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Biology 3A - respiration
Cellular respirationProvides energy for the cell
Occurs in _________ cells
Net equation:
Occurs as a series of reactions, involving many different enzymes
Involves ____________ and ___________ reactions
Cellular respirationProvides energy for the cell
Occurs in all cells
Net equation:
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP)
Occurs as a series of reactions, involving many different enzymes
Involves anaerobic and aerobic reactions
Summary of reactions
ATP and ADP
• Act as chemical batteries
• Carry and release small amounts of energy
energy
adenosine
phosphateadenosine
ATP
ADP
Carrier proteins
Carry hydrogen ions to electron transport chains
NAD NADH + H+
FAD FADH2 + H+
Anaerobic respiration
• Occurs in the c_________
• Does not need o__________
• Involves 2 processes – g_________ and f_____________
Anaerobic respiration
• Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Does not need oxygen
• Involves 2 processes – glycolysis and fermentation
Glycolysis
• Glucose is broken down into 2 p________ (pyruvic acid) molecules
• Reactions use 2 ________
• Reactions make ___ ATP
• Net ATP = _____/glucose molecule
Glycolysis
• Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules
• Reactions use 2 ATP
• Reactions make 4 ATP
• Net ATP = 2/glucose molecule
FermentationIn animals:
Pyruvate is converted to l________ a_____
In plants and fungi:
Pyruvate is converted to e_________ and _______
FermentationIn animals:
Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
In plants and fungi:
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide
Aerobic respiration
• Occurs in the _________________
• Needs _____________
• Involves T___________ reaction, K______ cycle and E__________ transport chain
• Involves many reactions and enzymes
• Produces ____ ATP
• Waste products are
Aerobic respiration
• Occurs in the mitochondrion
• Needs oxygen
• Involves Transition reaction, Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain
• Involves many reactions and enzymes
• Produces 36 ATP
• Waste products are carbon dioxide and water
Structure of mitochondrion
Transition reaction
Transition reaction
• Pyruvate attaches to Coenzyme A to form Acetyl Coenzyme A
• Acetyl Coenzyme A enters mitochondrion and releases the pyruvate into the Krebs cycle
• Coenzyme A can also pick up fatty acids and take them into the Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
• Occurs in the m_________ of the mitochondrion
• A cycle of reactions generates ATP and hydrogen ions (carried by NAD and FAD carriers to electron transport chain)
• Waste product is
• Produces _____ ATP/glucose molecule
Krebs cycle
• Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion
• A cycle of reactions generates ATP and hydrogen ions (carried by NAD and FAD carriers to electron transport chain)
• Waste product is carbon dioxide
• Produces 2 ATP/glucose molecule
Electron transport chain
Electron transport chain
• Found in the ____________ (inner membranes) of the mitochondrion
• ATP is generated as hydrogen ions are passed down the chain
• Oxygen is
• Waste product is
• Produces ______ ATP/glucose molecule
Electron transport chain
• Found in the cristae (inner membranes) of the mitochondrion
• ATP is generated as hydrogen ions are passed down the chain
• Oxygen is used up
• Waste product is water
• Produces 34 ATP/glucose molecule
Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic Aerobic
Site it occurs
Need for oxygen
Waste products
Amount of ATP
Reactions involved
Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic Aerobic
Site it occurs cytoplasm mitochondrion
Need for oxygen no yes
Waste products Animals – lactic acid
Plants – carbon dioxide and alcohol
Carbon dioxide and water
Amount of ATP 2/glucose molecule 36 – 38/glucose molecule
Reactions involved
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Glycolysis
Transition reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
Comparison between respiration and photosynthesisRespiration Photosynthesis
Inputs
Products
Type of cells
Location in cells
Where energy comes from
Role of ATP
Names of reactions
Comparison between respiration and photosynthesisRespiration Photosynthesis
Inputs Oxygen & glucose Carbon dioxide, light, water
Products Carbon dioxide, water & energy (ATP)
Oxygen, glucose & water
Type of cells All cells Plants & some protists & bacteria
Location in cells Cytoplasm (anaerobic) & mitochondria (aerobic)
Chloroplast
Where energy comes from
Carbon compounds (chemical breakdown)
Light
Role of ATP End product Carries energy of light reactions into dark reactions
Names of reactions
Glycolysis, fermentation, Krebs cycle
Light reactions – Photosystems I & II & electron transport chain
Dark reactions – Calvin cycle
Factors affecting rate of respiration
• Temperature
• Concentration of glucose
• Concentration of oxygen
• Concentration of wastes (CO2 or alcohol)
Factors affecting rate of respiration
• Temperature as temperature increases, respiration increases, until temperature gets too high enzymes denature
• Concentration of glucose as glucose increases, respiration increases, until maximum level reached
• Concentration of oxygen as oxygen increases, respiration increases, until maximum level reached
• Concentration of wastes (CO2 or alcohol) as wastes increase, respiration decreases
Factors affecting rate of respirationCarbon dioxide concentration
Temperature
Oxygen concentration Glucose concentration
Waste concentration
Carbon dioxide concentration
Carbon dioxide concentration
Carbon dioxide concentration
Factors affecting rate of respirationCarbon dioxide concentration
Temperature
Oxygen concentration Glucose concentration
Waste concentration
Carbon dioxide concentration
Carbon dioxide concentration
Carbon dioxide concentration