept diesel oil joined to cars
1
(b) (i) because it has a different boiling point accept because of its boiling point or it has a boiling point of 40 °C
1
(ii) CO2 or carbon dioxide
1
H2O or water
accept steam 1
[5]
M9. (a) C3H
8
1
(b) (i) increases / gets larger 1
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(ii) all 5 points plotted correctly deduct 1 mark for each incorrectly plotted point but ignore –90, 30 allow error of one square in any direction
2
smooth line graph
1
(iii) boiling point estimate from their graph
allow 2 °C 1
(iv) shown clearly on graph allow just one construction line drawn
1
(c) C9H
18
1 [8]
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M10. (a) N2
1
20–21% accept an answer in this range
1
Ar 1
(b) (i) compound of carbon and hydrogen only do not accept ‘mixture’
1
(ii) Oxygen or O2
1
(iii) exothermic accept combustion or oxidation
1
(iv) increases greenhouse effect 1
global warming or example 1
[8]
##
(a) fume cupboard plastic gloves (only one tick)
for 1 mark 1
(b) (i) plotting points (allow ± 0.5 units either vertically or horizontally) (all correct = 2) (3 correct =1) curve (not joined with straight lines. Must be very close to all points. One line only) (1 mark)
gains 3 marks 3
(ii) as read from graph (±0.5 units) – points must be joined
for 1 mark 1
(iii) decreases, gets less, quicker for 1 mark
1
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(c) (i) flows, moves, passes through (not rubbing/moving of engine parts)
for 1 mark
less etc for 1 mark
2
(ii) parts rub against each other increases wear of engine parts damages the oil engine seizes overheating of engine (not burns or blows up) (not just ‘damage’)
any 1 for 1 mark 1
[9]
M12. (a) low 1
hydrogen 1
(b) any three from
• flame accept it is a blue / yellow colour
• reacts with oxygen accept burns in oxygen / bonds broken
• carbon dioxide carbon monoxide forms accept CO
2 arco / bonds forming in CO
2/CO and H
2O
bonds forming 1 mark max accept an oxide of hydrogen or H
2O
• water (vapour) forms accept heat or light released / temperature increase / exothermic
• energy released 3
[5]
M13. (a) the higher the boiling point, the greater the number of carbon atoms 1
(b) volatility / viscosity / runnyness / flammability / smokiness / amount of oxygen needed for burning / melting point
do not credit how heavy it is / how it burns 1
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(c) hydrogen and carbon (both) allow H and C (upper case)
1 [3]
M14. (a) all plots correct
3 or 2 plots correct gains 1 mark 2
all sectors correctly labelled 1
(b) (i) (fractional) distillation 1
(ii) gases 1
(iii) bitumen 1
[6]
M15. (a) (i) fractional distillation
both words required accept fractionation
1
(ii) any one from
ethane
propane
butane 1
(b) (i) carbon dioxide 1
water (vapour) accept steam do not credit symbols
1
(ii) carbon monoxide accept CO do not credit soot or carbon oxide
1 [5]
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M16. (a) nitrogen / N2
[Do not allow N or N2] for 1 mark
(b) heat for 1 mark
(c) carbon dioxide / CO2
for 1 mark [3]
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