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American Imperialism: American Imperialism:

Political and Economic ExpansionPolitical and Economic Expansion

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Henry Cabot Lodge, Henry Cabot Lodge, “Our Blundering Foreign Policy” “Our Blundering Foreign Policy”

(March 1895)(March 1895)

European countries had been involved in European countries had been involved in imperialism (the quest for colonial empires) for imperialism (the quest for colonial empires) for centuries before the United States started to centuries before the United States started to build a colonial empire. build a colonial empire.

Countries wanted colonies for economic reasons, Countries wanted colonies for economic reasons, like the need for markets and raw materials, and like the need for markets and raw materials, and to spread their political systems and Christianity. to spread their political systems and Christianity.

In the late 1800s people in the United States In the late 1800s people in the United States wanted to become more involved in Imperialism. wanted to become more involved in Imperialism.

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Henry Cabot Lodge, a Henry Cabot Lodge, a senator from senator from Massachusetts, was one Massachusetts, was one supporter of US expansion. supporter of US expansion.

Below is a quote from Lodge Below is a quote from Lodge about US imperialism.about US imperialism.

““Small states are of the past and Small states are of the past and have no future. . . . The great have no future. . . . The great nations are rapidly absorbing for nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their their future expansion and their present defense all the waste present defense all the waste places of the earth. It is a places of the earth. It is a movement which makes for movement which makes for civilization and the advancement o civilization and the advancement o the race. As one of the great the race. As one of the great nations of the world, the United nations of the world, the United states must not fall out of the line states must not fall out of the line of march.”of march.”

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Hawaii-United States Treaty Hawaii-United States Treaty (1826)(1826)

The United States first became involved with Hawaii when The United States first became involved with Hawaii when missionaries went to Hawaii to convert them to Christianity in the missionaries went to Hawaii to convert them to Christianity in the 1820s. 1820s.

When missionaries arrived in Hawaii kings and queens ruled the When missionaries arrived in Hawaii kings and queens ruled the Hawaiians who had lived there for a thousand years. Hawaiians who had lived there for a thousand years.

The following is an excerpt of one of the first treaties between The following is an excerpt of one of the first treaties between the United States and Hawaii.the United States and Hawaii.

"The peace and friendship subsisting between the United States, and "The peace and friendship subsisting between the United States, and their Majesties, the Queen Regent, and Kauikeaouli, King of the their Majesties, the Queen Regent, and Kauikeaouli, King of the Sandwich Islands, and their subjects and people, are hereby Sandwich Islands, and their subjects and people, are hereby

confirmed, and declared to be perpetual."confirmed, and declared to be perpetual."

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Treaty Of Recirpocity Between the Treaty Of Recirpocity Between the United States of America and the United States of America and the

Hawaiian Kingdom (1875)Hawaiian Kingdom (1875)

A large sugar plantation was established in Hawaii in 1935 by a A large sugar plantation was established in Hawaii in 1935 by a Boston merchant. Boston merchant.

This was just the beginning of American owned plantations in This was just the beginning of American owned plantations in Hawaii. Hawaii.

As the US sugar plantation owners continued to make money As the US sugar plantation owners continued to make money they expanded in Hawaii and began to bring laborers from China they expanded in Hawaii and began to bring laborers from China and Japan. and Japan.

By the 1870s most of Hawaii’s land and trade was owned and By the 1870s most of Hawaii’s land and trade was owned and controlled by Americans. In 1875 another treaty was made controlled by Americans. In 1875 another treaty was made between the United States and Hawaii. between the United States and Hawaii.

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Hawaiian Kingdom Constitution of Hawaiian Kingdom Constitution of 1887 Granted by Kalakaua Rex1887 Granted by Kalakaua Rex

(July 6, 1887) (July 6, 1887)

In 1886 Americans in Hawaii formed In 1886 Americans in Hawaii formed the Hawaiian league. the Hawaiian league.

The goal of this league was to The goal of this league was to overthrow the king and have the US overthrow the king and have the US annex Hawaii. annex Hawaii.

In July 1887 the new Bayonet In July 1887 the new Bayonet Constitution, for Hawaii was written Constitution, for Hawaii was written and the Hawaiian League forced King and the Hawaiian League forced King Kalakaua to sign this constitution that Kalakaua to sign this constitution that limited the kings power and limited limited the kings power and limited native Hawaiians right to hold native Hawaiians right to hold government office. government office.

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President Grover Cleveland: President Grover Cleveland: Message to Congress Message to Congress (December 18, 1893)(December 18, 1893)

After King Kalakaua died, his sister After King Kalakaua died, his sister Queen Liliuokalani took over the Queen Liliuokalani took over the throne. throne.

She was a strong believer in Hawaii She was a strong believer in Hawaii nationalism and wanted to overturn nationalism and wanted to overturn the Bayonet Constitution. the Bayonet Constitution.

Many Americans did not want her in Many Americans did not want her in power especially when she power especially when she announced a plan to create a new announced a plan to create a new constitution.constitution.

Shortly after this announcement Shortly after this announcement Americans in Hawaii forced Americans in Hawaii forced themselves into government themselves into government building and took them over. building and took them over.

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Marines came ashore supposedly to protect American lives and Marines came ashore supposedly to protect American lives and property. property.

Queen Liliuokalani then stepped down to prevent the loss of life. Queen Liliuokalani then stepped down to prevent the loss of life. Sanford B. Dole took over as president of Hawaii and asked the US Sanford B. Dole took over as president of Hawaii and asked the US

government to annex them. government to annex them. President Grover Cleveland did not agree with the events that led to President Grover Cleveland did not agree with the events that led to

Dole becoming president of Hawaii. Dole becoming president of Hawaii. As a result President Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii. The As a result President Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii. The

following is a message to congress about Hawaii. following is a message to congress about Hawaii.

"When the present Administration entered upon its duties the Senate "When the present Administration entered upon its duties the Senate had under consideration a treaty providing for the annexation of the had under consideration a treaty providing for the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the territory of the United States. Surely under Hawaiian Islands to the territory of the United States. Surely under our Constitution and laws the enlargement of our limits is a our Constitution and laws the enlargement of our limits is a manifestation of the highest attribute of sovereignty, and if entered manifestation of the highest attribute of sovereignty, and if entered upon as an Executive act, all things relating to the transaction should upon as an Executive act, all things relating to the transaction should be clear and free from suspicion."be clear and free from suspicion."

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Lt. George Blow of the USS Lt. George Blow of the USS Maine: Letter (1898)Maine: Letter (1898)

Americans had sugar plantations in other foreign places besides Hawaii. Americans had sugar plantations in other foreign places besides Hawaii. Cuba was another island in which Americans had economic interests. Cuba was another island in which Americans had economic interests.

But unlike Hawaii, Cuba was a colony of Spain.But unlike Hawaii, Cuba was a colony of Spain. The people in Cuba had tried to revolt against the Spanish but were The people in Cuba had tried to revolt against the Spanish but were

unsuccessful.unsuccessful.

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In 1895 the Cubans again In 1895 the Cubans again tried to revolt and this time tried to revolt and this time the US became involved. the US became involved.

Because there were Because there were Americans in Cuba when Americans in Cuba when the 1895 revolt began the 1895 revolt began President McKinley sent President McKinley sent the USS Maine to help any the USS Maine to help any Americans in need. Americans in need.

On February 15, 1898 the On February 15, 1898 the Maine exploded killing 260 Maine exploded killing 260 Americans. Americans.

Many Americans blamed Many Americans blamed Spain for the sunken ship Spain for the sunken ship and on April 19, 1898 and on April 19, 1898 congress declared war on congress declared war on Spain starting the Spanish-Spain starting the Spanish-American war. American war.

"Whether we were torpedoed by the Spanish, blown up by a mine, or whither the Cubans did it to bring on a war - or whether it was one of these spontaneous explosions, we do not know."  Lt. George Blow of the USS Maine: Lt. George Blow of the USS Maine: Letter (1898Letter (1898

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Admiral Dewey: Admiral Dewey: Report on the Battle of Manila Bay Report on the Battle of Manila Bay

(May 4, 1898)(May 4, 1898)

As soon as the Spanish-American War began the US began As soon as the Spanish-American War began the US began offensive operations in the Philippine Islands because the offensive operations in the Philippine Islands because the United States knew that Spain’s main base in the Pacific was United States knew that Spain’s main base in the Pacific was the Philippines. the Philippines.

The Filipinos like the Cubans had tried to overthrow the The Filipinos like the Cubans had tried to overthrow the Spanish and in 1898 they were again trying to gain their Spanish and in 1898 they were again trying to gain their independence. independence.

This was the first battle in the Spanish-American War. It had This was the first battle in the Spanish-American War. It had started at dawn and by 11 a.m. the US had wiped out the started at dawn and by 11 a.m. the US had wiped out the entire Spanish fleet.entire Spanish fleet.

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The excerpt is of The excerpt is of the official report the official report given by the head given by the head of the Pacific fleet, of the Pacific fleet, Admiral George Admiral George Dewey. Dewey.

After the Spanish After the Spanish had surrendered to had surrendered to the US in the the US in the Philippines the US Philippines the US annexed the annexed the Philippines to the Philippines to the dismay of the dismay of the Filipinos that Filipinos that continued to fight continued to fight for their for their independence.independence.

"I have the honor to submit the following report of operations of the squadron under my command: The squadron left Mirs Bay on April 27, immediately on the arrival of Mr. O. F. Williams, United States consul at Manila, who brought important information and who accompanies the squadron. Arrived off Bolinao on the morning of April 30 and, finding no vessels there, proceeded down the coast and arrived off the entrance to Manila Bay on the same afternoon."

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Formal surrender document for the Formal surrender document for the capture of Santiago (July 16, 1898)capture of Santiago (July 16, 1898)

The Spanish-American War lasted only four months. The Spanish-American War lasted only four months. In this “splendid little war,” as secretary of State John Hay In this “splendid little war,” as secretary of State John Hay

referred to it as, only 345 Americans died in combat. referred to it as, only 345 Americans died in combat. This war ended with the capture of Santiago by the Rough This war ended with the capture of Santiago by the Rough

Riders, led by Theodore Roosevelt. Riders, led by Theodore Roosevelt. The following is the document that formally surrendered The following is the document that formally surrendered

Santiago to the US.Santiago to the US.

"That the Spanish forces will march out of  Santiago de Cuba "That the Spanish forces will march out of  Santiago de Cuba with honors of war, depositing their arms thereafter at a point with honors of war, depositing their arms thereafter at a point mutually agreed upon, to await their disposition by the United mutually agreed upon, to await their disposition by the United States Government." States Government."

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Platt Amendment (1901)Platt Amendment (1901)

After the Spanish-American War the US gained control of After the Spanish-American War the US gained control of Puerto Rico and Guam. Puerto Rico and Guam.

The US also paid Spain $20 million for control of the The US also paid Spain $20 million for control of the Philippines. Philippines.

Cuba was the only island that gained their independence. Cuba was the only island that gained their independence. Cuba wrote a new constitution for their newly freed country. Cuba wrote a new constitution for their newly freed country. But before the US would remove their troops Cuba had to But before the US would remove their troops Cuba had to

accept the Platt Amendment as part of their constitution. accept the Platt Amendment as part of their constitution. This made Cuba a protectorate of the US meaning the US This made Cuba a protectorate of the US meaning the US

would protect Cuba from any other nations. The Platt would protect Cuba from any other nations. The Platt Amendment was reluctantly agreed to by the Cubans in Amendment was reluctantly agreed to by the Cubans in 1902.1902.

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John Hay: John Hay: First Open Door Note (1899)First Open Door Note (1899)

The US was not only interested in islands in The US was not only interested in islands in the Pacific. the Pacific.

They were also interested in trading with They were also interested in trading with countries like China, which was the reason countries like China, which was the reason they first became interested with the islands they first became interested with the islands in the Pacific, for coaling stations for ships to in the Pacific, for coaling stations for ships to stop at so they could make it to China. stop at so they could make it to China.

In 1899 the secretary of State John Hay In 1899 the secretary of State John Hay called for an Open Door Policy in China called for an Open Door Policy in China which would enable any and all countries to which would enable any and all countries to trade equally with China. trade equally with China.

His Open Door Notes were sent to European His Open Door Notes were sent to European powers as well as Japan. powers as well as Japan.

They neither accepted nor rejected them so They neither accepted nor rejected them so Hay declared an Open Door Policy. Hay declared an Open Door Policy.

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President Theodore Roosevelt’s Annual President Theodore Roosevelt’s Annual Message to Congress: Message to Congress:

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Doctrine

(December 6, 1904)(December 6, 1904)

The Monroe Doctrine was issued in 1823 by President James The Monroe Doctrine was issued in 1823 by President James Monroe declaring the US the protector of the Western Monroe declaring the US the protector of the Western Hemisphere. Hemisphere.

President Roosevelt saw this as an idle threat and wanted to President Roosevelt saw this as an idle threat and wanted to make clear that he would enforce the Monroe Doctrine. make clear that he would enforce the Monroe Doctrine.

Roosevelt issued the Corollary to keep European countries Roosevelt issued the Corollary to keep European countries out of Latin America, specifically the Dominican Republic.out of Latin America, specifically the Dominican Republic.

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"In asserting the Monroe "In asserting the Monroe Doctrine, in taking such steps Doctrine, in taking such steps as we have taken in regard to as we have taken in regard to Cuba, Venezuela, and Cuba, Venezuela, and Panama, and in endeavoring Panama, and in endeavoring to circumscribe the theater of to circumscribe the theater of war in the Far East, and to war in the Far East, and to secure the open door in secure the open door in China, we have acted in our China, we have acted in our own interest as well as in the own interest as well as in the interest of humanity at large. interest of humanity at large. There are, however, cases in There are, however, cases in which, while our own interests which, while our own interests are not greatly involved, are not greatly involved, strong appeal is made to our strong appeal is made to our sympathies." sympathies."

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President William McKinley President William McKinley Pan-American SpeechPan-American Speech

"My fellow citizens, trade statistics indicate that this country is in a state "My fellow citizens, trade statistics indicate that this country is in a state of unexampled prosperity. The figures show that we are furnishing of unexampled prosperity. The figures show that we are furnishing profitable employment to the millions of working men throughout the profitable employment to the millions of working men throughout the United States...... The expansion of our trade and commerce is the United States...... The expansion of our trade and commerce is the pressing problem..... We must have more ships. They must be under pressing problem..... We must have more ships. They must be under the American flag: built, manned, and owned by Americans. These will the American flag: built, manned, and owned by Americans. These will not only be profitable in a commercial sense, they will also be not only be profitable in a commercial sense, they will also be messengers of peace wherever they go. Reciprocity treaties are in messengers of peace wherever they go. Reciprocity treaties are in harmony with the spirit of the times. We must build the isthmian canal harmony with the spirit of the times. We must build the isthmian canal which will unite the two oceans and give a straight line of which will unite the two oceans and give a straight line of communications with the western coasts of Central and South America, communications with the western coasts of Central and South America, and Mexico. The construction of a pacific cable cannot be longer and Mexico. The construction of a pacific cable cannot be longer postponed..... Gentleman, let us ever remember that our interest is in postponed..... Gentleman, let us ever remember that our interest is in concord, not conflict. And that our real eminence rests in the victories of concord, not conflict. And that our real eminence rests in the victories of peace, not those of war."peace, not those of war."

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The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal