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Chapter 1Chapter 1Introduction to ChemistryIntroduction to Chemistry

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Section 1.1Section 1.1ChemistryChemistry

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

–Define chemistry and differentiate Define chemistry and differentiate among it’s traditional divisions.among it’s traditional divisions.

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Section 1.1Section 1.1ChemistryChemistry

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

–List several reasons to study List several reasons to study chemistry.chemistry.

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What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry? The study of “matter”, its composition, The study of “matter”, its composition,

properties, and the changes it properties, and the changes it undergoes. Everyday life?undergoes. Everyday life?

Applied Chemistry-Applied Chemistry- is using chemistry is using chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and medicine, agriculture, and manufacturingmanufacturing

Pure chemistry-Pure chemistry- gathers knowledge gathers knowledge for the sake of knowledgefor the sake of knowledge

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5 Major Areas of Chemistry5 Major Areas of Chemistry Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry- concerned with - concerned with

the composition of substances.the composition of substances. Inorganic ChemistryInorganic Chemistry- primarily deals - primarily deals

with substances without carbonwith substances without carbon Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry- essentially all - essentially all

substances containing carbonsubstances containing carbon BiochemistryBiochemistry- Chemistry of living things- Chemistry of living things Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry- describes the - describes the

behavior of chemicals (ex. stretching)behavior of chemicals (ex. stretching)

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Chemistry isChemistry is central to modern science, and to central to modern science, and to

almost all human endeavors.almost all human endeavors. important to all sciences - biology, important to all sciences - biology,

geology, physics, engineers, etc.geology, physics, engineers, etc. a natural science.a natural science. a language with its own vocabulary.a language with its own vocabulary. a way of thinking.a way of thinking.

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Why Study Chemistry?Why Study Chemistry? everyone and everything around us everyone and everything around us

involves chemistryinvolves chemistry What in the world isn’t Chemistry?What in the world isn’t Chemistry? helps you make choiceshelps you make choices possible career for your futurepossible career for your future used to attain a specific goalused to attain a specific goal Do you remember “pure” and Do you remember “pure” and

“applied” chemistry?“applied” chemistry?

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Section 1.2Section 1.2Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

–Summarize ways in which Summarize ways in which chemistry affects your daily life.chemistry affects your daily life.

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Section 1.2Section 1.2Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

–Describe the impact of chemistry Describe the impact of chemistry on various fields of science.on various fields of science.

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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide Materials- perfume, steel, ceramics, Materials- perfume, steel, ceramics,

plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fiberscooking utensils, polyester fibers

Energy- greater demandsEnergy- greater demands

–conserve it, or produce moreconserve it, or produce more

–fossil fuels, solar, batteries, fossil fuels, solar, batteries, nuclear (don’t forget pollution!)nuclear (don’t forget pollution!)

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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide Medicine and Biotechnology-Medicine and Biotechnology-

–vitamin C, penicillin, aspirinvitamin C, penicillin, aspirin

–materials for artery transplants materials for artery transplants and hipbonesand hipbones

–Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome Project

–bacteria producing insulinbacteria producing insulin

–cloningcloning

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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide Agriculture- world’s food supplyAgriculture- world’s food supply

–plant growth hormonesplant growth hormones

–ways to protect cropsways to protect crops

–disease resistant plantsdisease resistant plants The Environment- both risks and The Environment- both risks and

benefits involved in discoveriesbenefits involved in discoveries

–carbon dioxide, ozone, warmingcarbon dioxide, ozone, warming

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Chemistry Far and WideChemistry Far and Wide Astronomy and Space Exploration-Astronomy and Space Exploration-

–composition of the planetscomposition of the planets

–analyze moon rocksanalyze moon rocks

–planet atmospheresplanet atmospheres

– life on other planets?life on other planets?

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Section 1.3Section 1.3Thinking Like a ScientistThinking Like a Scientist

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

–Describe the steps involved in the Describe the steps involved in the scientific method.scientific method.

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Section 1.3Section 1.3Thinking Like a ScientistThinking Like a Scientist

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

–Distinguish between a theory and Distinguish between a theory and a scientific law.a scientific law.

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The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method A logical approach to solving A logical approach to solving

problems or answering questions.problems or answering questions. Starts with Starts with observationobservation- noting and - noting and

recording factsrecording facts hypothesishypothesis- an - an educatededucated guess as guess as

to the cause of the problem, or a to the cause of the problem, or a proposed explanationproposed explanation

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Scientific MethodScientific Method ““controlled” controlled” experimentexperiment- designed to - designed to

test the hypothesistest the hypothesis only two possible answersonly two possible answers

– hypothesis is righthypothesis is right

– hypothesis is wronghypothesis is wrong Generates data observations from Generates data observations from

experiments.experiments. Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycleModify hypothesis - repeat the cycle

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Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Cycle repeats many Cycle repeats many times.times.

The hypothesis gets The hypothesis gets more and more more and more certain.certain.

Becomes a Becomes a theorytheory

– A thoroughly tested A thoroughly tested model that explains model that explains whywhy things behave things behave a certain way.a certain way.

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Theory can never Theory can never be proven- due to be proven- due to new informationnew information

Useful because Useful because they predict they predict behaviorbehavior

Help us form Help us form mental pictures of mental pictures of processes processes ((modelsmodels))

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

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Another outcome is Another outcome is that certain behavior that certain behavior is repeated many is repeated many timestimes

Scientific LawScientific Law is is developed (math?)developed (math?)

Describes Describes howhow things behave things behave

Law- tells howLaw- tells how Theory- tells whyTheory- tells why

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

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Law

Theory(Model)

Prediction

Experiment

Modify

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

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Section 1.4Section 1.4How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

–Explain why learning chemistry Explain why learning chemistry requires daily effort.requires daily effort.

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Section 1.4Section 1.4How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:

–Describe the importance of Describe the importance of writing in the study of chemistry.writing in the study of chemistry.

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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry Understanding and Applying Understanding and Applying

ConceptsConcepts

–requires requires efforteffort on your part on your part

– readread materials carefully materials carefully

– take thorough notes take thorough notes youyou can use can use

–study study oftenoften and and effectivelyeffectively

–quiet, well-lit, remove distractionsquiet, well-lit, remove distractions

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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry Understanding and Applying Understanding and Applying

ConceptsConcepts

–chemistry has a language of it’s chemistry has a language of it’s own, so learn the own, so learn the vocabularyvocabulary

– look around you, and make the look around you, and make the connection to the level of atoms connection to the level of atoms and moleculesand molecules

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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry Using Your TextbookUsing Your Textbook

–name chemical compoundsname chemical compounds

–write chemical formulaswrite chemical formulas

– interpret graphsinterpret graphs

–techniques to solve problemstechniques to solve problems Use your Teacher and Textbook!Use your Teacher and Textbook!

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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry Using Your TextbookUsing Your Textbook

–take good notestake good notes

–solve Practice Problemssolve Practice Problems

–read, keeping objectives in mindread, keeping objectives in mind

–use the use the Chem ASAP!Chem ASAP! CD-ROM CD-ROM

–Student Study Guide (p. 24)Student Study Guide (p. 24)

–section summaries; Key Termssection summaries; Key Terms

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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry On Your OwnOn Your Own

–go beyond the textbookgo beyond the textbook

–make flashcardsmake flashcards

–reread and rewrite notesreread and rewrite notes

–quiz yourself and classmatesquiz yourself and classmates

–form a study groupform a study group

–ASK, ASK, and ASKASK, ASK, and ASK

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How to Study ChemistryHow to Study Chemistry Tests and QuizzesTests and Quizzes

–cramming never a good ideacramming never a good idea–set aside a certain amount of time set aside a certain amount of time

everyevery day day–get enough rest daily; nutritionget enough rest daily; nutrition– read tests carefully / thoroughlyread tests carefully / thoroughly–do easy problems firstdo easy problems first–show work, and evaluate answershow work, and evaluate answer