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Advanced textual analyses:the cases of poems, prose
and plays
Dr. Codrua Goa
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Unit 1: Stylistics
Key bibliographical resources:
Short, M. 1996: Exploring theLanguage of Poems, Plays andProse, London and New York:Longman
Verdonk, P. 2002: Stylistics,Oxford: Oxford University Press
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What is stylistics?
a method of linking linguistic
form, via reader inference, to
interpretation in a detailed way
and thereby providing as much
explicit evidence as possible for
and against particular
interpretation of texts. (Short,1996)
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Key concept
Foregrounding
a means by which an author of
a text, consciously or
unconsciously highlights the
parts which he considers crucial
to our understanding of what
s/he has written;
an abnormal use of language;
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Example
Come, we burn daylight, ho
(William Shakespeare, Romeoand Juliet)
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Means of achieving foregrounding
Deviation
Parallelism
Style variation
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Types of deviation (1)
Lexical:
The boys are dreaming
wickedof the night and the
jollyrodgeredsea.
(Dylan Thomas,Under Milk Wood)
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Types of deviation (1)
Semantic (figures of speech)
Where no sea runs, the waters of
the heart
Push in their tides;
(Dylan Thomas, Light Breaks
Where no Sun Shines)
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Types of deviation (1)
Morphological (at the level of
morpheme):
perhapslessmystery of paradise
(e.e. cummings, from spiralling
ecstatically this)
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Types of deviation (1)
Grammatical (Syntactic, at
sentence level): And there are
so many stories to tell, too
many, such an excess ofintertwined lives events
miracles places rumours, so
dense a commingling of theimprobable and the mundane!
(Salman Rushdies Midnight
Children)
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Types of deviation (1)
Discoursal:
- Think you are in
Heaven?
Wellyoull soon beIn H
E
LL
(Michael Horovitz; Man-to-Man-Blues)
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Yes is a pleasant country (fragment) e.e.
cummings(1894 - 1962)
yes is a pleasant country:
if's wintry (my lovely)
let's open the year
both is the very weather
(not either)
my treasure,
when violets appear
love is a deeper season
than reason;
my sweet one
(and april's where we're)
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Parallelism
Repetition and parallelism
Simple repetition: deviation
The repetition of one word orstructure:
Blow, blow, though winter
wind ()Come hither, come hither,
come hither.
(Shakespeare,As You
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Parallelism
A different method of foregrounding where:
Some features are held constant (usuallystructural features) while others (usually
lexical items, e.g. words, idioms arevaried). In other words: the repetition ofgrammatical structures (parallel structures)while varying the meanings of the wordsrepeated.
The parallelism rule for interpretation: invitesthe reader to search for meaningconnections between parallel structures, inparticular, in terms of the parts which are
varied (Short, 1996, p.14)
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Love is(Adrian Henri)
Love is feeling cold in the back of vans
Love is a fanclub with only two fans
Love is walking holding paintstained
handsLove is
Love is fish and chips on winter nights
Love is blankets full of strange delights
Love is when you dont put out thelights
Love is
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Love is presents in Christmas shops
Love is when youre feeling Top of thePops
Love is what happens when the musicstops
Love is
Love is white panties lying all forlorn
Love is pink dresses still slightly warm
Love is when you have to leave at
dawnLove is
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Love is you and love is me
Love is a prison and love is free
Loves whats there when youreaway from me
Love is
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Chronolog ical In jus t ice
(Raymond Brooks)
She came.
She saw.
She thought.She said.
She did.
Shes gonefor good!
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