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_ 169
1
1.
,
,
,
.
2.
3 , 3 .
. 3 : 3 3 .
(1)
.
.(2)
.
O2 CO2 .
(3)
O2 CO2 .
170 _ 2010
. 4 : 4 3
.
+ + +
. 3
( 45% + 5%) + (25%) + (25%)
. 3
(1)
, .
.
(2)
,
.
_ 171
2
1.
.
(1) .
(2) .
(3) .
.
(1) .
(2) ( ) .
.
2. ()
95% .
.
, .
172 _ 2010
(1) : .
, 2/3 .
, , , , .
.
.
.
, .
.
.
(2) : .
.
.
.
.
, .
.
, .
.
_ 173
(3) : .
.
.
.
. ()
, 5%
3/4 .
(1)
.
.
.
, .
~ .
( ) , .
.
() ()
, . .
174 _ 2010
(1)
.
, .
(2)
.
(3)
, .
, .
.
(4) : , .
(5) : .
(6) : .
3.
,
.
. ()
(1) ()
, .
.
-
_ 175
,
.
(2) ()
3 .
.
.
, , .
(3)
: ,
.
.
5 2 25=32
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
176 _ 2010
(1) A + O2 B + C
.
:
.
4FeO [] + O2 = 2Fe2O3 []
.
.
2FeS2 [] + 7O2 + 2H2O = 2FeSO4 [1] + 2H2SO4
(2) A + H2O B + C
H+ OH-
.
K2Al2Si6O16 [] + 2H2O = H2Al2Si6O16 [] + 2KOH
(3) A + H2O A H2O ,
.
.
2Fe2O3 [] + 3H2O = 2Fe2O3 3H2O []
_ 177
(4) A + H2O + CO2 B + C()
(0.03%) CO2 10 ,
1% .
H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3
-
HCO3- + H2O H3O
+ + CO3-2
, .
K2Al2Si6O16 [] + 2H2O + CO2 =
H4Al2Si2O9 [kaolinite] + 4SiO + K2CO3
.
+ H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2
MgCO3 + H2O + CO2 Mg(HCO3)2
.
+ H2O + CO2 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2 + H2O + CO2 MgCO3 + 2H2O
.
(1) : .
(2) : ,
CO2
178 _ 2010
3
3 ,
(Three phase) .
.
. .
1.
.
. , 3,
, , , , .
2.
.
2.0mm 2.0
, , , ,
.
.
_ 179
(mm) 1g
(cm2/g)
() > 2.00mm > 2.00mm - -
() 2.00~1.00 90 11.3(2.00)*
() 1.00~0.50 2.00~0.20 720 22.6(1.00)*
() 0.50~0.25 5,700 45.3(0.5)*
() 0.25~0.10 0.20~0.02 46,000 90.6(0.25)*
() 0.10~0.05 722,000 226.4(0.10)*
() 0.05~0.002 0.02~0.002 5,776,000 452.8(0.05)*
() < 0.002 < 0.002 90,260,853,0001,509,434
(510-6)**
( )* - (mm)
( )** - (mm)
.
(1)
.
.
(2)
.
.
(3)
,
.
180 _ 2010
(4)
, , .
.
,
. .
(1)
(2) (1 ) ( )
(3)
,
. ,
.
.
(1)
.
,
.
_ 181
(2)
pipette
.
(3)
(hydrometer)
.
.
(1)
.
, , .
(2) 3
3
.
100% , .
.
182 _ 2010
(3)
.
.
: .
: ,
.
: ,
.
_ 183
(4)
-
Sand
Silt
Loam
Clay
S
Si
L
C
-
) SiCL, SC, SCL
(5)
(C) ,
(S) , ,
(L)
3.
.
, .
.
(0.25~1.00) .
, .
.
0.25~1.00
60% ,
5% .
0.25~1.00 70% 80%
184 _ 2010
0.05 1% .
(pH), (Electrical Conductivity)
.
.
pH 6.0~6.5 pH 5.5~7.0
.
.
0.1mS/cm 0.01% .
. , ,
.
USGA
Particle NameUSGA Particle
DiameterSuggested Particle
Distribution (by weight)
Fine gravel 2.0 ~ 3.410%
3%
Very-coarse sand 1.0 ~ 2.0
Coarse sand 0.5 ~ 1.060%
Medium sand 0.25 ~ 0.50
Fine sand 0.15 ~ 0.25 20%
Very-fine sand 0.05 ~ 0.15 5%
10% Silt 0.002 ~ 0.05 5%
Clay < 0.002 5%
4.
,
.
() .
_ 185
.
(1) ()
3 .
.
2.5~3.0g/cm3 , 2.65g/cm3.
, .
(2) ()
, . .
.
, .
.
1.0~1.2g/cm3 .
( : g/cm3)
4.5~5.3
3.6~4.0
3.3~3.5
3.3~3.5
2.9~3.5
2.9~3.4
2.83
2.7~3.1
kaolinite
2.7~3.0
2.65
2.62
2.6~2.7
2.56
2.5~2.8
2.5
1.1~1.3
186 _ 2010
.
() ()
(1)
, .
(2)
() :
() :
: ,
.
: .
: , , .
(3)
. ,
1 : 1
.
_ 187
(4)
,
.
.
: .
: .
:
.
(%)
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
40%
43%
47%
50%
55%
58%
(mm)
(%)
< 0.5
0.5 ~ 1.0
1.0 ~ 2.0
2.0 ~ 3.0
3.0 ~ 5.0
47.5
50.0
54.7
59.6
62.6
2.7
24.5
29.6
35.1
38.7
44.8
25.5
25.1
24.5
23.9
188 _ 2010
.
() ()
1:1
.
(1)
( )
.
Ca , Na
.
.
Ca .
.
.
Ca- H- .
.
() .
.
_ 189
,
.
,
.
, .
, , .
0.1%
25~60%
(2)
(3)
,
.
, .
, .
190 _ 2010
1cm
.
, .
B , .
~ ,
.
A
,
.
5.
,
.
.
_ 191
.
.
(1) : .
(2) : .
Fe2O3
Fe2O3 3H2O
FeO
(3) : .
(4) : , .
(5) : ~
,
.
(6) : , , .
(7) : , , , .
(8) .
(9) : .
192 _ 2010
.
Munsell ,
.(1) : 40 .
(2) : 0, 10 11 .
(3) : 0 10 .
(4) 5YR 5/6 , 5YR , 5/ , /6 .
6.
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
.
(1) : , , , , ,
(2) : ,
_ 193
.
1g 1
.
(1) : (0) < (0.2) < (0.4) < (1)
(2) 4
.
(3)
.
.
(1) > > >
(2) >
(3) .
(4) >
(5) > > >
. 4.
(1)
(2) > > > > > >
.
(1) .
(2) .
194 _ 2010
.
(1)
(2) .
7.
.
(1)
( ) (
) .
(2)
,
.
bar(mbar) (atm)
, pF() .
(
), (
).
1atm = 1.0133bar = 1.033kg/cm2 = 1,033cm = 760mm Hg = pF 3
.
.
_ 195
(1) (combined water)
, .
100~110 10,000bar(pF 7)
.
.
(2) (hygroscopic water)
.
31bar(pF 4.5)
.
100~110 8~10 .
10 ,
.
.
(3) (capillary water)
.
1/3~31bar(pF 2.54~4.5),
.
.
,
.
196 _ 2010
(4) (gravitational water)
,
.
1/3bar(pF 2.54) .
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
(1)
, .
100~110
,
.
,
.
31bar, 50% 1,000bar.
1g (m2)
1.06
3.00
18.42
23.81
4.24
12.00
73.68
95.24
_ 197
(2)
,
.
.
10bar(pF 3.9), .
,
.
15bar(pF 4.2).
.
() .
.
(3)
1,000(1,000G)
.
,
0.5~1bar.
(4)
198 _ 2010
. ,
.
1/3bar(pF 2.54)
(5)
,
.
, pF 0.
.
, .
(6)
0.1~10bar ,
,
.
0.1~1bar
, 1bar(1) .
, Wollny 60~80% .
(7)
.
_ 199
pF pF pF
7.0 4.2 4.5
4.5 ~ 7.0 2.5 ~ 4.2
()4.2
2.5 ~ 4.5 2.7 ~ 3.0 3.9
0 ~ 2.5 1.8 ~ 3.0 2.5
0
.
(1)
,
.
(lysimeter) : ,
.
- Darcy
, f : (cm/sec)
k : (cm/sec)
h : (cm)
l : (cm)
Q : (cm3/sec)
A : (cm2)
200 _ 2010
(2)
.
:
2 .
,
.
,
.
(3)
100%.
.
()
.
.
(1) :
(2) :
(3) : 1g (g)
, 200~1,000 .
.
_ 201
(soil moisture regime) ,
.
20% ,
80% . 30%
, 70%
.
.
(1)
100~110 5~6
.
(2) ()
block ,
.
(3)
,
.
(4) tensiometer()
,
.
202 _ 2010
8.
.
, .
(1)
.
(2) .
79.01 20.93 0.03
75 ~ 80 10 ~ 20 0.1 ~ 10
.
(1)
,
.
(2)
, .
(3)
_ 203
.
.
.
, (ODR) 2010-8g//min
30~4010-2g//min .
: , , , ,
: , , ,
: ,
CO2
(CH4) , .
.
(1) ( )
(2)
(3)
(4) ,
204 _ 2010
4
. 16 ,
,
13 (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn,
Mo, B, Cu, Cl) .
.
, ( ),
, , .
1.
0.002mm ,
. .
.
, 4
8 .
(1) 4
4 1 4
.
NH4+
K+ .
_ 205
(2) 8
6 (OH-) Al+3 Mg+2 8
.
1 : 1 OH- PO4-3
.
.
(1)
1:1 2:1 (chlorite)
8
(2)
.
.
K+ NH4+ .
.
montmorillonite, vermiculite
206 _ 2010
.
.
.
illite, kaolinite
.
(1) Kaoline
1:1 OH- .
O-H .
.
, .
podzol .
kaolinite, halloysite, metahalloysite .
(2) Montmorillonite
2 : 1
, ,
4 Al+3 15% .
8 Al+3
.
_ 207
saponite : 2 Al+3 3 Mg+2 .
nontronite : Al+3 Fe .
volkonskoitte : Al+3 Cr .
sauconite : Al+3 Zn .
(3) Illite
, 2 : 1 ,
4 Al+3
K+ K+
.
SiO2 K2O(K+) .
glauconitepyrophyllitemuscovitebiotitetalc .
(4) Chlorite
2 : 1 () 1 : 1 (brucite ) .
.
(5) Vermiculite
2 : 1 , .
2 .
.
(6)
(OH-) H+
.
, ,
208 _ 2010
.
gibbsite .
(7) Allophane
.
, .
, .
pH .
2.
.
.
.
(1)
4 Si+4 8 Al+3
.
.
2 : 1 2 : 2 .
_ 209
a c
.
.
1 : 1 .
(2) (pH )
H+ pH
.
H+
.
H+ H+
H+ .
.
(1)
(OH) (COOH) H+
. pH pH
pH .
(2)
(NH2+) .
H+ .
210 _ 2010
1 : 1 = + pH ()
2 : 1 2 : 2 = (3/4) + pH (1/4) = pH
. (CEC) = (BEC)
(1)
, 100g
mg (milli equivalent ; me) . ,
100g .
: me/100g [
]
)
,
1
20 . , 1mg
20mg .
(2) (me) (mg)
me / 100g>
_ 211
CEC 100me/100g 100g Ca CEC
Ca = 100 20 = 2000mg Ca .
(3) CEC
pH CEC , pH CEC
pH CEC .
CEC .
(4) CEC
CEC pH ,
, . .
(5)
pH
, pH
pH .
(me/100g)
CEC CEC
> 200 chlorite 10 ~ 40
allophane 30 ~ 200 illite 10 ~ 40
vermiculite 100 ~ 150 kaolinite 3 ~ 15
montmorillonite 80 ~ 150 halloysite(2H2O) 5 ~ 10
halloysite(4H2O) 40 ~ 50
212 _ 2010
.
CEC (Ca+2 Mg+2 K+ Na+ ) , CEC H+ Al+3 .
(1) pH
pH ,
pH , pH
.
kaolinite pH montmorillonite
pH .
pH kaolinite montmorillonite
.
(2)
50% , pH
.
_ 213
3.
,
.
.
, , pH
. pH 7 , pH 7
pH 7 . pH
7 ?
? .
H2O .
H2O . 25
10-7 mol/L ( ) (H+) 10-7 mol/L
(OH-) . (H+)
(OH-) .
( ) .
. 10-7 mol/L
-log -log10-7 7. pH 7 .
,
,
10-14.
.
pH 7
.
.
214 _ 2010
. ?
pH 5
.
, .
pH
.
6.0~7.0
.
_ 215
4.
()
pH (H2O 1:5) 5.5 ~ 6.5 6.0 ~ 7.0 6.0 ~ 7.0 5.5 ~ 7.0
(dS/m) 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4
(%) 0.5 ~ 1.5 1.0 ~ 2.0 1.5 ~ 2.5 2
(%) 0.01 ~ 0.05 0.05 ~ 0.10 0.05 ~ 0.15 0.05
(mg/kg) 100 ~ 300 100 ~ 200 50 ~ 200 50 ~ 200
(cmol+/kg) 0.2 ~ 0.5 0.2 ~ 0.5 0.5 ~ 1.0 0.5 ~ 1.0
(cmol+/kg)
3 ~ 6 3 ~ 8 5 ~ 11 5 ~ 11
- 4 ~ 10 6 ~ 13 6 ~ 13
- 5 ~ 12 7 ~ 15 7 ~ 15
(cmol+/kg) 0.2 ~ 0.5 0.2 ~ 0.5 0.5 ~ 1.0 0.5 ~ 1.0
(cmol+/kg) 0.5 ~ 1.0 0.5 ~ 1.5 1.0 ~ 2.0 1.0 ~ 2.0
(mg/kg) 2 2 2 2
(mg/kg) 2 2 2 2
(mg/kg) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
(mg/kg) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
(cmol+/kg) 5.0 ~ 10.0 5.0 ~ 15.0 10.0 ~ 20.0 10.0 ~ 20.0
216 _ 2010
5 USGA
(USGA Green Section)
1960 4
. .
USGA (intermediate layer)
2( ) 3( )
( 1 ).
USGA (: 3, : 2)
1.
.
16(400), 18~20(450~500)
.
, , ()
geotextile fabric .
_ 217
2.
USGA .
,
. 15(5m)
.
.
.
.
. ,
4(100) .
150 200 0.5%
.
.
geotextile fabric ,
fabric .
( 3 ) 1(25)
. .
. PVC
.
.
.
, flat
. flat 12(300) geotextile
. Flat
.
flat .
218 _ 2010
3.
( 1 )
.
Bridging factor D15() 8 D85()
Permeability factor D15() 5 D15()
Uniformity factor
D90() / D15() 3.0
12
2 10%
1 5%
USGA
( )
12.7 10%
6.4 ~ 9 65%
2 10%
-
( ) 1 ~ 4 90%
.
2 .
2~4(50~100) (
3
) .
_ 219
.
(2 )
. .
.
. .
. 2~5 .
.
,
.
.
.
15% 15%
.
,
. D85() 85%()
. D15() 15%()
.
(bridging) D15() D85() 8 .
(permeability) D15() D15() 5 .
220 _ 2010
3.0 (D90/D15) . 1/2(12) 100% , 10 (2) 10%
, 18 (1) 5% .
4.
.
USGA 3
.
USGA
()
3.4~2.0 3%10%
2.0~1.0
0.5~1.0
0.25~0.50 60%
0.15~0.25 20%
0.05~0.15 5%
10% 0.002~0.05 5%
0.002 3%
60%,
5~20% . //
.
.
- .
(ASTM D2974 Method D)
85% .
_ 221
- , ,
. 1 ,
.
.
.
.
.
( ),
,
.
, .
USGA 12(300)
.
.
USGA ( ASTM ) 4
.
33 ~ 55%
15 ~ 30%
15 ~ 25%
6 inch/hr (150/hr)
222 _ 2010
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5. , ,
12(300)
1(25mm) .
.
_ 223
6
1.
.
.
.
(1) :
(2) :
(3) :
.
(1) :
(2) :
(3) :
2.
.
.
2~3
.
. (Thatch)
(1)
224 _ 2010
(2)
.
, .
.
.
.
(3)
, .
.
, (Verticut) .
.
. ()
. 2~3
0~2cm
5cm .
.
.
,
.
.
.
_ 225
.
.
.
.
.
(, ,
) . 10cm
7~8cm 2~5cm .
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.
.
(1)
(2) (, )
226 _ 2010
.
(1) (Coring)
6~19mm, 7~18cm
.
.
(Core aerification)
.
.
aeration :
CO2 :
drainage
:
:
water retention :
layered soil :
_ 227
()
,
.
3
.
: 3 ~ 6 , 9 ~ 10
: 5 ~ 7
.
228 _ 2010
(2) (Slicing)
V
V .
, .
.
(Spiking) () (Slicing)
. ,
.
_ 229
(3) (Spiking)
,
.
.
.
,
.
(4) (Verticutting)
. (Vertical
mowing Vertical cutting) .
V M
, .
.
1
.
230 _ 2010
(Vertical mowing)
_ 231
.
.
(5) (Top dressing)
() .
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
232 _ 2010
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
_ 233
7
1.
.
,
. ,
,
.
2.
.
.
.
.
15%~20% 80%~85%
.
pH
.
.
234 _ 2010
.
(1) .
(2)
.
(3) () .
(4) .
(5) .
(6) , , ,
.
.
.
10~20
.
_ 235
.
.
.
10~15cm
( 5 )
1
(1 )
4~5
( )
()
( 500g~1kg)
,,
(, , )
236 _ 2010
.
.
.
1kg
4 ( 1, 4 2, 3 )
4
0.5~1kg
.
, ,
.
( )
_ 237
3.
: (), , ,
: (pH), (EC), (O.M),
(CEC), (T-N), (Ca, Mg, K, Na),
, (Fe, Mn, Zn)
.
(1)
.
, .
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
238 _ 2010
>3.43.4 -
2.0
2.0 -
1.0
1.0 -
0.5
0.50 -
0.25
0.25 -
0.15
0.15 -
0.05
0.05
- - - - (%) - - - -
None
10% 60% 20%
10%
3%
5%
>3.43.4 -
2.0
2.0 -
1.0
1.0 -
0.5
0.50 -
0.25
0.25 -
0.15
0.15 -
0.05
0.05
- - - - (%) - - - -
20% 60% 20%
>3.4
3.4 -
2.0
2.0 -
1.0
1.0 -
0.5
0.50 -
0.25
0.25 -
0.15
0.15 -
0.05
0.05
- - - - (%) - - - -
75%
(2)
1)
.
_ 239
(combined water)
- , .
- 100~110 10,000bar(pF7)
- .
(hygroscopic water)
-
- 31bar(pF4.5)
- 100~110 8~10 .
- 10 ,
-
(capillary water)
-
- 1/3~31bar(pF 2.54~4.5),
-
-
- ,
(gravitational water)
- ,
.
240 _ 2010
- 1/3bar(pF 2.54)
- .
- .
2)
- 100~110 5~6
()
- block ,
- ,
tensiometer()
- ,
11.3 7.9 3.4
18.1 11.3 6.8
19.8 11.9 7.9
21.5 11.3 10.2
22.3 8.2 14.1
(%)
_ 241
(3)
,
, ,
.
Hysteresis() .
.
. 2mm
, Membrane plate apparatus
Pressure porous plate apparatus 1
, .
1/3 ,
1/10
.
242 _ 2010
(4)
mm .
(core) (cylinder
infilterometer) .
(double ring) .
(mm/h) =
() ()
(5)
(hardness), .
() () , /
.
_ 243
pH
(kg/cm2)
2.4
2.2 - 2.4
1.8 - 2.2
1.8
()
.
(1) (pH)
,
pH .
,
.
pH
. pH
meter .
pH
pH (H2O 1:5) 5.5 ~ 6.5 6.0 ~ 7.0 6.0 ~ 7.0 5.5 ~ 7.0
244 _ 2010
(2) (EC)
.
,
,
1, 1
, dS/m .
(dS/m) 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4
(3) (O.M)
(cation exchange capacity, CEC)
.
, .
.
(%) 0.5 ~ 1.5 1.0 ~ 2.0 1.5 ~ 2.5 2
_ 245
(4) (CEC)
, 1 cmolc
(cmolc/kg). CEC
. CEC
.
(cmolc/kg) 5.0 ~ 10.0 5.0 ~ 15.0 10.0 ~ 20.0 10.0 ~ 20.0
(5)
, CaMgKNa (exchangeable basic cation)
.
.
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