ISBN : 978-974-9562-67-3

2551

ISBN 978-974-9562-67-3

1 2551 1,100

8

: (Crop requirement)

2143/1 10900

56/2550 17 2550 (Crop requirement) 3 25 ( , ) (, ) (Crop requirement) (Crop management) (Pest management)

2551

(Crop requirement) (Crop management)

- - - - - - - (Pest management) 4

13

6678

10111213

1923

1

(Malabar) Kerala 1,500 20 10 70 125 2,000 .. 1930 Pera State .. 2300 (Tarang Pepper)

15 30 (adventitious roots)

(Scientifi c name)

(Common name)

(Family)

2

30 - 60 3 - 6 0.6 - 1 3 - - - 1 - 1.25 3 - 4 (blade ovate) 7 - 14 6 - 10 7 2 1 1 - 2 ( ) ( ) 1 - 1.5 2 3 spike 7 - 12 70 - 150 - 5 - 7 - - 5 - 7 3 - 4 corn fl eshy fruit drupe 4 - 6 3 - (exocarp) - (mesocarp) oil cell outer mesocarp inner mesocarp - (endocarp) 100 3 - 8 4.5 6 - 7 piperine oleoresin

3

/

1.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

-

10 -

40

42

-

25

- 40

-

65 -

95

-

-

1

,200

- 2,5

00

-

-

(per-

humi

d tro

pical)

-

-

-

(C

rop re

quire

ment)

2.

2.1

2.2

-

1,5

00

-

2%

-

4

/

3.

3.1

3.2

3.3

-

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

-

-

50

-

-

5.5 - 6

.5-

25 - 3

0

-

(ECe

)

2

ds/m

-

3.5

- 4.

5

-

:

0.1

5

:

55

:

30

-

-

-

(C

rop re

quire

ment)

()

5

/

3.8

-

15

ppm

-

100

ppm

-

1

20-360

pp

m

-

(C

rop re

quire

ment)

()

4.

4.1

4.2

-

(E

C) 75

0 - 2,

100

/

..

-

2

ppm

-

pH

5.0 -

9.0-

40

-

-

-

-

6

1. 1.1 9 - 12 4 9.90 8.07 9.66 2.48 162.20 acuminate abtuse 4.88 10.24 1.22 5 - 7 spike 1 - 2 6.34 0.67 64 () 0.88 superior 1 0.33 9.10 0.75 49 0.5 0.56 6 100 14.43 0.50 0.46 100 6.46 1.2 4 11 - 86 8.2 9.82 7.28 3.24 180.60

(Crop management)

7

acuminate obtuse 7.22 12.62 1.42 5 - 7 15 - 17 1.12 106 0.60 0.62 16 - 19 1.3 PSNIYUT-1 Uthirankota Cheriyakaniyakadan

1. 2. . .

2. 2.1 /

1. 40 - 60 15

2. 3.

pH 5.54.

5.

Bacillus subtilis

8

2.2

- 2 x 2 - 2.25 x 2.25 2.25 x 2.5

/- 400 2 800 /

2.3 () 1 - 2 40 - 50 5 - 7 3 - 4 3 - 4 2.4 4 x 4 x 4 5060 40 x 60 40 1 15 1 : 1 2 ( ) 2.5 3 - 6

3. 3.1 2 - 3 / 3 - 4 / 3.2

- dolomite 2 400 - 500 / 2 - 4

- 1 2 - 5 / 2 - 3 -

9

- 1 151515 121217+2Mg 400 - 500 / 2 - 3

2 151515 121217+2Mg 800 - 1,000 / 34 3

1 151515 400 - 500 / 2 82424 400 - 500 / -

3 121217+2Mg 400 - 500 /

- 3.3 30 - 50 3 10 - 12 1 1 50 2 30 40 - 50 3.4 3.5

- - 8 - 10 -

-

3.6

10

4. 4.1

Phytophthora parasitica

()

1. - -

- -

2 3 1

1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

: , 2548.

- -

3.7

11

-

- 2.

Bacillus subtilis 1 - 2

3. 820% WP 40%L 1 4.2

2 Ferrisiana virgate Planococcus citri

1. 1-3

2.

3. white oil, petroleum spray oil

4. carbaryl (Sevin 85%WP) 50 / 20

5. 5.1

- 3 - 4 - 4 - 5 -

6 - 8 -

3 - 4 6 - 8 5.2

12

5.3

6. 6.1

- - - -

6.2

- 3 - - - 60

-

- - 100 33 -

3 - 4 55 - 60 3 6.3

- - -

7 - 14 - -

-

60o

13

- 12

- -

7. 7.1 3 . + 1,383.64 // 765.88 // planofi x, , GA 60 ./ 20 4,160 1,443.73 // 1,101.05 // carbaryl (Sevin 85%WP) 50 / 20 chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 40% EC) 40 / 20 (Phytophthora parasitica) Trichoderma sp. Bacillus subtilis Bioking Bacterio-Mineral-Water (BMW) pathogenicity P. paracitica (Aliette) piperine 5.9% ( 5.0%) (volatine oil)

14

7.2 GMP, HACCP

15

. 2546. . 7-9 2546. . (). 2548. . : http://www.doa.go.th/data-agri/PEPPER/ 3var0.1.htm. 5 2548 . 2547. . 1 2547. . () . 2540. . . () . 2534. . : . . 2531. . : . . 2548. : . . () .2550. . : . . (Black Pepper). . () .2548. . 19-20 2548. .. () . . . . (). . . . . () .. . . . () . 2548. . : . .C.C de Guzman and J.S. Siemonsma. 1999. Plant Resource of South East Asia. Borgor Indonesia : PROSEA. Uni-graz. 2005. Pepper (Piper nigrum L., Black Peppercorns). Retrieved May 8, 2005. http:// www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/Pipe_nig.htmlUSDA. 2007. Insect Pollination of cultivated Crop Plants. Retrieved April 12, 2007. http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/chap9/black.html

19

1. 1 2. 3. - - - - 4. 5. 6.

(Pest management) 1/

1/

20

(Integrated Pest Management) IPM IPM (Ecosystem) (Equilibrium) (natural control) 1. 2. 3. (natural control) 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

21

7. 8. 9. 10.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

22

8. 94 15,000

Order Collembola ( : springtails) Order Ephemeroptera ( : mayfl ies) Order Dermaptera ( : earwings) Order Hymenoptera ( : bees wasps ants) Order Neuroptera ( : lacewing) Order Odonata ( : dragonfl ies) Class Arachnida ()

Order Hemiptera ( : bugs) Order Coleoptera ( : beetles) Order Diptera (/ : fl ies) Order Orhoptera ( ) Order Thysanoptera ( : thrips) Class Arachnida ()

Order Homoptera () Order Lepidoptera (butterfl ies) (moths)

() Order Isoptera ( : termites)

23

4 4 .. 2535 96 ()

1 (chlordimeform) (Insecticide) 2520 2 (leptophos) (Insecticide) 2520

3 (BHC) (Insecticide) 2523 4 (sodium arsenite) (Insecticide) 2524 5 (endrin) (Insecticide) 2524

6 (DDT) (Insecticide) 2526

7 (Insecticide) 2526

8 2,4,5- (2,4,5-T) (Herbicide) 2526

9 (TEPP) (Insecticide) 2527

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

- -

-

24

10 (EDB) (Fumigant) 2529 11 (Sodium chlorate) (Herbicide) 2529 12 (Dinoseb) (Herbicide) 2529

13 (Captafol) 2530 (Fungicide) 14 (fl uoroacetamide) (Rodenticide) 2530

15 (Rodenticide) 2530 (fl uoroacetateSodium) 16 (Cyhexatin) (Acaricide) 2531 17 (Parathion) (Insecticide) 2531

18 (Dieldrin) (Insecticide)

19 (aldrin) (Insecticide) 2531 20 (heptachlor) (Insecticide) 2531

- - - strong oxidant

- - (tera- (tera-togenic effect) togenic effect) (carcinogenic ef- (carcinogenic ef-fect) fect)

-

-

-

- ()

-

-

-

-

2591

25

21 (daminozide) 2532 (Plant Growth Regulater) 22 (binapacryl) (Acaricide) 2534 23 (pentachloro phenol) 2536 (Fungicide)

24 2536 (pentachloro phenol (Fungicide) sodium) 25 () (Insecticide) 2536 (Mercury compounds) 26 (ethylene dichloride) (Fumigant) 2537 27 (aminocarb) (Insecticide) 2537 28 (bromophos) (Insecticide) 2537 29 (bromophos-ethyl) (Insecticide) 2537 30 (demeton) (Insecticide) 2537 31 (fentin) 2537 (Fungicide) 32 (nitrofen) (Herbicide) 2537 33 (aramite) (Acaricide) 2543

-

-

-

-

- -

-

- ADI - - ADI - - ADI - - ADI - - ADI -

- ADI - -

(Fungicide)

26

34 (chlordane) (Insecticide) 2543

35 (chlordecone) (Insecticide) 2543 36 (chlorophenols) (Herbicide) 2543 37 2,4,5- (2,4,5-TP) (Herbicide) 2543 38 (phenothiol) (Herbicide) 2543 39 (MCPB) (Herbicide) 2543 40 (mecoprop) (Herbicide) 2543 41 (DBCP) (Fumigant) 2543

42 (monocrotophos) (Insecticide) 2543 43 (azinphos ethyl) (Insecticide) 2543 44 (mevinphos) (Insecticide) 2543 45 (phosphamidon) (Insecticide) 2543 46 (azinphos methyl) (Insecticide) 2543 47 (calcium arsenate) (Insecticide) 2543 (Herbicide) 48 , (chlorthiophos) (Insecticide, 2543 Acaricide)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- +E13

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

27

49 (cycloheximide) 2543 (Fungicide) 50 (demephion) (Insecticide) 2543 51 (dimefox) (Insecticide) 2543 52 (dinoterb) (Herbicide) 2543 53 (disulfoton) (Insecticide) 2543 54 (DNOC) (Insecticide) 2543 55 (fensulfothion) 2543 (Nematicide) 56 (fonofos) (Insecticide) 2543 57 (mephosfolan) (Insecticide) 2543 58 (paris green) (Insecticide) 2543 59 (phorate) (Insecticide) 2543 60 (prothoate) (Insecticide) 2543 61 , (schradan) (Insecticide, 2543 Acaricide) 62 , (sulfotep) (Insecticide, 2543 Acaricide) 63 (amitrole) (Herbicide) 2544

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

28

64 - (beta- HCH) (Insecticide) 2544

65 2544 (cadmium and (Fungicide) cadmium compounds) 66 (carbon tetrachloride) (Fumigant) 2544

67 (chlorobenzilate) (Acaricide) 2544 68 (Insecticide) 2544 (copper arsenate hydroxide) (Fugicide) 69 (ethyl (Insecticide) 2544 hexyleneglycol) 70 (ethylene oxide) (Repellent) 2544 71 (hexachlorobenzene) 2544 (Fugicide) 72 (lead asenate) (Insecticide) 2544

73 (lindane) (Insecticide) 2544

74 -11 (MGK repellent-11) (Repellent) 2544

-

- - -

- - - -

- -

-

-

- -

- -

-

- -

29

75 (mirex) (Insecticide) 2544

76 () (pyrinuron) (pyrimini) (Rodenticide) 2544 77 (safrole) 2544 78 ( ) (Insecticide) 2544 (strobane) (polychloroterpene) 79 TDE or DDD (Insecticide) 2544

80 (thallium sulfate) (Rodenticide) 2544

81 - (asbestos-amosite) 2544 82 - (benzidine) 2544 83 - (bis (chloromethyl) 2544 ether) 84 4- - (4-aminodiphenyl) 2544 85 - (phosphorus) 2544 86 - (polybrominated 2544 biphenyls,PBBs)

-

- - - -

-

-

- -

- - -

-

-

-

-

-

-

87 - (polychlorinated 2544 triphenyls,PCTs) 88 2,4,5- - (2,4,5-trichlorophenol) 2544 89 2-3 - 2544 (tri(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate) 90 - (vinyy chloidemonomer) 2544 91 0- - (0-dichlorobenzene) 2544 92 - (napphylamine) 2544 93 4- - (4-nitrodiphenyl) 2544 94 (Methamidophos) (Insecticide) 2546 95 (Parathion methyl) (Insecticide) 2547 96 (endosulfan) (Insecticide) 2547 CS formulation

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -

: 96 83 ( 81 - 93 : :

30

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