1 Classical Conditioning Module 18. 2 3 Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience

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Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning

Module 18Module 18

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Learning is defined as a Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in relatively permanent change in

behavior or knowledge that behavior or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience.occurs as a result of experience.

What is Learning???

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The 4 Factors That Form The The 4 Factors That Form The Definition of Learning:Definition of Learning:

1.1. learning is inferred from a change in learning is inferred from a change in behavior/performance*behavior/performance*

2.2. learning results in an inferred change in learning results in an inferred change in memorymemory

3.3. learning is the result of experiencelearning is the result of experience4.4. learning is relatively permanentlearning is relatively permanent

*This means that behavior changes that are temporary or due to things like drugs, alcohol, etc., are not "learned".

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One type of learning is:One type of learning is:

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

akaaka

Associative LearningAssociative Learning

Conditioning = LearningConditioning = Learning

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It was the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov who “discovered” classical

conditioning.

His work provided a basis for later behaviorists like John Watson.

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

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Classical Conditioning is Classical Conditioning is learning that takes place when learning that takes place when an originally neutral stimulus an originally neutral stimulus

comes to produce a conditioned comes to produce a conditioned response because of its response because of its

association with an association with an unconditioned stimulus.unconditioned stimulus.

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Apparatus for Measuring Conditioned Responses

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Pavlov’s Experiments

Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned Stimulus, US) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response, UR).

However, the tone (neutral stimulus) does not.

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Pavlov’s ExperimentsDuring conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone)

and the US (food) are paired, resulting in salivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits

salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR)

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

• Any stimulus that creates an autonomic/automatic/reflexive response in an organism

• Bright light (pupil contraction)

• Food (salivation)

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Unconditioned Response (UR)Unconditioned Response (UR)

• A UR can be any unlearned response that can be elicited from an organism.

• Examples• Heart rate increasing• Sweat• Vomit/nausea• Tears• Salivating• Blinking

These are NOT things that an organism CHOOSES to do, like pressing a lever.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

• An originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after association with unconditioned stimuli.

• Bell• Light• Odor

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Conditioned Response (CR)Conditioned Response (CR)

• The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.

• The UCR/UR is ALWAYS the same as the CR

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Diagram of Classical ConditioningDiagram of Classical Conditioning

Unlearned S-RUnlearned S-R

UCS UCS UCRUCR

+ (association formed/pairing made)+ (association formed/pairing made)

CSCS CRCR

Learned S-RLearned S-R

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Following are a number of examples you need to understand

how CR, CS, UCR and UCS interact but you do not have to write

every example!

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Pavlov’s Dog Example of CCPavlov’s Dog Example of CC


UCS UCS UCRUCR

Food presentedFood presented dog dog salivatingsalivating


Bowl or stepsBowl or steps dog salivatingdog salivating

CSCS CRCR


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Example of Classical ConditioningExample of Classical Conditioning


UCS UCS UCRUCR

Flu BugFlu Bug vomitingvomiting


Restaurant of ChoiceRestaurant of Choicevomitingvomiting

CSCS CRCR


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UCS UCS UCRUCR

Sadness over breakupSadness over breakup cryingcrying


Song that meant a lot to relationshipSong that meant a lot to relationship cryingcrying

CSCS CRCR


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UCS UCS UCRUCR

No food/low blood sugarNo food/low blood sugar hunger painshunger pains


Clock/particular timeClock/particular time hunger painshunger pains

CSCS CRCR


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AcquisitionAcquisition is the initial learning stage in

classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an

unconditioned stimulus takes place.

1. In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the neutral stimulus needs to come before the unconditioned stimulus.

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Acquisition

The CS needs to come half a second before the US for

acquisition to occur.

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Extinction

When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease

and eventually causes extinction.

A disappeared CR is called extinguished, not extinct.

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Spontaneous RecoveryAfter a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR

becomes extinct again.

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Stimulus Generalization

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to

the CS is called generalization.

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Another example of Stimulus Generalization

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Stimulus DiscriminationDiscrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not

signal an unconditioned stimulus.

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Cognitive Processes

Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be

reduced to mindless mechanisms.

However, later behaviorists suggested that animals learn the predictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn expectancy or

awareness of a stimulus (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972).

The more predictable the association the stronger the CR

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Biological Predispositions

Animals are predisposed to learn things that enhance

survival.

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Biological Predispositions• John Garcia

Conditioned taste aversions

• Not all neutral stimuli can become conditioned stimuli.

• Internal stimuli—associate better with taste

• External stimuli—associate better with pain

• Biological preparedness

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Biological Predispositions

Even humans can develop classically to conditioned nausea.

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Because of Pavlov learning is studied objectively

Classical conditioning is a way that all organisms learn to adapt

Pavlov’s Legacy

Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936)

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1. Former crack cocaine users should avoid cues (people, places) associated with previous drug use.

2. Through classical conditioning, a drug (plus its taste) that affects the immune response may cause the taste of the drug to invoke the immune response. (Ader 1985)

Example Applications of Classical Conditioning

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Following are a number of examples, you need to understand

how conditioning can be applied but you do not have to write every example! (pay close attention to

little Albert though)

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Behaviorism

John B. Watson

viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-upon

consensus today

recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally accepted by all

schools of thought today

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Conditioned fear experiments such as Albert’s experience would never occur today because due

to ethical standards.

Conditional Training: Albert and Peter

45Watson & Raynor with Little Albert

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John Watson and Rosalie Rayner: Hypothesis, Methodology, Results

• After a few tries, Albert was afraid of the rat

+ =

• Conditioned fear into an infant

• Presented a rat immediately followed by a loud noise, startling the baby

• Albert generalized his fears to other furry objects

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Remember that Little Albert Remember that Little Albert generalized his fear of rats into generalized his fear of rats into fear of anything with white fur, fear of anything with white fur,

including a Santa Claus mask, a including a Santa Claus mask, a rabbit, etc.rabbit, etc.

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Little Albert Example of CCLittle Albert Example of CC


UCS UCS UCRUCR

Loud NoiseLoud Noise fear/cryingfear/crying


Rat or RabbitRat or Rabbit fear/cryingfear/crying

CSCS CRCR


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Little Albert – John Watson

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Mary Cover Jones used an early form of desensitization to prove that fears (phobias) could be unlearned.

Peter, a young boy, had an extreme fear of rabbits. Jones gave Peter his favorite food while slowly bringing the rabbit closer and closer. Eventually Peter no longer panicked around rabbits.

Mary Cover Jones

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Mary Cover Jones• Colleague of Watson• Deconditioned 3-year-old Peter from his fears by

gradually moving a rabbit (and other things) closer to him while he was eating

DAY 1 DAY 3DAY 2

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AdvertisingAdvertising

• Many beer ads prominently feature Many beer ads prominently feature attractive young women wearing bikinis. attractive young women wearing bikinis. The young women (Unconditioned The young women (Unconditioned Stimulus) naturally elicit a favorable, mildly Stimulus) naturally elicit a favorable, mildly aroused feeling (Unconditioned Response) aroused feeling (Unconditioned Response) in most men. The beer is simply in most men. The beer is simply associated with this effect. associated with this effect.

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Crime reactionCrime reaction

• When a prof. was in college he was robbed at gun When a prof. was in college he was robbed at gun point by a young man who gave him the Choice ("Your point by a young man who gave him the Choice ("Your money or your life.") It was an unexpected and money or your life.") It was an unexpected and frightening experience. This event occurred just about frightening experience. This event occurred just about dusk and for a long time thereafter, he often dusk and for a long time thereafter, he often experienced moments of dread in the late afternoons experienced moments of dread in the late afternoons particularly when he was just walking around the city. particularly when he was just walking around the city. Even though he was quite safe, the lengthening Even though he was quite safe, the lengthening shadows of the day were so strongly associated with shadows of the day were so strongly associated with the fear he experienced in the robbery, that he could the fear he experienced in the robbery, that he could not but help feel the emotion all over. not but help feel the emotion all over.

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An AuntieAn Auntie

• I liked my aunt, she always made me feel I liked my aunt, she always made me feel warm and wanted. She always wore a warm and wanted. She always wore a particular perfume. When I smell the particular perfume. When I smell the perfume now, I immediately feel warm and perfume now, I immediately feel warm and wanted.wanted.

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A cat exampleA cat example• In order to be able to punish my cat even when In order to be able to punish my cat even when

I'm not near enough to reach him, I have paired I'm not near enough to reach him, I have paired the sound of a clicker with getting squirted with the sound of a clicker with getting squirted with water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him to startle.to startle.

• The click is developing the same aversive The click is developing the same aversive properties as the water through Classical properties as the water through Classical Conditioning. The Unconditioned stimulus is the Conditioning. The Unconditioned stimulus is the water; the Unconditioned response is the "jump" water; the Unconditioned response is the "jump" as in startle. The click starts our as a neutral as in startle. The click starts our as a neutral stimulus, but becomes the Conditioned stimulus stimulus, but becomes the Conditioned stimulus capable of producing the Conditioned "jump" capable of producing the Conditioned "jump" response.response.

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The smell of fresh bread baking The smell of fresh bread baking makes my mouth water. makes my mouth water.

• In the past the smell of the fresh bread In the past the smell of the fresh bread immediately preceded putting a piece in immediately preceded putting a piece in my mouth, which causes salivation. my mouth, which causes salivation. Through the mechanism of Classical Through the mechanism of Classical conditioning the smell itself comes to elicit conditioning the smell itself comes to elicit salivation. salivation.

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After the bad car accident we had last After the bad car accident we had last year, I cringe and break into a sweat at year, I cringe and break into a sweat at

the sound of squealing brakes. the sound of squealing brakes.

• This is Classical conditioning. The This is Classical conditioning. The cringing, which is an unconditioned cringing, which is an unconditioned response to pain or fear, was produced by response to pain or fear, was produced by the accident and its accompanying pain. the accident and its accompanying pain. That accident was probably preceded by That accident was probably preceded by the sound of squealing brakes, which the sound of squealing brakes, which became a conditioned stimulus for the became a conditioned stimulus for the conditioned response of cringing.conditioned response of cringing.

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AlcoholicsAlcoholics

• Another way to treat alcoholics is to have Another way to treat alcoholics is to have them take a drug called anabuse. If they them take a drug called anabuse. If they ingest any alcohol at all, the will have ingest any alcohol at all, the will have serious vomiting issues. The desire is to serious vomiting issues. The desire is to pair the vomiting with the alcoholic drink.pair the vomiting with the alcoholic drink.

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• Anna learns to blink when she sees her Anna learns to blink when she sees her father hold the camera to his eye. father hold the camera to his eye.

• USUS

• URUR

• CS CS

• CRCR

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• Mark has to get a shot once a week at the Mark has to get a shot once a week at the doctor's office. The shots are somewhat painful, doctor's office. The shots are somewhat painful, and are administered by a nurse. Mark cringes and are administered by a nurse. Mark cringes every time the nurse inserts the needle into his every time the nurse inserts the needle into his arm. After a couple of weeks, Mark finds that he arm. After a couple of weeks, Mark finds that he is tense the minute the nurse walks in the room is tense the minute the nurse walks in the room to give him the shot to give him the shot

• USUS

• URUR

• CS CS

• CRCR

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• Rita was in a car accident on the interstate. She Rita was in a car accident on the interstate. She did not get seriously injured but the accident did not get seriously injured but the accident terrified her. Now she avoids the interstate, terrified her. Now she avoids the interstate, because driving on it makes her too tense and because driving on it makes her too tense and nervous. nervous.

• USUS

• URUR

• CS CS

• CRCR

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"fear of bridges""fear of bridges"

-Fear of bridges might develop from a -Fear of bridges might develop from a variety of sources. For example, while a variety of sources. For example, while a child rides in a car over a dilapidated bridge, child rides in a car over a dilapidated bridge, his father makes jokes about the bridge his father makes jokes about the bridge collapsing and all of them falling into the collapsing and all of them falling into the river below. The father finds this funny and river below. The father finds this funny and so decides to do it whenever they cross the so decides to do it whenever they cross the bridge. Years later, the child has grown up bridge. Years later, the child has grown up and now is afraid to drive over any bridge. In and now is afraid to drive over any bridge. In this case, the fear of one bridge generalized this case, the fear of one bridge generalized to all bridges which now evoke fear. to all bridges which now evoke fear.

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Advertising - modern advertising strategies Advertising - modern advertising strategies evolved from John Watson's use of evolved from John Watson's use of conditioning. The approach is to link an conditioning. The approach is to link an attractive US with a CS (the product being attractive US with a CS (the product being sold) so the consumer will feel positively sold) so the consumer will feel positively toward the product just like they do with the toward the product just like they do with the US.US.

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1 Classical Conditioning Module 18. 2 3 Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that occurs as a result of experience