1.DEGRADASI TANAH DAN LAHAN

Degradasi/kerusakan tanah dan lahan, penyebab degradasi, intensitas dan luasan lahan degradasi di Indonesis

Land and Soil• What is land:• Formal definition: an area of the earth’s surface.... . . including all reasonably stable, or predictably cyclic,

attributes vertically above and below it . . .. . . including those of the atmosphere, the soil and underlying geology, the hydrology, the biosphere (plant and

animal populations), and the results of past and present human activity, to the extent that these affect its function

(adapted from FAO 1976 ‘Framework for Land Evaluation’)

9 Soil Science

What is soil2cAs a natural body: Forms at the earth’s surface... as a result of ‘pedogenetic’ processes

As a functional unit: The interface between

? lithosphere (rocks, solid earth)Atmosphere hydrosphere (water, both free and bound)Biosphere (plants, animals, ?-organisms)anthrosphere (people)

Dari kepentingan pertanian tanah: adalah ………….9 Soil Science

What is land and soil degradation?

• Loss of function of the land and/or soil• Reduces the capacity of the land to

provide ‘goods’- productive land uses- environmental reactor- social goods

What is soil degradation

• It generally refers to the decline in soil's inherent capacity to produce economic goods and perform ecologic functions (Lal, 1993). Soil degradation is defined as a process that causes deterioration of soil productivity and low soil utility as a result of natural or anthropogenic factors (Ayoub, 1991; Mashali 1991; UNEP Staff, 1992; Wim and El Hadji, 2002). It can be the result of one or more of several factors which are potential threats for soil.

Degradation vs. natural hazards

• Degradation is typically ‘gradual’ as opposed to catastrophes

• the concept of ‘degradation’ includes increased risk of catastrophe, but that is better considered as a natural hazard

Macam Degradasi

Causes of soil degradation

Causes of soil degradation

Soil Science27

sheet, rill and gully erosion in fine-silty soil;

Soil erosion

soil compaction as a result of agricultural equipment operation

NL62: S Enschede23 Soil Science

Soil from river Rhinesediments (clayey);excellent subsoil structure;

under grassland

under cropping; plowed and trafficked when too wet; sub soil structure destroyed

Laterzation

Hardsetting soil

Soil Science31

columnar structure; sealed surface from excess sodium salts;positive feedback to more degradation

BO98-28: Valle Alto, Cochabamba, Bolivia

salinization and alkalinization

Soil Science32

salt crust

BO98-28: Valle Alto, Cochabamba, Bolivia32

Soil Science

Soil Science33

salt flats: this was the “garden of the Andes” in Bolívar’ s time

BO98-30: Valle Alto, Cochabamba, Bolivia

completely salt-saturated soilUT99-15: Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

34Soil Science

Land and soil degradation : chemical

• Organicmatter and nutrient depletion• Soil pollution due to excessive fertilizer and

pesticide• Mining activities• Industrial activities

degradation due SOM andnutrient depletion

Chemical degradation

degradation due to pestiside

degradation due to pestiside

degradation due to Fertilizers

Pupuk dan pestisida berlebihan

Tambang galian C

Tambang emas Nemont Sumbawa

Tambang emas rakyat

degradation due to Industry activities

degradation due to Industry activities

Biological degradation

Deforestation and fire

The areas concern for soil degradation

The extent of soil degradation

Luasan terdegradasiWorld scale :

• UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL LAND ASSESSMENT OF DEGRADATION (GLASOD)

• 22% OF AGRICULTURAL LAND WORLDWIDE• 38% OF CROPLAND

• HAS BEEN SUBJECT TO ONE OR MORE KNDS OF DEGRADATION.

• 2 BILLION HECTARES:

• 83% BY EROSION, 12% BY CHEMICAL DEGRADATION 5% BY PHYSICAL DEGRADATION

• 70 MILLION (ABOUT 3% OF DEGRADED LAND) IS SO BADLY DEGRADED THAT DAMAGE CANNOT BE REPAIRED.

(th delapan puluhan masih sekitar 1,3 milyard ha. Elswaify et al., 1980S)

• Luas dan penyebaran lahan kritis di Indonesia: 77.806.880 ha 47.610.080(agakterdegad; 23.306.333 (terdeg);6.890.566 (sangat terdeg)

Propinsi agak terdegr(ha) terdegradasi (ha) sangatterdegr (ha) Jumlah (ha)1 Aceh 1.205.241 395.686 7.343 1.668.2642. Sumut 3.256.903 1.526.958 434.767 5.218.6283Riau 4.701.516 2.306.658 108.355 7.116.5304Kep. Riau - - - -5SumBar 1.601.638 239.433 169.598 1.470.6706Jambi 1.586.684 614.116 4.774 2.205.5757Bengkulu 708.934 545.218 163.729 1.417.8838SumSel 1.580,908 2.085.364 739.484 4.405.7579BaBel 95.756 261.615 314.842 672.21310Lampung1.197.984 329.055 186.408 1.723.44711Banten 67.112 51.981 90.425 209.51812DKI Jakarta13JaBar 248.245 140.8941 9.487 408.62614JaTeng 685.547 233.2992 8.225 947.07115DIY 94.064 43.548 1.111 138.72316JaTim 1.008.648 533.841 247.114 1.789.604

• Luas dan penyebaran:Propinsi sangat terdegr(ha) terdegradasi (ha) agak terdegr (ha) Jumlah (ha)17Kalbar 8.203.886 1.840.181 16.123 10.060.19118KalTen 2.972.566 1.939.143 1.267.743 6.179.45319KalTim 8.526.149 1.015.615 38.074 9.579.83920KalSel 1.531.973 511.821 54.771 2.098.56421SulUt 471.155 229.225 28.039 728.42122Gorontalo 426.276 202.789 62.987 682.05423SulTeng 206.797 113.179 103.308 423.28424SulTengr 1.520.034 919.467 365.133 2.804.63525SulSel 993.567 245.319 330.936 1.569.81326SulBar - - - -27Bali 114.231 51.639 4.281 170.15128NTB 547.557 236.898 68.833 853.28829NTT 1.171.955 2.234.587 985.223 4.391.76730MalUt 166.388 259.359 292.391 717.13831Maluku 1.073.577 488.315 123.904 1.685.79732Papua 1.695.594 2.659.383 311.015 4.575.39333IrJaBar 579.19 1.041.6382 63.131 1.883.960Jumlah 47.610.080 23.306.333 6.890.566 77.806.880Sumber: Balitbang Kehutanan, 2003 (jika ada penjumlahan kurang tepat disebabkan ada

pembulatan angka pad masing-masing ckiteria)

Soil degradation in various country

Sources:(https://www.google.co.id/search?q=the+extent+of+soil+and+land+degradation+in+Indonesia&espv=210&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=GckAU53nK8aPrQfyoYDgCg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=624#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=sEKD3JOOP_Ce4M%253A%3B5RkPGI-U3Cu4vM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.env.go.jp%252Fen%252Fwpaper%252F1992%252Feae210275000001.gif%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.env.go.jp%252Fen%252Fwpaper%252F1992%252Feae210000000020.html%3B509%3B335

Rencana Kuliah 2013/2014Rencana kuliah Restorasi dan pemeliharaan kualitas tanah• Degradasi lahan (pengertian, penyebab, penyebaran)• Degradasi lahan (akibat dan cara penentuan)• Kualitas dan Mutu Tanah• Kualitas dan Mutu tanah• Pemeliharaan tanah dan Lahan• Restorasi degradasi fisik (stuktur tanah)• Restorasi kerusakan fisik (pemadatan)• UTS• Pencemaran tanah karena pertanian• Pencemaran tanah karena Industri dan pertambangan• Restorasi kualitas tanah dengan cara kimia• Restorasi kualitas dengan cara kimia• Restorasi kualitas tanah dengan cara biologi• Restorasi kualitas tanah dengan cara biologi• Restorasi kualitas tanah dengan cara biologi• UAS