06 Technological Innovations Pest Management · iv practices that augment natural processes that suppress pests, where available, will replace existing practices that disrupt natural

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Biorational and Ecological Perspective

By

Dharam P Abrol

Published by

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA)

Jodhpur – 5 A, New Pali Road P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur - 342 001 INDIA

© 2017, Scientific Publishers (India) All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, adapted, abridged, translated, stored in a retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other systems or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Disclaimer: Whereas every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold on the understanding that neither the editors (or authors) nor the publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner to any person either for an error or for an omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publisher, for rectifying it in future editions, if published. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-93-86102-82-9

eISBN: 978-93-87869-93-6 Visit the Scientific Publishers (India) website at http://www.scientificpub.com

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FOREWORD

M.S. SWAMINATHAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION

M.S. Swaminathan

Founder Chairman

Ex-Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha)

The world is facing food deficit as the growing human population disproportionately to available resources is a major challenge facing agriculture in the 21st century. The human population is expected to exceed 9 billion in mid-century doubling demand for food, feed and fodder. The excessive use of pesticides and intensification in crop production practices has encouraged the pest incidence, development of insecticide resistant populations, resurgence of pest populations, elevation of secondary pests to a status of primary importance, deleterious effects on populations of non-target organisms, pollution of the environment, air water, soil and food. These limitations necessitated a change in the concept and practice of pest management strategies relying on pesticide management to a system approach based primarily on biological knowledge of pests and their interaction with crops.

Evidently, the need was felt to develop new pest management systems that are long-term, cost-effective, solve unmet needs, and protect human and environmental health. Conventional, chemically based pest management strategies encourage short-term solutions that can be harmful to the environment and to human health. Broad-spectrum chemicals also are ineffective against some pest problems. Agricultural

iv

practices that augment natural processes that suppress pests, where available, will replace existing practices that disrupt natural processes; and these practices will be supplemented with the judicious use of biological control organisms and products, target-specific chemical pesticides, and pest-resistant plants. There should be a minimum disturbance to the existing agri-horticultural ecosystem through the use of chemical pesticides. The present book ‘Technological Innovations In Integrated Pest Management- Biorational and Ecological Perspective’ by Professor Dharam P. Abrol is an attempt to cover integrated pest management from multidisciplinary, and multi-faceted components providing a unique overview of the efforts made to develop IPM strategies focusing on the conservation of natural enemies in various ecologically undisturbed habitats wherein the traditional agriculture is still being practiced. The purpose of this book is to present a balanced overview of environmentally safe and ecologically sound approaches applied to commonly used practices in insect pest management. I congratulate the contributors and editor for this excellent book. I hope the book will be widely read and utilized by policy makers, scientists and research scholars and farmers.

M S Swaminathan

3rd Cross Road, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai (Madras) - 600 113, India

Phone: +91-44-2254 2790, 2254 1698 Fax: +91-44-2254 1319

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

PREFACE

Problems ranging from pesticide resistance in target species to environmental degradation and contamina-tion of food products by pesticide residues have proven that reliance on single tactics seriously detracts from sustainability. Reducing the risks associated with pest management tactics like pesticides in plant protection is the challenge of pest control for the twenty-first century in view of the fast growing human population. Therefore, one of the goals would be in the deployment of ecologically based integrated pest management practice. The idea is to shift paradigm from focusing on pest management strategies relying on pesticide management to a system approach relying primarily on biological knowledge of pests and their interaction with crops. Evidently, the need was felt to develop new pest-management systems that are long-term, cost-effective, solve unmet needs, and protect human and environ-mental health. Conventional, chemically based pest-management strategies encourage short-term solutions that can be harmful to the environment and to human health. Broad-spectrum chemicals also are ineffective against some pest problems. Agricultural practices that augment natural processes that suppress pests, where available, will replace existing practices that disrupt natural processes; and these practices will be supplemented with the judicious use of biological-control organisms and products, target-specific chemical pesticides, and pest-resistant plants. There should be a minimum disturbance to the existing agri-horticultural ecosystem through the use of chemical pesticides. Therefore, the present book focuses on the conservation of natural enemies in various ecologically undisturbed habitats wherein the traditional agriculture is still being practiced.

This book provides multidisciplinary perspective about the different facets of IPM and shall serve as reference book for students, teachers, researchers, extension functionaries and policy planners. This book is the outcome of my personal experiences and the contributions of several workers which have been incorporated. All the contributors deserve special appreciation for writing chapters in their respective fields in great depth with dedication. I thank university authorities for the excellent working atmosphere and needed encouragement for compiling such a voluminous book. Dr. Uma Shankar and Dr. Debjyoti Chaterjee needs special mention for their help in various ways. My sincere thanks are due to my wife Professor Dr. Asha Abrol, daughter Er. Vitasta and son Er. Rajat for their endurance and help while writing this book.

Place: Jammu Dharam P. Abrol

Date : 15 March, 2017

vi

CONTRIBUTORS

Hafeez Ahmad

Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chatha –180009, Jammu, J&K, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Kamlesh Bali

Division of Sericulture, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Udheywalla, Jammu. E-mail: [email protected]

A. K. Bhowmick

Department of Entomology, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. E-mail: [email protected]

Sudhakar Dwivedi

Division of Agricultural Economics, Agri-Business Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu-180009. E-mail: [email protected]

Suheel Ahmad Ganie


R. K. Gupta

Division of Entomology,

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chatha Jammu – 180009, J&K, India. E-mail: [email protected]

S. K. Gupta

Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chatha –180009, Jammu, J&K, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Vishal Gupta

Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu. E-mail: [email protected]

C. S. Kalha


Virender Kaul


S. K. Kher

Division of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu-180009. E-mail: [email protected]

D. P. Abrol

Dean Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Chatha, Jammu – 180009, J&K, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Rakesh Kumar

Division of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha-Jammu-180009. E-mail: [email protected]

R. K. Patel

ICAR-National Research Cente on Litchi, Musahari, Muzaffarpur (842002) E-mail: [email protected]

Vijay K. Razdan


Karandeep Singh Sasan


Uma Shankar


Devinder Sharma


Magdeshwar Sharma

Mega Seed Project, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chatha, Jammu–180009, J&K, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Amit K. Singh

Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Chatha –180009, Jammu, J&K, India. E-mail: [email protected]

P. S. Slathia

Division of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu Chatha-Jammu-180009. E-mail: [email protected]

Ajay K. Sood

Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur (H.P.) E-mail: [email protected]

Kuldeep Srivastava

ICAR-National Research Cente on Litchi, Musahari, Muzaffarpur (842002) E-mail: [email protected]

Deepika Sud

CSK HPKV, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh. E-mail: [email protected]

viii Technological Innovations in Integrated Pest Management

CONTENTS

1. ECOLOGICAL BASED PEST MANAGEMENT 1-9 • D. P. Abrol

1.0 Introduction 1 1.2 Ecological Pest Management 3

1.2.1 Minimising the disturbances which are caused by agriculture 3

1.2.2 Decreasing plants’ vulnerability 4 1.2.3 Understanding pests and acting accordingly 4

1.3 Building knowledge 4 1.4 Challenges 5

2. ROLE OF BIOTIC STRESS IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 11-23 • Magdeshwar Sharma

2.0 Introduction 11 2.1 Types of biotic stress 18

2.1.1 Biostress and Agriculture: Indian scenario 19 2.2 Emerging issues in biotic stress vis a vis biosecurity/

biosafety 20 2.3 Biostress and IPM: Indian agriculture 21

3. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL : CURRENT PERSPECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS IN HILL ECO-SYSTEM 25-35 • Kamlesh Bali and R. K. Gupta

3.0 Introduction 25 What is biological control ? 26

3.1 Natural Control 27 Definitions on biological control 28 Applied biological control 28 Applicability of Biological control 29 Objectives of biological control 29 Targets for biological control 31 Categorisation of results of biocontrol efforts 31 Perspectives of biological control 32 General limitations of biological control 32

3.2 Benefits and Costs of Biological Control 33 3.2.1 Opportunities 33

3.3 Conclusions 34

Technological Innovations in Integrated Pest Management x

4. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION 37-46 • Ajay K. Sood

4.0 Introduction 37 4.1 Insects and Mite Pests under Protected Environment 37

Management strategies 40 1. Avoidance 41 2. Early Detection 43 3. Curative Measures 44

5. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 47-55 • Vishal Gupta and Vijay K. Razdan 5.0 Introduction 47 5.1 Accurate Diagnosis of Diseases 49

5.1.1 Monitoring of Pathogens 50 5.1.2 Prevention and Management Practices 50

5.2 Host Resistance 51 5.3 Irrigation Management 52 5.4 Soil and Fertilizer Management 52 5.5 Cultural Practices 52 5.6 Crop Rotation 53 5.7 Biological Control 54 5.8 Chemical Control 54

6. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT 57-71 • Deepika Sud 6.0 Introduction 57 6.1 Component of Integrated disease management 58

Viruses associated with Vegetables 69 Virus Management Strategy 70

7. TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN CULTIVATION OF SAFFRON 73-77 • C.S. Kalha, Vishal Gupta and V. K. Razdan

7.0 Introduction 73 7.1 Diseases 74

7.1.1 Symptoms 74

8. PEST MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES IN HILL FARMING 79-95 • Uma Shankar and D. P. Abrol

8.1 Introduction 79 8.1 Problem identification and research organization 81 8.2 Sustainability 82

Contents xi

8.3 Technical strategies for sustainable animal production 83 8.4 Influence of human population on soil fertility 83 8.5 Soil fertility status in the hills 84 8.6 Nutrient recycling in the hill agricultural system 85 8.7 Methods of maintaining soil fertility 85 8.8 Soil conservation 86 8.9 Increased Productivity of Forest and Grazing Land 86 8.10 Improved Animal Management Systems 86 8.11 Improvement in Cropping Practices 86 8.12 Insect pest problems 87 8.13 Pest Management Strategies 87 8.14 Sustainable Agriculture 89 8.15 Factors affecting pest population 90

Hill agriculture and insect pest problem 91 8.16 Major insect pests in hilly areas 92

8.16.1 Rice 92 8.16.2 Maize and small millets 92 8.16.3 Pulses 93 8.16.4 Vegetables 93

8.17 Conclusion and future strategies 93

9. BIORATIONALS IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 97-171 • D. P. Abrol and Uma Shankar

9.0 Introduction 97 9.1 Neonicotinoids 107 9.3 Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) 109

9.3.1 Chitin synthesis inhibitors 109 9.3.2 Ecdysone agonists and juvenile hormones 110 9.4.1 Avermectins 112 9.4.2 Emamectin benzoate 113 9.4.3 Spinosyns 114 9.4.5 Pyrrole insecticides (chlorfenapyr) 116

9.5 Other novel groups of insecticides 117 9.5.1 Phenylpyrazoles (Fipronil) 117 9.5.2 Pyridine insecticides (Pymetrozine) 118 9.5.3 Oxadiazines (Indoxacarb) 119

9.6 Biopesticides 120 9.6.1 Microbial pesticides 121 9.6.2 Bacteria 121 9.6.3 Viruses 124 9.6.4 Fungi 126 9.6.5 Nematodes 128 9.6.6 Protozoa 130

9.7 Semiochemicals 131 9.7.1 Monitoring 131

Technological Innovations in Integrated Pest Management xii

9.7.2 Mating disruption 132 9.7.3 Mass trapping 135 9.7.4 Lure and kill 136

9.8 Botanical insecticides 137 9.8.1 Pyrethrins 138 9.8.2 Nicotinoids 138 9.8.3 Rotenoids 139 9.8.4 Neem and azadirachtin-related

tetranortriterpenoids 139 9.8.5 Annonaceous acetogenins 140 9.8.6 Piperamides and isobutylamide-related

compounds 140 9.8.7 Essential oils 141 9.8.8 Minor plant insecticides 141

9.9 Precautions while Using Biorationals 142 9.9.1 While Mixing Biorationals 143

9.10 Integration of Biorationals and Beneficial 144 9.11 Biorational Availability as a constraint 144 9.12 Biorationals and IPM 145 9.13 Need of developing Biorationals 146 9.14 Conclusion 147

10. BIO-RATIONAL AND BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MITE PESTS 173-181 • Amit Kumar Singh and Uma Shankar

10.0 Introduction 173 10.1 Plant growth and mite activity 177

Distribution of mite population on host plant 177 Arachnid predators (Spiders) 179

11. BREEDING OILSEED CROPS FOR INSECT PESTS RESISTANCE 183-195 • S. K. Gupta

11.0 Introduction 183 11.1 Rapeseed-mustard 183

11.1.1 Insect Pest Complex 184 11.2 Seedling survival 186 11.3 Aphid injury 186 11.4 Identified aphid resistant strains/varieties 187 11.5 Morphological traits versus resistance. 188 11.6 Biochemical constituents versus resistance 189 11.7 Resistance to groundnut pests 191 11.8 Resistance to sesame leaf-roller 191 11.9 Breeding for resistance to insect-pests 191 11.10 Conclusion 192

Contents xiii

12. UTILIZATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES IN INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT 197-224 • Virender Kaul and Uma Shankar

12.0 Introduction 197 12.1 Natural occurrence of EPN in India 198

12.1.1 Strains and Host Range 199 12.1.2 Infection 200 12.2.3 Habitat preferences 200 12.2.4 Survival and Persistence 201 12.2.5 Symbiotic bacteria 202 12.2.6 Mass production 202 12.2.7 Product development - economics 204 12.2.8 Formulation and storage 204 12.2.9 Formulation 205 12.2.10 Persistence 206 12.2.11 Application technology 207

12.3 Success stories 208 12.4 Control of other organisms 210 12.5 Genetic manipulation 211 12.6 Integration with IPM 211 12.7 Natural enemies 212 12.8 Defense mechanism 213

12.8.1 Strengths 214 12.8.2 Weaknesses 214 12.8.3 Future Thrusts 214

12.9 Conclusion 215

13. SPIDERS AS NATURAL ENEMIES TO CONTROL INSECT PESTS 225-260 • A.K. Bhowmick and D. P. Abrol

13.0 Introduction 225 13.1 Spiders in biocontrol 227

13.1.1 Habitat manipulations 228 13.1.2 Spider dispersal and colonization 230

13.2 Effects of pest management on spiders 232 13.3 Spiders in Korean Rice Fields 234 13.4 Seasonal occurrence of spiders in Korean rice fields 234 13.5 Suppression of rice brown planthoppers by spiders 236 13.6 Compatibility of spiders and insecticides 237 13.7 Rearing spiders as biological pest-control agents 238 13.8 Giant crab spider - the cockroach controller 240 13.9 Mass rearing of giant crab spiders 240

13.9.1 Feed 241 13.9.2 Rearing of prey 241 13.9.3 Laboratory rearing of houseflies 242 13.9.4 Rearing of cockroaches 242

Technological Innovations in Integrated Pest Management xiv

13.9.5 Drosophila rearing 243 13.10 Points to remember while rearing spiders 243 13.11 Problems or obstacles encountered and how they were

overcome 244 13.12 Effects of the practice/innovative experience 245 13.13 Suitability and possibility for upscaling 246 13.14 Significance for (and impact on) policy-making 246 13.15 Details of some of the important spiders is as given

below 248 13.15.1 Theridiidae, cobweb, cobweb weaver, or

combfooted spiders 248 13.15.2 Linyphiidae (=Microphantidae), dwarf spiders 248 13.15.3 Araneidae, orb weavers or garden spiders 248 13.15.4 Lycosidae, wolf spiders 248 13.15.5 Clubionidae (including Corinnidae), sac

spiders or twoclawed hunting spiders 249 13.15.6 Salticidae, jumping spiders 249 13.15.6 Oxyopidae, lynx spiders 249 13.15.7 Thomisidae, crab spiders or flower spiders 249 13.15.8 Agelenidae, funnel weavers or grass spiders 249

13.16 Conclusion 250

14. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AND REMOTE SENSING 261-270 • D. P. Abrol 14.0 Introduction 261 14.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 262

14.1.1 Physical methods 262 14.1.2 Cultural methods 262 14.1.3 Chemical methods 263 14.1.4 Biological methods 264 14.1.5 Other methods 264

14.2 Role of remote sensing 264 14.2.1 Crop stress detection and loss assessment 264 14.2.2 Remote sensing of weather variables

favourable for pest occurrence 267 14.2.3 Desert locust forecasting 268 14.2.4 Use of rainfall nowcasting in IPM 269

14.3 Conclusions 269

15. EMERGING PEST PROBLEMS IN RELATIONTO CLIMATIC CHANGE 271-285 • Uma Shankar and D.P. Abrol

15.0 Introduction 271 15.1 Stresses caused by climatic changes 273

15.1.1 Increased carbon dioxide levels 274

Contents xv

15.2 Biotic factors 274 15.3 Modern tools for enhancing crop adaptation 274 15.4 Climate change scenario in Jammu and Kashmir 276

15.4.1 Impact of climatic change 277

16. INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF PESTS OF STORED GRAINS 287-305

• Devinder Sharma, D. P. Abrol, V. Kaul,

Hafeez Ahmad, Suheel Ahmad Ganie and

Karandeep Singh Sasan

16.0 Introduction 287 16.1 Factors affecting the storage of foodgrains 288 16.2 Identification of stored grain insect-pests 288

16.2.1 Detection of infestation 289 16.2.2 Methods of detection of visible infestation

foodgrains 289 16.2.3 Methods of detection of hidden infestation 290

16.3 Damage caused by insects 292 16.4 Sources of infestation 293 16.5 Requirement for successful storage 293 16.6 Traditional farm/village storage methods 294

Management Guidelines for Stored-Product Insects 295 Surveillance, Inspection and Detection 295 Legal method 295 Exclusion 296 Sanitation 296 Grain drying 297 Use of improved storage structures 297 Environmental Modification 297 Desiccants 299 Botanicals 300 Microbial pesticides 301 Biological control 302 Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) 302 Fumigants 303 Residual Insecticides 303 Conclusions 305

17. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN HORTICULTURAL CROPS 307-326 • Uma Shankar 17.0 Introduction 307 17. 1 Integrated Pest Management 307

17.1.1 Prerequisites in Integrated Pest Management 308 17.1.2 Understanding of the ecology of the cropping

system 309

Technological Innovations in Integrated Pest Management xvi

17.2 Insect pests of Brinjal 310 17.3 Insect pests of chillies 314 17.4 Insect Pests of Cucurbits 315 17.5 Insect pests of Okra 317 17.6 Onion 320 17.7 Conclusion 320

18. CANOPY AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN LITCHI 327-334 • S.D. Pandey, Amrendra Kumar Kuldeep Srivastava

and R.K. Patel 18.0 Introduction 327 18.1 Canopy architecture management 328 18.2 Need of canopy architecture management 329

18.2.1 Pruning and training 330 18.2.2 Different types of pruning 330 18.2.3 Nutrient Management 330 Nutrient Standards 331 18.2.3 Nutrient doses for bearing plants 331 18.2.4 Time of Application 332 Mycorrhizae 333 Management of biotic stress 333

18.3 Conclusion 333

19. INSECT PESTS MANAGEMENT IN LITCHI ECOSYSTEM 335-344 • Kuldeep Srivastava, R. K. Patel and

Devinder Sharma 19.0 Introduction 335 19.1 Litchi fruit & shoot borer: Conopomorpha cramerella

Snellen (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) 336 19.2 Litchi mite Aceria litchi (Acari: Eriophyidae) 337 19.3 Leaf roller : Platypeplus aprobola (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae) 337 19.4 Litchi looper: Perixera illepidaria (Lepidoptera:

Geometridae) 337 19.5 Leaf cutting weevils: Myllocerus Sp and Apoderus blandus

(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) 338 19.6 Litchi bug : Tessaratoma sp (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) 338 19.7 Bag worm: Eumeta crameri Westwood (Lepidoptera:

Psychidae) 338 19.8 Bark eating caterpillar: Indarbela tetraonis Moore and

Indarbela quadrinotata Walker (Metarbelidae: Lepidoptera) 339 19.9 Integrated Management of litchi Pests 339

19.9.1 Cultural and mechanical methods 339 19.9.2 Host plant resistance 340

Contents xvii

19.9.3 Biological control 340 19.9.4 Chemical control 341 19.10 Conclusions 341

20. BIO-SECURITY ISSUES IN PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT 345-379 • D. P. Abrol and Suheel Ahmad

20.0 Introduction 345 20.1 What is Agricultural Bio-security? 347 20.2 Regulatory Framework for bio-security 348 20.3 Areas of bio-security 348 20.4 Need of bio-security 349 20.5 Process of bio-security 349 20.6 Bio-security laws in India 350

20.6.1 Constitution of India 350 20.6.2 Fundamental rights 350 20.6.3 Federal scheme 351

20.7 Plant bio-security programme and its need 351 20.7.1 Plant health 352 20.7.2 Threats affecting plant health 352 20.7.3 Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens 352 20.7.4 Nematodes 352 20.7.5 Insect biotypes 352 20.7.6 Invasive alien species 352

20.8 Plant Protection Organisation in India 353 20.9 Plant Quarantine system in India 354 20.10 National Standards for Phytosanitary measures 354 20.11 Pest Risk Analysis in Plant Bio-security 355 20.12 Survey and Surveillance in plant bio-security 355

20.12.1 Current Status 356 20.13 Agricultural Bio-security Authority of India, Faridabad 358 20.14 National Institute of Plant Health Management

(NIPHM) 359 20.15 Need for Bio-security in Trade and Exchange

Programmes 359 20.16 Risk Associated with Imports 361 20.17 Threat of Biowarfare 363 20.18 Ensuring Bio-security during Trade and Exchange:

National Scenario 364 20.19 Major Issues in Import of Transgenics 369 20.20 Developing a Comprehensive Strategy 372 20.21 Recent bio-security threats 374 20.22 Conclusion 376

Technological Innovations in Integrated Pest Management xviii

21. RISK TO BIODIVERSITY BY EXOTIC SPECIES INTRODUCED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 381-419 • D. P. Abrol 21.1 Introduction 381 21.2 Risks from non-indigenous control agents 382 21.3 Effects on community and ecosystem 384 21.4 Neoclassical biological control 385 21.5 Cost-benefit and risk analysis 385 21.6 Inconclusive evidence and risk 386 21.7 Whether biocontrol is safe? 387 21.8 Risks of releasing of exotic biological control agents 389 21.9 Nontarget effects of exotic biological control agents 390 21.10 Ecological and economic advantages of biological

control 391 21.11 Legal framework of environmental risk assessment 392 21.12 Methodology for risk assessment 394 21.13 Risk factors determining the impact of an introduced

agent 396 21.13.1 Host range assessment 396 21.13.2 Establishment 397 21.13.2 Dispersal 399 21.13.3 Impact of released organisms on other

organisms in ecosystems 400 21.14 Risk assessment future strategies 402

22. EXTENSION METHODOLOGIES FOR DISSEMINATION OF IPM TECHNOLOGIES 421-430 • P. S. Slathia, Rakesh Kumar and S. K. Kher

22.0 Introduction 421 22.1 Extension is concerned with two basic assignments 421 22.2 Different extension methods suitable for dissemination

of IPM technologies are broadly classifieds into following three heads 422

22.3 Group contact methods 423 22.4 Result demonstrations 423

Advantages 424 22.4 Method demonstration 424 22.5 General meetings 425 22.6 Group discussion 425 22.7 Field Tours 426 22.8 Mass Methods 426

22.8.1 Farm Publications (Bulletins, Pamphlets, Circulars and Leaflets) 426

22.8.2 Radio 427 22.8.3 Television 427 22.8.4. Exhibits 427

Contents xix

22.9 Expert system for dissemination of IPM technologies 428 22.10 Traditional IPM Practices 429

22.10.1 Dusting cucurbits with ash to check insect pests 429

22.11 Conclusion 430

23. ROLE OF TRANSITION ECONOMY IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE 431-437 • Sudhakar Dwivedi

23.0 Introduction 431

24. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES AND FUTURE STRATEGIES 439-452 • D. P. Abrol and Uma Shankar

24.0 Introduction 439 24.1 Scenario of IPM in India 441 24.2 Scenario of Pesticide Pressure or Integrated Pesticide

Management 441 24.3 Environmental degradation/losses 442 24.4 Lack of proper taxonomy of Pests and Biocontrol

agents 442 24.5 Problems in Pest Management in context of Climate

Change 443 24.6 Lack of Information and Communication Technology

(ICT) in IPM 444 24.7 IPM Implementation and adoption 445 24.8 Ecological Pest Management Programme 446 24.9 Bio-Intensive Integrated Pest Management (BIPM)

Programme 446 24.10 Ensuring the availability of Biological control agents and

IPM devices 447 24.11 Habitat Manipulation or Ecological Engineering 447 24.12 Farmers demonstration through Community

participation for enhancing the adoption of IPM 447 24.13 Avoidance and excessive use of pesticides 448 24.14 Rational use of new interventions and Biotechnological

Approaches 448 24.15 Organic Way to get safer and Remunerative foods/

Organic farming 449 24.16 Conclusion 449

CITATION INDEX 453-454

Documents

06 Technological Innovations Pest Management · iv practices that augment natural processes that suppress pests, where available, will replace existing practices that disrupt natural