C2 Additional Chemistry Learning objectives and outcomes

C2 Additional Chemistry

Learning objectives and outcomes

C1.1 Chemical bonding• How do elements form compounds?• How do the elements in Group 1 bond with elements in Group

7?SHALLOW LEARNINGYou have met the learning objectives if you can...

Notes taken

Evidence of application

Define what a compound is.

Name the two types of bonding present in compounds.

Represent Cl- and Na+ using a diagram.

C2.1 Structure and bonding

DEEP LEARNINGYou have met the learning objectives if you can...

Notes taken


Explain why atoms bond.

Explain and work out the charge on an ion.

Explain the formation of ions when a Group 1 and Group7 element react together.

C1.2 Ionic bonding• How are ionic compounds held together?• Which elements other than those in Groups 1 and 7, form

ions?SHALLOW LEARNINGYou have met the learning objectives if you can...

Notes taken


Describe ionic bonding in terms of electrostatic forces of attraction.

Draw the dot and cross diagram for magnesium oxide and calcium chloride.



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Describe in detail an ionic lattice.

Apply your knowledge of ionic bonding to draw dot and cross diagrams for other ionic compounds.

C1.3 Formulae of ionic compounds• How can we write the formula of an ionic compound, given its

ions?

SHALLOW LEARNINGYou have met the learning objectives if you can...

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Determine the formula of simple ionic compounds when the ions are given.



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Determine the formula of ionic compounds that include brackets in the formula, when the ions are given

C1.4 Covalent bonding• How are covalent bonds formed?• What types of substance have covalent bonds?


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Give a definition for a covalent bond.

Draw a dot and cross diagram for simple covalent bonds including hydrogen, chlorine, hydrogen chloride and water.

Name an element that has a giant covalent structure.



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Explain the formation of a covalent bond.

Draw dot & cross diagrams for methane, ammonia & oxygen

Explain the bonding in a giant covalent structure and give an example.

C1.5 Metals• How are the atoms in metals are arranged?• How are the atoms in metals held together


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List examples of elements that have a giant metallic structure.

Describe the bonding in metals. [HT only]



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Explain metallic bonding and structures in words and a labelled diagram, including delocalised electrons. [HT ONLY]

• How are the atoms in metals held together? [HT ONLY]

C2.1 Giant ionic structures• Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?• Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when we melt

them or dissolve them in water?SHALLOW LEARNINGYou have met the learning objectives if you can...

Notes taken


Identify ionic compounds as having high melting points and are solid at room temperature.

Describe how ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they are molten or dissolved in water.

C2.2 Structure and properties


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Explain in detail why ionic compounds have high melting points.

Explain in detail why ionic compounds can conduct electricity when molten or in a solution.

C2.2 Simple molecules• Which type of substances have low melting & boiling points?• How are the atoms in metals held together• Why don’t these substances conduct electricity?


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Identify substances made up of simple molecules.

List examples of substances made up of simple molecules.

List the physical properties of substances made up of simple molecules.

Describe why substances mad up of simple molecules do not conduct electricity.



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Explain why substances made up of simple molecules have low melting and boiling points [HT ONLY]

• Why do these substances have low melting & boiling points? [HT]

C2.3 Giant covalent structures• How do substances with giant covalent structures behave?• Why is diamond hard and graphite slippery?


Notes taken


List examples of substances with giant covalent structures.

Identify giant covalent structures.

List the physical properties of diamond and graphite.

Explain some physical properties of diamond and graphite, such as melting point and hardness, in terms of their structure.



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Explain in detail what a giant covalent structure is.

C2.3 Giant covalent structures (HT only)

• Why can graphite conduct electricity? [HT ONLY]• What are fullerenes? [HT ONLY]



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Explain why graphite conducts electricity in terms of delocalised electrons and its softness in terms of weak intermolecular forces between layers. [HT ONLY]

Explain what a fullerene is. [HT ONLY]

C2.4 Giant metallic structures• Why can we bend and shape metals?• Why are alloys harder than pure metals?• Why don’t these substances conduct electricity?• What are shape memory alloys?


Notes taken


List the physical properties of metals.

Describe how the property of a specific metal makes it suitable for a specific job.

Give a definition of an alloy.

Explain what a shape memory alloy is and give an example.



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Explain why metals conduct electricity and energy in terms of delocalised electrons in their structure. [HT ONLY]

• Why do metals allow electricity and heat pass through them? [HT]

C2.5 The properties of polymers• Do the properties of polymers depend on the monomers we use?• Can changing reaction conditions modify the polymers that are made?• What are thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers?SHALLOW LEARNINGYou have met the learning objectives if you can...

Notes taken


Link the monomer to its polymer.

Describe the conditions required to make LDPE and HDPE.

Explain why a given polymer is fit for a specific purpose.

Define and give an example of a thermosoftening and thermosetting polymer.

Explain how cross linking in thermosetting polymers stop them from melting.



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Explain how the intermolecular forces between polymer molecules in thermosoftening plastics affect their properties. [HT ONLY]

C2.6 Nanoscience• What is nanoscience?• What are the potential benefits and risks associated with

nanoscience?


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Define the term nanoscience and nanometre.

List advantages and disadvantages of nanoscience.



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Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of using nanotechnology.

C3.1 The mass of atoms• What is an atom’s atomic number and mass number?• What are the relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons?• What are isotopes?


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Define the atomic number and mass number.

Identify atomic number and mass number of any element in the periodic table.

Calculate the number of subatomic particles in any atom.

Define the term isotope.

C2.3 How much?


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Compare the physical and chemical properties of isotopes of an element.

C3.2 Masses of atoms & moles• How can we compare the masses of atoms?• Wh?• How can we calculate the relative formula mass of a

compound from the elements it is made of?


Notes taken


Define the term relative formula mass.

Calculate relative formula mass if the formula and relative atomic mass are given.

Define what a mole is.

C2.3 How much?


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Give a full definition of relative atomic mass, when using carbon as the standard atom. [HT ONLY]

• What is the relative atomic mass of an element? [HT]

C3.3 Percentages & formulae• How can we calculate the percentage of an element in a

compound from its formula?• Wh• ?


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Calculate the percentage composition of an element in a compound.

C2.3 How much?


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Calculate the empirical formula of a compound if the percentage composition of the elements is given. [HT ONLY]

• How can we calculate the empirical formula of a compound from its percentage composition? [HT]

C3.4 Equations and calculations• How can we calculate the percentage of an element in a

compound from its formula?• Wh• ?


Notes taken


Interpret how many moles of reactants/products are shown in a balanced symbol equation. [HT ONLY]

Balance symbol equations. [HT ONLY]

Use a balanced symbol equation to calculate the mass of reactants or products. [HT ONLY]

C2.3 How much?

• What do balanced symbol equations tell us about chemical reactions? [HT] • How do we use balanced symbol equations to calculate

masses of reactants and products? [HT]

C3.5 Yield• What do we mean by the yield of a chemical reaction and

what factors affect it?• Whxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

?• Why is it important to achieve a high yield in industry and to

waste as little energy as possible?


Notes taken


Define the term yield.

List the factors that affect yield.

Describe why sustainable production in industry is important.

C2.3 How much?


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Calculate percentage yield. [HT ONLY]

• How we calculate the percentage yield of a chemical reaction? [HT]

C3.6 Reversible reactions• What is a reversible reaction?• How can we represent reversible reactions?


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Define a reversible reaction.

Identify a reversible reaction from its word or symbol equation.

C2.3 How much?


Notes taken


Explain what a reversible reaction is, giving an example.

C3.7 Analysing substances• What are food additives and how can we identify them?• How can we detect artificial food colourings?• What are the advantages of instrumental methods of

analysis?SHALLOW LEARNINGYou have met the learning objectives if you can...

Notes taken


Describe an experiment to separate coloured additives.

List advantages of modern analysis techniques.

C2.3 How much?


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Explain in detail how coloured food additives can be detected and identified using paper chromatography.

C3.8 Instrumental analysis• How can we use gas chromatography to separate compounds in a

sample mixture?• How can we use a mass spectrometer to identify the compounds in the

sample?


Notes taken


Describe the use gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry to identify what is in a mixture.

C2.3 How much?


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Explain in detail the technique of gas chromatography – mass spectrometry.

Explain how mass spectrometry is used to determine relative molecular masses. [HT ONLY]

C4.1 How fast?• What do we mean by the rate of a chemical reaction?• How can we find out the rate of a chemical reaction?


Notes taken


Define the term ‘rate of reaction’.

List ways of finding the rate of reaction.

Describe a method for finding the rate in a specified reaction.

C2.4 Rates and energy


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Explain in detail why a particular method of finding the rate is suitable for a specified reaction.

C4.2 Collision theory and SA• What affects the rate of a chemical reaction?• What is ‘collision theory’?• How does the collision theory explain the effect of surface area on

reaction rate?


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List the factors that affect the rate of reaction.

Define the term ‘collision theory’.

Describe how surface area affects the rate of reaction.



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Explain in detail collision theory.

Apply the collision theory to explain in detail how surface area affects the rate of reaction.

C4.3 The effect of temperature?• How does increasing the temperature affect the rate of reactions?• How does collision theory explain this effect?


Notes taken


Define the term ‘rate of reaction’.

List ways of finding the rate of reaction.

Describe a method for finding the rate in a specified reaction.



Notes taken


Explain in detail why a particular method of finding the rate is suitable for a specified reaction.

C4.4 The effect of concentration or pressure• How does increasing the concentration of reactants in solution

affect the rate of reaction ?• How does increasing the pressure of reacting gases affect the rate

of reaction?SHALLOW LEARNINGYou have met the learning objectives if you can...

Notes taken


Describe the effect increasing the concentration of reactants in solutions has on the rate of reaction.

Describe what is meant by gas pressure.

Describe the effect increasing the pressure of reacting gases has on the rate of reaction.



Notes taken


Explain in detail the effect of changing concentration on the rate in terms of the collision theory.

Explain in detail the effect of changing pressure on the rate in terms of the collision theory.

C4.5 The effect of catalysts• What is a catalyst?• How do catalysts affect the rate of reactions?


Notes taken


Give a definition of a catalyst.

List examples of industrial processes that use catalysts.

List reasons why a catalyst may be used in an industrial process.



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Explain in detail why a catalyst would be used in an industrial process.

C4.6 Catalysts in action• Why are catalysts used in so many industrial processes?• How are new catalysts developed and why are there so many

different catalysts?• What are the disadvantages of using catalysts in industry?


Notes taken


List advantages and disadvantages of using catalysts.



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Explain why there are so many catalysts.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using catalysts in industry.

C4.7 Exothermic and endothermic reactions• How is energy involved in chemical reactions?• How can we measure the energy transferred in a chemical

reaction?


Notes taken


Define the terms exothermic and endothermic reaction.

List examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions.

Identify an exothermic and endothermic reaction when data is given.

Describe how energy change in a reaction can be monitored



Notes taken


Explain in detail the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions.

4.8 Energy and reversible reactions

• What happens in the energy transfers in a reversible reaction?


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Identify that if a forward reaction is exothermic, the reverse reaction will be endothermic, and vice versa

Identify that the same amount of energy is taken in or released in either direction.



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Explain why the same amount of energy is taken in or released in either direction.

4.9 Using energy transfers from reactions.• How can we use energy from exothermic reactions?• How can we use the cooling effect of endothermic reactions?• What are the advantages and disadvantages of using exothermic

and endothermic reactions?


Notes taken


Give a use for an exothermic and endothermic reaction.

List advantages and disadvantages of using energy changes from a chemical reaction.



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Explain in detail how an exothermic and endothermic reaction can be used.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using energy changes from a chemical reaction.

C5.1 Acids and alkalis.• Why are solution s acidic or alkaline?• What are bases and alkalis?• How do measure acidity?


Notes taken


List some properties of acids and alkalis.

Give an example of an acid, alkali and base.

Name the ions formed by acids and alkalis.

Identify if a solution is acidic or alkaline if the pH is given.

C2.5 Salts and electrolysis


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Explain in terms of ions what acids and alkalis are.

Explain the differences and similarities between acids and alkalis.

C5.2 Making salts from metals or bases• What is made when acids react with metals?• What is made when acids react with bases?• How can we make different salts?


Notes taken


Define the term neutralisation.

Write the general word equation for the reaction between a metal and an acid.

Write the general word equation for the reaction between a base and an acid.

Name the salt formed if the acid and base are given.

Write the ionic equation for neutralisation.



Notes taken


Construct balanced symbol equations including state symbols.

C5.3 Making salts from solutions.• How can we make salts from an acid and alkali?• How can we make insoluble salts?• How can we remove unwanted ions from solutions?


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Suggest a method to make soluble and insoluble salts.

Define the term precipitation reactions and describe what they can be used for.



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Explain in detail what precipitation is in terms of the ions involved.

C5.4 Electrolysis.• What is electrolysis?• What types of substance can we electrolyse?• What is made when we electrolyse substances?


Notes taken


Define the term electrolysis.

Identify the type of compound that undergoes electrolysis.

Label reactants and products with their state symbols.



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Predict the products of molten electrolysis.

Explain how electrolysis occurs.

Summarise electrolysis in balanced symbol equations.

C5.5 Changes at the electrodes.• What happens to the ions during electrolysis?• Wh?• How does water affect the products of electrolysis?


Notes taken


Describe the transfer of electrons at the electrodes.

Identify oxidation and reduction at electrodes in terms of transfer of electrons.



Notes taken


Explain in detail the transfer of electrons in electrolysis

Generate half equations. [HT ONLY]

Explain how water affects the products of electrolysis.

Predict the products of electrolysis.

• How can we represent what happens at each electrode? [HT]

C5.6 The extraction of aluminium.• How is aluminium obtained from aluminium oxide?• Why is cryolite used in the process?• What happens at each electrode in the process?SHALLOW LEARNINGYou have met the learning objectives if you can...

Notes taken


Identify the products when aluminium oxide is electrolysed.

Describe why cryolite is added to the melt.

Label a simple diagram of the electrolytic cell used for the extraction of aluminium.



Notes taken


Explain how the products form at each electrode.

Generate half equations for the electrolysis of aluminium oxide. [HT ONLY]

C5.7 Electrolysis of brine.• What is produced when brine is electrolysed?• How do we use these products?


Notes taken


Identify the products of the electrolysis of brine.

Describe how brine is electrolysed.

List some uses of the products of the electrolysis of brine.



Notes taken


Generate half equations for the electrolysis of brine. [HT ONLY]

C5.8 Electroplating.• Why do we electroplate objects?• How can we electroplate a metal object?


Notes taken


Define the term electroplating.

List reasons why we electroplate some objects.



Notes taken


Explain the process of electroplating.

Generate half equations for the electroplating of an object. [HT ONLY]

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C2 Additional Chemistry Learning objectives and outcomes