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An Introduction to Information Systems in Organizations
Information Systems in Organizations
اطالعاتي سيستمهاي بر اي مقدمهسازمانها در
سازمانها در اطالعاتي سيستمهاي
What is management?
PlanningOrganizingDirectingControlling
What about Leadership?
3
Data versus Information
Data: Raw facts, such as an employee’s name and
number of hours worked in a week, inventory part numbers, or sales orders.
Information: A collection of facts organized in such a way
that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves
Data and information
“A” goes with “D” and “B” goes with “E.” A. 98,72,87,85,74,83,96 B. 23,27,21,28,31,37,32 C. MIST 2090 Lab Practical D. Test #1 Scores E. Early morning temperatures for 1/1/02 to 1/7/01
Where is the CPU (central processing unit)?
Data, Information & KnowledgeOne of the primary goals of Information Systems is to economically process data into information or knowledge.
Data items refer to an elementary description of things, events, activities, and transactions that are recorded, classified, and stored, but not organized to convey any specific meaning.
Information is data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the recipient.
Knowledge consists of data or information that have been organized and processed to convey understanding, experience, accumulated learning, and expertise.
What is Information?According to your textbook,
information is data that has been processed into a form that is useful to the user(s) of that data.
Organizing data into information is a process that is especially important to decision making.
What about knowledge?
What is a system?
A set of interrelated parts, with an identifiable boundary, unified by design to achieve some goal
Why Define System?
MIS is concerned with designing systems - Information Systems
Our IS will support businesses and business processes - which can be thought of and modeled as systems
General Systems Theory
Began around 1955 Applicable to any theoretical system not just
information systems Important to MIS because it’s propositions
suggest human systems can be mapped to computer systems.
Example of an Organization as a general system
Organization (System) boundary
Environment – surrounds the organization (system)
inputs outputsprocesses
Decision makers(control)
Feedback•Raw Materials•Land•Capital (money)•Information•Labor (people)
•Product•Service•Waste•Pollution
What are the Characteristics of a System?
1. Components 2. Inter-related components 3. Boundary 4. Purpose 5. Environment 6. Interfaces 7. Input 8. Output 9. Constraints
What is the goal of a system?
Determined by the objectives of the systems designers
Becomes the standard for measurement of quality
Control versus “Out-of-Control”
The Automobile as a System Boundary – physical limits of car Environment – road conditions, weather, traffic
patterns Inputs – gasoline, air, steering wheel movements,
pressure on pedals Outputs – exhaust, forward and other movements,
farhvernugen Processes – moving, driving, braking, internal
combustion Decision maker – driver, significant other Feedback – feel of speed and road, blue lights
Depiction of an Environment with Interrelated Systems
EnvironmentSystems
Depiction of a System with Subsystems
Environment Subsystem
SystemBoundary
16
What is an Information System?
A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
BusinessGoals
WorkPractices
People
Information
Technology
Processes
CBIS Model
18
Types of Data
19
Transforming Data - Information
20
Characteristics of Valuable Information
21
Characteristics of Valuable Information
: اطالعات های سیستم انواع
رایانه ) بر مبتنی اطالعاتی سیستمهای .CBISاین میباشند ( ( تراکنش پردازش ( TPSسیستم( دانش کارگران (KWSسیستم ( مدیریت اطالعاتی (MISسیستم( یار تصمیم ( DSS سیستم( اجرایی اطالعات ( EISسیستم ( حسابرسی اطالعات (AISسیستم( راهبردی اطالعات ( SISسیستم( سازمانی منابع ریزی ( ERPبرنامه…
Classifications of Information Systems
Information Systems can be classified according to;
Organizational Structure ساختارسازماني
Functional Area عملياتي ناحيهSupport ProvidedSystem ArchitectureActivity Supported
Classification by Organizational Structure
Departmental information systems. Frequently, an organization uses several application programs in one functional area or department. چندين سازمان يك اوقات؛ از بسياري
دهد مي قرار استفاده مورد بخشي يا اي وظيفه محدوده يك در را نياز مورد برنامه Enterprise information systems (EIS). While a departmental
IS is usually related to a functional area, the collection of all departmental applications when combined with other functions’ applications comprises the enterprise wide information system. اي، وظيفه محدوده يك به معمول يطور اداري اطالعاتي سيستم يك كه هنگاهيموقعي اداري؛ درخواستهاي و نيازها همه به پاسخگويي باشد شده جاري و متصلو درگير سازمان اداري كسترده سيستمهاي ديگر با سيستم آن كه است پذير امكان
باشد شده مرتبط
Interorganizational systems. Some information systems connect several organizations.
Classification by Functional Area
The major functional information systems are the following:
The accounting information system The finance information system The manufacturing (operations/production)
information system The marketing information system The human resources management information system
Classification by Support Provided
The major types of systems under this classification are: Transaction processing system (TPS) Management information system (MIS) Knowledge management system (KMS) Office automation system (OAS) Decision support system (DSS) Enterprise information system (EIS) Group support system (GSS) Intelligent support system
Transaction Processing
Transaction processing systems (TPS) support the monitoring, collection, storage, processing, and dissemination of the organization’s basic business transactions.
They provide the input data for many applications involving other support systems.
The transaction processing systems are considered critical to the success of any organization.
The TPS collects data continuously, frequently on a daily basis, or even in “real time”.
سيستمهايپردازشرخدادبطورکلياولينمدخلورودبهسيستمهاياطالعاتي
ميباشد.مجموعهايازاطالعاتمانندفروش،توليد،خريد،اطالعاتمشتريانمحصول،سفارشات،کارکنانو......درآنثبتونگهداري
ميگردد.چراTPS)عموميتريننوعسيستمهاهستند؟)
بدليلاينکهاغلباطالعاتپايهدرآنبرايتصميمسازيگردآوريمي گردد.
بطورکليدريکTPS):کاربرديداريم):تراکنشها،رويدادهاورودي:بهنگامسازيفرايند:گزارشاتخامناشيازوروديهاواطالعاتبهنگامشدهخروجي:کارکنانعملياتيکاربران
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
MIMISS
MIS FILESMIS FILES
SALES DATA
UNIT PRODUCT COST
PRODUCT CHANGE DATA
EXPENSE DATA
MISREPORTS
MANAGERSMANAGERS
TPSOrder Processing
System
Materials Resource
Planning System
General Ledger
System
ORDER FILE
PRODUCTION MASTER FILE
ACCOUNTING FILES
TPSTPSاطالعاتاطالعات MISMIS براي است براي کاربردي است کاربردي
OK, so what is MIS?
MIS is the management of processes, people, information, and technology in order to accomplish a goal. (Dr. Huber)
How does this apply to businesses and other organizations?
اطالعاتخالصهيکسيستماطالعاتيبعنوانمکانيزمياستکهبمنظورحمايتازعملياتمديريتسازماندرجهتاتخاذسازمانرا
تصميمبرنامهريزياستراتژيک،تاکتيکوعملياتيوکنترلسازمانيازطريقايجاد،ذخيرهسازي،بازيابيوتوزيعاطالعاتمناسب،
دقيق،سريعوصحيحدراختيارمديرانقراردهد.بهعباتديگرسيستمياستکهدادههاواطالعاتموردنيازمديرانراتهيهو
دراختيارانهاميگذارد.ضمناتعيينمينمايدکهچهاطالعاتي،درچهزمانيودرچهمکانيوشرايطيبايدبهمديردادهشودتااوباصرفکمترينهزينهوامکاناتوبادراختيارداشتنفرصت،مبادرتبهاتخاذ
مناسبترينتصميمنمايد.:اطالعتباحجمباالورودي:مدلهايسادهپردازش:گزارشاتخالصهشدهخروجيمديرانميانيکاربران::گزارشخالصهبودجهساالنهمثال
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)
:سيستمهاييهستندکهبهکمکسيستمهايمبتنيبرکاردانشانهاکاربرانحرفهايبااستفادهازدانشباالسعيدرابداعويا
ايجادخالقيتهايفکريمينمايند.سطحمتخصصين:اطالعاتطراحي)طراحيمعماري/طراحيورودي
اتومبيل/طراحيقطعه(:مدلسازيپردازش:طرحهاونقشههاخروجي:کارکنانمتخصصکاربران
KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS)
سيستمهايپشتيبانيتصميمگيريسيستمهاييهستندکهبهمديراندرتصميماتياستراتژيکومنحصربفرد
کهنسبتاساختيافتهنميباشندکمکمينمايند.سطحمديريت:اطالعاتباحجمکمورودي:تعامليپردازش:تجزيهوتحليلتصميمخروجي:کارمندان،خبرگانکاربران
:تجزيهوتحليلهزينهتوليد،هدفيابيمثال
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
اعضای دیگر گروه
پایگا ه
داده
بیرونی محیطحل سازمان
کنندگان مشکل
یار تصمیم سیستم
توضیحات : داده ارتباطاتاطالعات
کلییک کلییک ساختار DSSDSSساختار
افزار افزار نرم نرمگزارش گزارش نویسنویس
بیرونی محیطسازمان
مدل ریاضی سیستم
نرم افزا
ر
Executive Information System (EIS)
EIS از خاصی گیری DSSنوع تصمیم به که است. کند می کمک سازمانی باالی سطوح در
EIS تصویر سازمان باالی سطح مدیران بهاز ای خالصه و سازمان عملکرد از دقیقی
. دهد می نشان را رقبا های فعالیت اطالعات و است راحت سیستم این با کردن کار
قابل راحتی به که میدهد ارائه گونهای به را)... (. و نمودار ، گراف بصورت میباشند دریافت
EIS (cont.)
دهه در بار اولین برای واژه در 1970این.MITدانشگاه گرفت قرار استفاده مورد
EIS به بزرگ شرکتهای توسط بار اولین. شد گرفته کار به رقابتی تمایز ایجاد منظور
نیاز پیش های EISفعالیت
های سیستمکارآیی و خرید
ITاستانداردهای
نیازهای اطالعاتی
سازمان تحلیل
نقشه سیستم اطالعاتی
مدل دادهای شرکت
EIS
دسترس دردادن قراراطالعات شرکت
درخواستی اطالعات
اجرایی داده پایگاه
داده • پایگاهبه وایسته
شرکت های • نامهالکترونیکی
کتابخانه •نرم
افزاری
اخبارو توصیف وضعیت جاری
خارجی اطالعات و ها داده
اطالعات نمایش
WorkstationWorkstation اجرایی اجرایی
مرکزی پردازندهسازمان به وابسته
یک EISساختار
WorkstationWorkstation اجرایی اجرایی های هایدیگردیگر
WorkstationWorkstation اجرایی اجرایی های هایدیگردیگر
Early 1950s
1960s
Late 1960s
Early 1970
Transaction processing system (TPS)
Management information systems (MISs)
Office automation system (OAS)
Decision support system (DSS)
Evolution of Support Systems (cont.)
Evolution of Support Systems (cont.)
Early 1980s Executive information systems Enterprise information systems (EISs)
Group support systems (GSSs)
Mid- 1980s Expert systems (ES)
Knowledge management systems (KMS)
1990s Artificial neural networks (ANNs)
تاريخچهسيستمهاياطالعاتيبرمبنايComputer Based Information Systemsکامپيوتر
1940 Scientific, military applications
1950 Routine business applications, TPS
1960 MIS, office automation
1980Client/server executive information system,
PC’s, AI, Groupware
1970 DSS, LANs
1990Integration, intelligent systems
the Web, intranets, extranets, ERP software
2000 Internet, Electronic commerce, Smart systems
:سيستمهاييکهبهسيستمهايپشتيبانياجراييمديرانارشدسازماندرنحوهاجرايفعاليتهاي
استراتپيکشرکتکمکميکنند.سطحاستراتژيک:اطالعاتانبوهورودي:تعامليپردازش:گزارشاتپروژهايخروجي:مديرانارشدکاربرانسالهسازمان5مثال:برنامهاجرايي
EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS)
STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (SIS)
:سيستمهاييهستندسيتمهاياطالعاتاستراتژيککهميتواننددرتغييردادنهدفها،عمليات،توليد،
خدماتسازماندردستيابيبهمزيترقابتيسازمانموثرباشند.
SISميتوانددرهرسطحسازماناستفادهگردد. مشکلايناستکهعليرغمسودمندي،مزيت
ممکننيستدرSISرقابتيپيشنهادشدهتوسطهريکرنجبلندمدتسوددهيراتضميننمايد.
جهتبکاربستن sisدريکسازمانبايدفهميدکجافرصتهاياستراتژکپيداميشود.مدلنيروهاي
مدلزنجيرهعرضهرابکارگرفت–رقابتي
سيستمهاياطالعاتاستراتژيکSTRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
(SIS)
چهاراستراتژيميتواندبانيروهايرقابتيدرنظرگرفتهشود.
تولبداتمتمايز-ايجادمحصولوخدماتمنحصربفرد-مثلعمليات-onlineبانکداريديجيتاليو
تمرکwزتمwايزبwرايتعwيينيwکمحصwوليwاخwدماتمنحصwربفwرديکwه-مثwل آwورد. بwوجwود بفwرد منحصwر راwه يwک wدر توانwد مي سwازماwن
شرکتکامپيوتردلسوييچرويهزينهها-سازمانهاباايجادرابطهبامشتريانو-
عرضهکنندگانخودميتوانندعرضهکنندگانراواداربهتحويلمحصولبراساسزمانبندينمايند.
توليدباهزينهپايين-تامينکاالهاوخدماتپايينترازقيمترقيب-
رقابتي نيروهاي مدل
Strategic Information System ( SIS )
رقابتی مزیت تولید و پیشرفت های روش دادن ترقی توانایی ایجاد
سازمان مدیریت راهبردی اهداف در بودن سهیم. میدهد افزایش را بهرهوری و کارآیی محسوسی بطور
بیرونی SISنمای... و رقابت در پیروزی جدید، محصول
درونی SISنمای... و ارتباطات ، همکاری روحیه ، بهرهوری افزایش
آن .Game Theoryمدل است
:SISاجزای
مدت 1. دراز ریزی برنامهاهداف - کردن ساله 10تا 5مشخص
واکنشها 2. مدیریتبحرانی - زمانهای در فعالیتها به واکنش
نوآوری3.اصلی - SISعمل-. است رقبا برای تهدیدی موفق نوآوری یک
توسط بکاررفته در PorterمدلSIS
. کنیم لیست را رقابتی زمینه هر بازیگران را شده لیست زمینه هر در رقبا تصمیمات
. دهیم شرح. کنیم تدوین رقبا با مقابله برای استراتژی یک ازIT استفاده خود استراتژی از حمایت برای
کنیم.
Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP )
میتواند که است رایانه بر مبتنی سیستم یکتمام در حسابرسی استاندارد کارهای
هماهنگ روش یک به را سازمان بخشهای. دهد انجام
داده انتشار و آوری جمع سیستم این هدف. باشد می سازمانی فرآیندهای همه برای
ERPاجزای
( مجتمع افزاری نرم برنامه (Integrated یک داده پایگاه یک ردوبدل و شده گذاشته اشتراک به اطالعات
شده. صدور سفارشات، تکمیل مشتری، سفارشات
. میکند خودکار را نقل و حمل و صورتحساب سوابق نگهداری
تکامل :ERPروند
دهه در اطالعاتی های سیستم ها TPS 1960اولینبودند.
MIS هاManufacturing requirements planning (MRP)
. شد تولید دفاتر و انبارداری کنترل پیچیده مسائل حل برای
MRP II از کاال جریان شامل که است اطالعاتی سیستم یک
مشتری دست به رسیدن و کارخانه طول در فروشنده،است.
تکاملی روند :ERPادامه
ERP: بودند بعدی گام ها را سازمانی درون فرآیندهای اطالعات تمام
. کردن هماهنگ نرم گسترده، افزاری سخت منبع یک به احتیاج
پایگاه مدیریت سیستمهای باال، سطح افزارهای. دارد خبره کاربران و داده
رقابتي نيروهاي مدلCOMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL
شرکترقابتتجاري
ورودبازارجديد
تامينکنندگان
مشتريان
جايگزينيتوليدوخدمات
Interrelated Support Systems
Transaction Processes
MIS
Non Computer Support
EIS
DSS
External Information
Data Warehouse
Non Computer Support
Internet, other Computer Support
Classification by System Architecture
Information systems can be classified according to three types of architecture:
A mainframe-based system.
A standalone personal computer (PC).
A distributed or a networked computing system (several variations exist).
Functional MISs
Functional Management Information Systems (MISs) are put in place to ensure that business strategies come to fruition in an efficient manner.
Typically a functional MIS provides periodic information about such topics as operational efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity by extracting information from the corporate database and processing it according to the needs of the user.
MISs can be constructed in whole or in part by end-users.
MISs are also used for planning, monitoring, and control.
Functional MISs Sales forecast by region generated by marketing MIS.
Classification by the Activity Supported
Another important way to classify information systems is by the nature of the activity they support. Such support can be:
Operational– Day-to-day operations of an organization
Managerial– Middle-management activities such as short-term planning,
organizing, and control Strategic
– Decisions that significantly change the manner in which business is being done
New Strategic Systems
Electronic commerce (EC) has become a new way of conducting business in the last decade or so. In this new model, business transactions take place
via telecommunications networks, primarily the Internet.
e-Commerce provides organizations with innovative and strategic advantages, such as; Increased market share Better ability to negotiate with suppliers Better ability to prevent competitors from entering into
their territory
Information Systems & People
Information Infrastructure
There are five major components of the infrastructure: Computer hardware Development software Networks and communication facilities
(including the Internet and intranets) Databases Information management personnel
Information Architecture
Information architecture is a high-level map or plan of the information requirements in an organization.
In preparing information architecture, the designer requires two kinds of information:
1. The business needs of the organization —that is, its objectives and problems, and the contribution that IT can make.
2. The information systems that already exist in an organization and how they can be combined among themselves or with future systems to support the organization’s information needs.
Types of Information Architecture
Mainframe environment. In the mainframe environment, processing is done by a mainframe computer. The users work with passive (or “dumb”) terminals,
which are used to enter or change data and access information from the mainframe.
PC environment. In the PC configuration, only PCs form the hardware information architecture.
Networked (distributed) environment. Distributed processing divides the processing work between two or more computers.
63
Information System Components
Input: the activity of gathering and capturing raw data
Processing: converting or translating data into useful output
Output: production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports
Feedback: output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities
64
Computer-Based Information Systems
A single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.
65
Components of a CBIS
66
Growth of Business-to-Business E-Commerce
67
Business Information Systems
Electronic Commerce Transaction Processing Systems Information and Decision Support Systems Special Purpose Business Information
Systems
68
Electronic Commerce
Any business transaction executed electronically between parties such as companies (B2B), companies and consumers (B2C), business and the public sector, and consumers and the public sector. Also a new aspect (C2C), people trading on-line.
69
Transaction Processing Systems
An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions. (Transactions are any business-related exchange)
70
Payroll Transaction Processing System
71
Information and Decision Support Systems
Management Information Systems (MIS) An information system used to provide routine
information to managers and decision makers
Decision Support System (DSS) An information system used to support problem-
specific decision making
72
Management Information Systems
73
Decision Support Systems
74
Special-Purpose Information Systems
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Expert System (ES) Virtual Reality
75
Artificial Intelligence
A field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of human intelligence
Definition of Intelligence
It is very essential to define intelligence for the
sake of developments of artificial intelligence
system
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) ?
AI is that part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer system capable of exhibiting all the characteristic that we associate with intelligence
AI is that part of computer science that investigates symbolic, non-algorithmic reasoning process and the representation of knowledge for use in machine inference
78
Major Elements of AI
79
Expert System
A system that gives a computer the ability to make suggestions and act as an expert in a particular field
Introduction to Expert Systems
Expert System is a program that contains a large
body of knowledge concerning one special field,
this having been provided by one or more human
experts in that filed and it is able to achieve the
same performance in problem-solving as those
experts. To solve the problem, the Expert System
simulates the human reasoning process by
applying specific knowledge and inferences
What is an Expert System ?
An Artificial Intelligence System created to solve problems in a particular domain (like Broadcast Transmitter) is called an Expert System
An Expert System for a Broadcast An Expert System for a Broadcast Transmitter is an intelligent computer Transmitter is an intelligent computer program that is capable of performing at program that is capable of performing at the level of a transmitter expertthe level of a transmitter expert
An ideal Expert System contains the following
Application of search techniques
Support for heuristic analysis
Capacity to infer new knowledge from existing knowledge
Symbolic processing
Ability to explain its own reasoning
Advantage of Expert System
The knowledge used for problem solving is transparent and is isolated from the inference strategies
It provides explanations for the conclusions it arrives as it could be used for tutoring
It act as a systematizing repository of knowledge of many experts thus perform at a higher level than any single human expert
It enable us to capture the knowledge of cooperating experts and use it for posterity
This technology allows the development of expert system in narrow domains in one-tenth the time required for developing equivalent systems using conventional programming techniques
Advantage of Expert System
85
Virtual Reality
Immersive virtual reality, which means the user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer.
It may represent a building, human anatomy, or any other three-dimensional setting
86
Head-Mounted Display
First device to provide an immersive experience
87
Data Glove
Allows for manipulation of objects in a virtual world
88
Systems Development
The activity of creating or modifying existing business systems
Includes: Systems investigation Systems analysis Systems design Systems implementation Systems maintenance and review
89
Organizations and Information Systems
Organization A formal collection of people and other resources
established to accomplish a set of goals
Value Chain A series (chain) of activities that includes inbound
logistics, warehouse and storage, production, finished product storage, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and customer service
90
General Model of an Organization
91
Manufacturing Value Chain
92
Technology Diffusion and Infusion
Technology diffusion A measure of how widely technology is spread
throughout an organization
Technology infusion The extent to which technology is deeply
integrated into an area or department
93
Competitive Advantage
A significant and (ideally) long-term benefit to a company over its competition What is Wal-Mart's major competitive
advantage?
94
Strategic Planning
Altering the industry structure (Microsoft) Creating new products and services (3M) Improving existing product lines and
services (Saturn, MCI, ) Using information systems for strategic
purposes (Taco Bell)
95
Productivity
A measure of the output achieved divided by the input requirement
Productivity ratio=(Output/Input) x 100%
96
Quality
The ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer expectations
97
Return on Investment (ROI)
One measure of IS value that investigates the additional profits or benefits that are generated as a percentage of the investment in information systems technology
98
Information Systems Personnel
99
Three IS Functions
Operations Maintains and supports the use of corporate
information systems Systems Development
Development of corporate information systems Support
Provides assistance to users