03-Dung Dich Khoan Va Xi Mang

DUNG DCH KHOAN V XI MNGBi ging c son bi B mn Khoan Khai thc Du kh Khoa K thut a cht v Du kh i hc Bch Khoa TP. HCM Tel: (08) 8647256 ext. 5767 GEOPET

NI DUNG

1. Dung dch khoan 2. Thy lc khoan 3. Xi mng 4. Cc phng php trm xi mng

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Dung dch khoan v xi mng

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1. DUNG DCH KHOAN

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Ni dung1. nh ngha 2. Chc nng 3. Cc phng php ra l khoan 4. Dung dch st 5. Cc thng s c bn ca dung dch khoan 6. Phn loi dung dch khoan 7. Lm sch dung dch khoan

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1. Dung dch khoan

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NH NGHAnh nghaDung dch khoan l bt k dung dch no c tun hon hoc bm t b mt vo cn khoan, i qua chong khoan v quay li b mt bng khong khng vnh xuyn trong cng tc khoan.

Dung dch khoan c th l cht lng hoc kh Dung dch khoan l khng kh Dung dch khoan dng bt Dung dch khoan l nc Dung dch khoan gc du Dung dch khoan gc polyme tng hp (olefin v este)GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 5

H THNG TUN HON DUNG DCH

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CHC NNG C BN1. Ra l khoan, nng mn khoan ln khi ging 2. Gi mn khoan l lng khi ngng tun hon 3. Lm mt, bi trn b khoan c 4. Gi n nh thnh l khoan 5. Truyn thng tin a cht ln b mt

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CC CHC NNG KHCGy tc dng l ha khi ph hy t Truyn nng lng cho turbin khoan L mi trng trung gian truyn tn hiu iu khin

Ngoi ra, dung dch khoan cn h tr m bo tnh chnh xc cho cng tc nh gi va, kim sot s n mn thit b, h tr qui trnh trm ximng v hon thin ging

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TNH CHT - CHC NNG CA DUNG DCH KHOANChc nngVn chuyn mn khoan ln b mt

Tnh cht l/hang sut trt tnh, nht biu kin, Lu lng

Gi mn khoan l lng khi ngng tun hon Lm mt, bi trn b khoan c Gi n nh thnh l khoan

ng sut trt tnh

T trng, Lu lng T trng, Tnh tr vi st

Truyn nng lng cho turbin khoan Lu lng, T trng, nht

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CC YU T KHCDung dch khoan cn phi c la chn v thit k c tnh cht l ha phc v cc chc nng nu trn. Ngoi ra, cn ch n:

nh hng n mi trng ca dung dch khoan Gi thnh ca dung dch khoan Kh nng vn chuyn nh hng ca dung dch khoan n giai on khai thc

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CC PHNG PHP RA L KHOANTy c im ca qu trnh khoan v yu cu k thut, thit b, dung dch khoan c th tun hon trong ging ra l khoan theo cc phng php sau:

Phng php ra thun Phng php ra nghch Phng php ra cc b

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CC PHNG PHP RA L KHOAN1 2 2 1 1 2

Cn khoan1 1

Thnh ging khoan

2

ng lng ly mu mn khoan

3

2

2

Ra thun1

Ra nghch2

Ra cc b3

ng dung dch voDung dch khoan v xi mng

ng dung dch ra

Mn khoan vo ng lng12

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1. Dung dch khoan

DUNG DCH STDung dch- L mt h ng th gm 2 hay nhiu thnh phn vt cht. - Vt cht b phn chia thnh nhng phn t ring bit c gi l cht ha tan. Cht cha cc phn t b phn chia gi l mi trng ha tan. - H ng th c gi l dung dch khi ng knh ca ht ha tan nh hn 10-6 mm.

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DUNG DCH STH phn tn- L h bao gm 2 hay nhiu pha (tng) m mt trong nhng pha b phn chia thnh nhng phn t rt nh (cht phn tn) trong nhng pha khc (mi trng phn tn). - H c gi l h phn tn khi ng knh ca cht phn tn ln hn 10-6 mm.

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DUNG DCH ST

phin st cha phong ha

st tng chn

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DUNG DCH STKhi trn st vo nc ta c h phn tn bao gm: Pha phn tn l st Mi trng phn tn l nc St trong t nhin khng ng nht, do khng th to h phn tn ng nht ca st trong nc. Dung dch st l tn gi do thi quen.GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 16

CC THNG S C BN CA DUNG DCH STBao gm cc thng s sau: Trng lng ring () nht () ng sut trt tnh () thi nc (B) Hm lng ht rn () n nh (C) lng ngy m (O) pHGEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 17

TRNG LNG RINGKhi lng ring, g/cm3 (lbm/gal): = m/V Trng lng ring, G/cm3 (lbf/gal): = F/V = mg/V = g Khi iu ch v s dng dung dch, thng dng v c xc nh bng ph k. iu kin khoan bnh thng, = 1,05 - 1,25 g/cm3. Thng dng khi xc nh p sut thy tnh v c o bng cn.Ph k T trng k dng cn

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TRNG LNG RINGi n v o khi lng ringT trng (S.G) T trng (S.G) psi/ft ppg V d:Dung dch c khi lng ring 12 ppg tng ng vi 12x0.052 = 0.624 psi/ft. Dung dch c t trng 1.4 S.G tng ng vi 1.4x0.433 = 0.606 psi/ft.

psi/ft 0.433 1.0 0.052

ppg 8.33 19.23 1.0

1.0 2.31 0.12

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TRNG LNG RINGKhi gimThnh ging sp l Thnh h trng n Cht lu t va xm nhp vo ging Vn tc c hc tng do gii phng nhanh mn khoan

Khi tngMt dung dch khoan vo thnh h Vn tc c hc gim

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TRNG LNG RINGKhi lng ring ca mt s thnh phn dung dch thng thng.

Vt liu Nc Du Barite St MuiGEOPET

n v g/cm3 1,0 0,8 4,3 2,5 2,2 lb/gal 8,33 6,66 35,8 20,8 18,3 lb/ft3 62,4 50 268 156 137 lb/bbl 350 280 1500 874 77021


1. Dung dch khoan

TRNG LNG RINGKhi dung dch khoan tun hon, p sut y ging s cao hn p sut thy tnh ca ct dung dch. T trng dung dch tun hon tng ng ECD l thng s p sut tnh theo t trng dung dch:

Pd ECD = + 0.052 DTrong : ECD: equivalent circulating density, ppg : Pd: D: khi lng ring ca dung dch, ppg tn tht p sut do ma st trong vnh xuyn, psi su tnh ton, ftDung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 22

GEOPET

NHT nht: mt c tnh ca lu cht, th hin kh nng chng li s dch chuyn tng i gia cc phn t ca lu cht. Phn loi theo c tnh nht, cht lng gm: Cht lng Newton: trong dung dch khng cha cc phn t ln hn kch thc phn t, v d: nc, dung dch mui, du, glycerine, nht l h s gc ca ng c tnh n nh. Cht lng phi Newton: trong dung dch cha ng k cc phn t kch thc ln hn phn t.

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NHTCht lng phi Newton bao gm:Cht lng Bingham: c trng bng ng sut trt ti hn (yieldpoint) - ng sut ti thiu cht lng bt u xut hin bin dng. Khi ng sut vt qu ng sut trt ti hn, cht lng tun theo m hnh Newton. V d: dung dch st c hm lng ht rn cao. Cht lng theo m hnh hm m: quan h gia ng sut trt v tc trt tun theo quy lut hm m.

Dung dch khoan, ty theo hm lng ht rn, th hin c tnh trung gian gia cht lng do Bingham v cht lng theo m hnh hm m.

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NHTCc m hnh cht lnggd t ln am i ngh oBm hm hnh g tn l

Ch

nht do ng sut trt ti hn Dd khoan in hnh

M

ng sut trt

C

g t ln h

on ewt N

nht Tc trt

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NHT nht thc: l t s gia ng sut trt v tc trt.

= & Trong cn khoan: tit din nh, tc dung dch cao: nht thp t hao tn cng sut bm Trong khong khng vnh xuyn: tit din ln, tc dung dch thp: nht cao kh nng nng mn khoan cao

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O NHTo nht bng nht k Marsh nht theo nht k Marsh l ch s chy long ca dung dch biu th bng thi gian (o bng giy) chy ht 946 cm3 dung dch qua phu c dung tch 1500 cm3 v ng knh trong l phu l 4,75 mm.

Nht k MarshGEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan

Mt ct nht k Marsh27

O NHTo nht bng nht k rto

Nht k FannGEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 28

NG SUT TRT TNHL i lng c trng cho bn cu trc (hay tnh lu bin) ca dung dch khi n yn tnh sau mt thi gian. bn cu trc ca dung dch c o bng mt lc ti thiu cn t vo mt n v din tch vt th nhng trong dung dch lm n chuyn ng. Tnh nht v ng sut trt tnh khi o bng my Fann: nht do (plastic viscosity), cp p(cp) = 600 - 300

ng sut trt ti hn (yield-point), lb/100ft2 y (lb/100 sqft) = 300 - p nht biu kin (apparent viscosity) ca nht k Fann.Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 29

a (cp) = 0,5.600

vi 300, 600: s o tng ng vi s vng quay 300 v 600 vng/pht

GEOPET

NG SUT TRT TNHDung dch st bnh thng: = 15-40 mG/cm2. pha ch cht lm nng, dung dch phi c = 30-50 mG/cm2. chng mt nc, dung dch phi c: = 100 - 120 mG/cm2.

Nu ng sut trt tnh qu ln: Ngn cn qu trnh tch mn khoan v kh ra khi dung dch Cn tng p sut ti tun hon dung dch sau khi thay chong Khi nng cn khoan, d xy ra hin tng st p ct dung dch ti chong, c th gy hin tng xm nhp nu ct p chnh lch ln Tng t, khi h cn khoan, c th gy v va v tht thot dung dch.

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THI NC APIL lng nc tnh bng cm3 thot ra t dung dch khoan khi thm lc qua thit b (giy) lc c ng knh 75 mm sau khong thi gian 30 pht v di p sut 100 psi. Gi tr thi nc ca dung dch khoan bnh thng khong 10-25 cm3/30ph. Thc t gim thi gian th nghim, i khi ngi ta nhn i th tch thm lc o sau 7,5 pht c thi nc API.

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THI NC APIDung dch khoan c thi nc lnTrng n v sp l thnh ging Mt nc ra Tng dy lp v bn nn d kt b khoan c Tng tc c hc khoan do nhanh chng cn bng p sut gi ht mn khoan y ging.

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THI NC APICu to thit b o thi nc

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DY V SET (k)L b dy lp v st bm trn thnh ging (hay trn thit b lc) khi nc t dung dch khoan thm vo t thnh h. Tr s k cng nh tc l lp v st cng mng v cht st, cng c tc dng ngn cn s lu thng ca cht lu gia va vi ging v ngc li, nh vy thnh ging cng n nh hn. iu kin khoan bnh thng k = 1 - 2 mm.

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HM LNG HT RNnh ngha: Hm lng ht rn v cc phn t cha tan (quy c gi l hm lng ct) l th tch cn thu c khi dung dch pha long bng nc l theo t l 9:1 trng thi yn tnh sau 1 pht, tnh bng % theo th tch dung dch. Dung dch c hm lng ct ln th mc lm mn dng c khoan v cc chi tit ca my bm ln; d gy kt dng c khoan do hnh thnh v st dy. Gi tr hm lng ct ca dung dch st bnh thng nh hn 4% l t yu cu. Hm lng ct xc nh bng bnh lng.

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HM LNG HT RNB dng c o hm lng ct

Bnh ra Phu

Bnh o c thang chia Ry lc

Hp nhaGEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 36

N NHL i lng c trng cho kh nng gi dung dch trng thi keo. C th hiu n nh l hiu s t trng ca hai phn dung dch di v trn trong cng mt cc, sau khi chng yn tnh mt ngy m. Gi tr n nh cng nh th chng t dung dch c gi vng trng thi keo (dung dch n nh). Dung dch st bnh thng: St nng: C 0,02 (g/cm3) C 0,06 (g/cm3)

Dung dch st n nh c kh nng gi trng thi l lng nhng ht mn khoan v nhng ht cht lm nng. Dung dch km n nh d dn n s c kt dng c khoan.

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LNG NGY Mc trng cho mc bo ton ti trng ng u ca dung dch khoan. lng ngy m: lng nc tch ra trn b mt ca dung dch khi gi yn 100 cm3 dung dch sau 24 gi. lng ngy m ln chng t dung dch st khng n nh, mc phn tn ca st thp v st khng th lm nc ra trong nhng iu kin khoan phc tp.

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pHi lng biu th nng ion hiro [H+] trong dung dch (n v l mol/l) v c tnh bng biu thc pH = - log[H+]. Thang o pH t 0 - 14. Dung dch c pH nh hn 7 l dung dch axt, bng 7 l trung tnh v ln hn 7 c tnh kim. Dung dch st thng c pH = 8,5 - 9,5; dung dch vi: 11 - 12. pH c o bng giy qu hoc my o pH.

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NH HNG CA NHIM BNnh hng ca s nhim bn i vi tnh cht dung dch

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PHN LOI DUNG DCH KHOANDung dch khoan gc nc Dung dch khoan gc du Dung dch nh tng Kh, bt hoc dung dch bt khi

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PHN LOI DUNG DCH KHOANCc sn phm chnh iu ch: Nc (ngt, l, mn) hoc du St bentonit, polyme Cc cht phu gia: Cht gim thi nc Cht lm nng (barit, oxyt st Fe2O3,) Cht chng mt dung dch (dng ht, dng si, dng l mng) Cht c ch n mn Cht dit khun...Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 42

GEOPET

DUNG DCH GC NCNc k thutHn hp nc l ha tan vi cc loi st trong ct a tng khoan qua Dng khoan trong t bn vng, thnh ging n nh, t xy ra cc hin tng phc tp nh sp l, trng n, mt nc. u im nht v t trng thp, t tiu tn cng sut my bm, tc khoan cao. Ph bin, gi thnh thp. Nhc im Khng th khoan trong cc thnh h phc tp, D b kt b khoan c khi ngng tun hon dung dch.GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 43

DUNG DCH GC NCDung dch stPha phn tn l cc ht st (st mnmrilnit) v mi trng phn tn l nc. Gia thnh tng i thp li p ng tng i tt cc iu kin khoan nn c s dng rng ri trong thc t. Nhc im: gy nhim bn tng cha, lm gim ng k thm t nhin ca va.

Nhm bo v thm t nhin ca tng cha, cn s dng dung dch khoan vi cc c tnh hn ch nhim bn tng cha.GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 44

DUNG DCH GC NCDung dch hon thin gingThng dng khoan vo tng sn phm, Phi m bo trnh hin tng bt kn tng cha, Thnh phn ca dung dch hon thin ging khoan rt a dng ty thuc vo tnh cht tng cha v gi thnh iu ch. Dung dch khoan gc nc bin thng c s dng do nhiu tnh cht ca n tng thch vi cc c tnh ca tng cha.

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DUNG DCH GC NCMt s loi dung dch khoan gc nc c bit chng st trng n:Dung dch b sung Ca2+ Dung dch b sung lignosulphat Dung dch gc nc bin H dung dch KCl-polymer Dung dch polyol Dung dch hn hp hydroxit kim loi (MMH) Dung dch silicate

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DUNG DCH GC DUThng c dng khoan vo tng cha hoc l dung dch hon thin ging.

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DUNG DCH GC DUu im Kim sot d dng cc c tnh ca dung dch khi khng c s xut hin ca nc hoc du th. Khng nhy vi cc cht gy nhim bn thng thng ca dung dch gc nc (NaCl, CaSO4, ximng, st). Cc c tnh thm lc tnh tt nhit v p sut cao, v st mng. T trng ca dung dch nh (gn bng 1). Gim ma st b khoan c ln thnh ging, loi tr dnh b khoan c do chnh p. Tng tui tho cc chong khoan dng chp xoay. T l mu cao, t gy nhim bn thnh h.

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DUNG DCH GC DUNhc im Nhy vi nc. D lng ng cc cht lm nng. Thao tc d bn ngi v d chy. Lm hng cao su khng chuyn dng vi hydrocacbua. Kh pht hin s hin din ca du v kh trong mn khoan. Mt s phng php o trong khi khoan v o a vt l ging khoan khng th p dng c. Gi thnh cao.

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DUNG DCH NH TNGGm mt pha lin tc l du v mt pha phn tn l nc chim t nht 50% th tch, c s dng khoan trong cc trng hp sau: Tng mui hoc anhydric c chiu dy ln, Ging khoan c nhit cao, Khoan nh hng. u im Ri ro chy thp hn dung dch gc du, Gi thnh thp hn dung dch gc du, X ly b mt d dng hn. Phn loi Nh tng du trong nc (nh tng thun). Nh tng nc trong du (nh tng nghch).

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DUNG DCH NH TNGNh tng du trong ncDung dch c iu ch t 5 - 25% th tch du v mt lng cc cht n nh c trn vi 75 - 95% dung dch st. u im thi nc nh (3 - 5 cm3/30 ph). Gim hin tng kt b khoan c, tng tui tho ca chong va gim tn tht thy lc ca my bm. Tng tc c hc khoan.

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DUNG DCH NH TNGNh tng nc trong duc iu ch t 30 - 60% th tch nc l pha phn tn cn du l pha lin tc. Loi dung dch c s dng khoan qua cc tng mui ho nc, t d trng n, sp l. iu chTrn dung dch st vi du, sau cho hc n lm cht n nh. Chuyn t dung dch nh tng du trong nc nh nh tng ha v cho vo cc cht n nh nh dung dch hc n hoc vi ti.

u imBn vng i vi cc tc dng ph hy ca mui, thch anh, anhydrit thi nc nh (B < 5 cm3/30ph) C th t ti trng ln (n 2) Bn vng nhit cao (> 100oC).GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 52

CC LOI CHT RA KHCCht ra l khng khi (khoan thi khi)Vn tc nng mn khoan cao (khong 500 - 900 m/ph). p sut thy tnh ln y ging khoan rt thp. Tc khoan cao do p sut thy tnh ln y ging khng ng k. Khng gy nhim bn thnh h. Cn c thit b lc bi chuyn dng ming ging Khng s dng c trong tng cha nc.

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CC LOI CHT RA KHCCht ra l btKh nng ra ging khoan bng bt ln hn khng kh. Lng kh trong dung dch bt gim khong 10 ln so vi ra ging khoan bng khi Bt vn n nh khi nc xm nhp t. Nhc im ch yu ca dung dch bt l rt n nh, do vy cn dng ha cht va tia thy lc pha hy n trn b mt mt cch lin tc.

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LM SCH DUNG DCHDung dch sau khi tun hon t y ging cn phi c lm sch v khi phc li tnh cht ban u trc khi bm tr li ging. 3 phng php tch mn khoan khi dung dch: 1. 2. 3. Phng php thy lc Phng php c hc: sn rung Phng php ly tm: my tch ct, my tch bn

2 phng php tch kh khi dung dch: 1. 2. Phng php c hc Phng php ha l

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LM SCH DUNG DCHMy tch ct

Sn rung

My tch bn

GEOPET


1. Dung dch khoan

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2. THY LC KHOAN

GEOPET


57

C S TNH TON THY LC KHOANDa trn mt trong hai m hnh c bn:

M hnh cht lng do Bingham M hnh hm mu.Cc m hnh ny biu din qui lut ng x c hc (gia ng sut trt v tc trt) ca dung dch khoan v va xi mng.

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

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MT S NH NGHAApparent viscosity: nht biu kinPseudoplastic: dung dch c nht biu kin gim khi vn tc trt tng. Dilitant: dung dch c nht biu kin tng khi vn tc trc tng.

Yield point: ng sut trt ti hn Plastic viscosity: nht do Gel strength: bn gel

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

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M HNH CHT LNG DO BINGHAMPhng trnh c trng

= p& + y & = 0 = p& y

khi > y khi y y khi < y = p& + y

y - ng sut trt gii hn, lbf/100ft2 p - nht ca cht lng, cp - ng sut trt, = - dvr/dr tc trt, s-1.

+ y

y

= p& yGEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 2. Thy lc khoan 60

M HNH CHT LNG DO BINGHAMS ReynoldsThng s khng th nguyn, c dng xc nh ch dng chy.NRe = 928 v d p 757 v(d 2 d1) 928 v d e = p p

ng ng:

Vnh xuyn:

NRe =

Dng s Reynolds ti hn c trng cho dng chy chuyn tip t ch chy tng sang ch chy ri: NReC < 2000: ch chy tng 2000 NReC 4000: ch dng chy chuyn tip NReC > 4000: ch chy ri.

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M HNH CHT LNG DO BINGHAMTn tht p sut do ma st Trong ng ng Ch chy tng:

dPf dL

=

pv1500d2

+

y225d

Ch chy ri:

dPf f v 2 = dL 25,8d

vi f l h s ma st c tnh bng cng thc:

1 = 4 log( N Re f

f ) 0,395

dPf/dL (psi/ft), p (ppg, lbm/gal), g = y (lbf/100ft2), d (in), v (ft/s).GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 2. Thy lc khoan 62

M HNH CHT LNG DO BINGHAMTrong vnh xuyn: Ch chy tng:

p v y dPf = + 2 dL 1000(d 2 d1) 200(d 2 d1) Ch chy ri:

dPf f v 2 = dL 211(d 2 d1) ,

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2. Thy lc khoan

63

M HNH HM MPhng trnh: Trong :K - ch s st (consistency index), lbf/100ft2; n - ch s c trng cho ng x c hc ca dng chy, khng th nguyn, n = 0 1, nu n = 1: cht lng Newton.

& & = K n hoc log = logK + n log( )

& - tc trt, s-1;

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

64

M HNH HM MCc thng s n v K c tnh theo cc s liu thc nghim:

n = 3,32 log

600 300

K=

510 300 511n

vi: 300, 600 - s o trn nht k Fann tng ng vi tc quay 300 v 600 vng/pht. Trong m hnh ny cn tnh s Reynolds ti hn trc khi xc nh tn tht p sut do ma st. Vn tc trung bnh: tnh theo m hnh Bingham S Reynolds ti hn NReC: xc nh bng th hoc bng

n n < 0,2 0,2 n 0,45 n > 0,45GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng

NReC 4200 (5960 - 8800)n 20002. Thy lc khoan 65

M HNH HM MS Reynolds ng ng:NRe 89100v ( 2n) = K 0,0416d 1 3+ n n

Vnh xuyn:NRe 109000 v ( 2n) = K 0,0208(d d ) 2 1 1 2+ nn

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

66

M HNH HM MTn tht p sut do ma stng ng: Ch chy tng:1 3+ n dPf Kv n = dL 144000dn+1 0,0416 dPf f v 2 = dL 25,8dn

Ch chy ri:

vi f l h s ma st c tra bng thi f(n, NRe) hoc tnh theo cng thc sau:

1 4 = 0 , 75 f n

n ( 1 ) 0 , 395 log N Re f 2 n 1, 2

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

67

M HNH HM MVnh xuyn: Ch chy tng:dPf Kv n = dL 144000(d 2 d1) 1+n 1 2+ n 0,0208 n

Ch chy ri:

dPf f v 2 = dL 211(d 2 d1) ,

f c tnh theo phng trnh ca m hnh Bingham.

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

68

TI U HA THY LC KHOANCng sut thy lc ca dung dch khoan c cung cp bi bm. Trong qu trnh tun hon, cng sut ny tiu tn qua: 1. Ma st trong chui cn khoan v vnh xuyn: l loi cng sut tiu tn v ch i vi qu trnh khoan. 2. Ma st ti vi phun thy lc ca chong: ng gp vo qu trnh lm sch chong khoan. Ti u ha thy lc khoan bao gm: Ti thiu cng sut thy lc loi 1. Ti a cng sut thy lc loi 2.

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

69

TI U HA THY LC KHOANCng sut thy lc trong chui cn khoan v vi phun

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

70

TI U HA THY LC KHOANnh hng ca cng sut thy lc ti chong i vi tc khoan

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

71

TN THT P SUT CHONGGi thit p sut thay i do thay i chiu cao ca dng chy l khng ng k. Vn tc ca dng chy trc vi phun thy lc l rt nh so vi vn tc ti vi phun thy lc. Tn tht p sut do ma st qua vi phun thy lc l khng ng k. Vn tc dng chy ti vi phun thy lc Q Vn = 3,117 A TVn - vn tc dng chy ti vi phun thy lc, ft/s (ft/ph) Q - lu lng dng chy,gal/ph; AT - tng tit din ca vi phun, in2.GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 2. Thy lc khoan 72

TN THT P SUT CHONGTn tht p sut:

8,311.10 5 q 2 Pb = = ( psi ) 2 2 2 2 12032Cd AT Cd AT

Q 2

Cng thc ny ng cho c cht lng Newton v phi Newton v b qua ; Cd - h s gim p (thng ly 0,95) (ppg); q (gal/ph), AT (in2) Cng sut thy lc HHP:

Pb .Q HHP = 1714Lc va p ca vi phun (jet impact force) ti chong:

Fi = 0,01823C d Q PbFI (lbf); Pb (psi), Cd = 0,95; (ppg)GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 2. Thy lc khoan 73

TN THT P SUT CHONGTn tht p sut tng cng PT trong h thng: PT = Pp + Pa + Pb

Pp tng cc tn tht p sut trong ng ng Pa tng cc tn tht p sut trong vnh xuyn Pb tng tn tht p sut qua chong khoan Cng sut ca my bm (PHP):

Q PHP = PT 1714

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

74

TN THT P SUT CC THIT B B MTBao gm: ng ng, ng mm cao p, u xoay thy lc, ng c ngng v cn ch o.ng ng TTng knh trong, in

ng mm cao png knh trong, in Chiu di, ft

u xoay thy lcng knh trong, in Chiu di, ft

Cn ch ong knh trong, in

Chiu di, ft

Chiu di, ft

Ps, psi

1 2 3 4

3 3 4 5

40 40 45 45

2 2 3 3

45 55 55 55

2 2 2 3

4 5 5 6

2 3 3 4

40 0,002901Q1,8 40 0,001073Q1,8 40 0,000676Q1,8 40 0,000473Q1,8

Trong :

Ps tn tht p sut cc thit b trn b mt, psi Q lu lng bm, gal/ph

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

75

P SUT DO NNG V H B KHOAN CUp sut gy ra do nng v h b khoan c cng c th tnh ton theo m hnh Bingham v hm m nu bit vn tc nng h. p sut d (surge): p sut tng do h b khoan c vo ging. p sut thng (swab): p sut gim do nng b khoan c t ging. i vi b cn kn, vn tc trung bnh trong vnh xuyn c xc nh theo cng thc ca Moore:

d12 vp v = K + 2 d 2 d12 vp - vn tc nng (h) cn, ft/ph; K - l hng s (0,45).

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

76

P SUT DO NNG V H B KHOAN CUMoore khuyn co s dng vn tc cc i tnh mc tng hoc gim vn tc chuyn ng ca ct cn khoan: vmax = 1,5v p sut d v p sut thng: xc nh nh thay vn tc cht lng trung bnh trong cc cng thc tnh tn tht p sut do ma st phn trc bng vn tc cht lng cc i. Cn tnh ti trng tun hon tng ng ECD do p sut d v p sut thng gy ra.

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

77

H S VN CHUYN MN KHOANVsl Phng trnh: Ft = 1 vaH s dng th mn khoan s c vn chuyn ln b mt vi mt hiu sut no . H s m th s xy ra hin tng tch tu mn khoan y v trong khong khng vnh xuyn.

H s ny cho bit hiu sut nng mn khoan ca mt loi dung dchnht nh.

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

78

TNH TON CC THNG S KHCTh tch dung dch Th tch cn khoan: Th tch vnh xuyn: Chn my bm dung dch Hai xylanh, tng th tch bm c trong 01 chu trnh bm: Vp = 0,0407967d2 (gal/ft) Va = 0,0407967(d22 d12) (gal/ft)

2 2 Fp = 2 L s (2d1 dr )Ev 4trong : Ls - chiu di hnh trnh ca pittng, in; dl - ng knh bc lt (liner), in; dr - ng knh cn bm, in; Ev - hiu sut th tch. Ba xylanh:GEOPET

2 Fp = 3 L sEv d1 42. Thy lc khoan 79


TNH TON CC THNG S KHCChn vi phun Ti u ha thy lc chong cho php tng tc khoan va ci thin mc lm sch y ging. Nu cng sut thy lc l cc i thi nng lng va p thy lc ca vi phun s t khong 90% gia tr cc i ca n va ngc li.

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

80

TNH TON CC THNG S KHCLc va p (thy lc) cc i Tn tht p sut ca bm: Tn tht p sut do ma st:

Pp= Pd + Pb Pd = CQm

vi: m - s m ca lu lng dng chy (thng ly 1,75); C - hng s c trng cho cc tnh cht ca dung dch khoan v dng hnh hc ca qu o ging khoan.

Lc va p ca vi phun:

Fi = 0,01823C d Q Pb = 0,01823C d Q (Pp CQm )vi: Cd = 0,95 (h s gim p). iu kin cc i :

Pd =

2 Pp m+ 2

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

81

TNH TON CC THNG S KHCCng sut thy lc cc i:m Pb Q (Pp CQ ) = HHP = 1714 1714

iu kin cc i

Pd =

1 Pp m+1

GEOPET


2. Thy lc khoan

82

3. XI MNG

GEOPET


83

NI DUNGS lc lch s trm xi mng ging du Phn loi Sn xut xi mng Va xi mng Tnh cht ca a xi mng

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

84

S LC LCH S TRAM XI MNGSt l vt liu xi mng u tin. Xi mng Portland do Joseph Aspdin pht minh nm 1824 l vt liu nhn to c sn xut bng cch nung chy a vi vi t st. Nm 1903 ln u tin xi mng c s dng trong mt ging du cch ly tng nc. Nm 1910, A. Perkins gii thiu u trm xi mng hai nt California. n nm 1917 xi mng Portland vn l thnh phn c bn trm ging du.

GEOPET


85

S LC LCH S TRAM XI MNGNm 1920, P. Halliburton gii thiu k thut trm xi mng ging du. T nm 1940, c bit t nm 1983 n nay c nhiu loi xi mng v phu gia c sn xut v s dng. Trang thit b phng thi nghim xi mng, cng ngh bm trm xi mng ngy cng c hon thin. Ngy nay, vic trm xi mng ging du cc cng ty dch v k thut chuyn ngnh m trch.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

86

S LC LCH S TRM XI MNGXi mng do Joseph Aspdin ch to bng cch nung nng vi v st, lm thay i tnh cht ha hc, to ra loi cht kt dnh bn vng hn so vi vi nghin bnh thng. Xi mng Portland thng thng c dng bt mn vi thnh phn gm: Clinke: hn 90%, l sn phm sau nung ca hn hp vi, st. Thch cao: ti a 5%, c tc dng iu chnh thi gian ng kt. Cht ph gia: lm tng cht lng xi mng: gim nhit bay hi, tng tnh chng mn,

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

87

NH NGHAnh ngha: xi mng l mt loi vt liu dng bt, c thnh phn khong vt nht nh, khi hp nc to thnh khi nho, c th ng cng trong mi trng nc hoc khng kh.

V xi mng c kh nng kt dnh khi hp nc nn thuc nhm cht kt dnh thy lc. Cc cht kt dnh thy lc khc v d: thch cao, vi.

Mt s loi xi mng c bit: xi mng aluminat, xi mng pouzzolan, xi mng x l cao, xi mng mui silic, xi mng chu nhit, xi mng chu n mn, xi mng ng cng siu nhanh, v.v

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

88

THNH PHN HO HCVin du kh Hoa K API da vo tnh cht v c im k thut phn lm 8 loi A, B, C, D, E, F, G v H. 1. Thnh phn ha hc

Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A - 3CaO.Al2O3): quyt nh thi gian ng cng, pht trin bn ca xi mng. Tricalcium silicate (C3S - 3CaO.SiO2): thnh phn chnh trong xi mng Portland. Dicalcium Silicate (C2S - 2CaO.Si2O2): to bn cui cng ca xi mng. Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF - 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3): quyt nh bn ca xi mng.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

89

THNH PHN HO HCThnh phn xi mng (%) Loi xi mng A B C D&E G&H C 3S 53 47 58 26 50 C 2S 24 32 12 54 30 C3 A 8 5 8 2 5 C4AF 8 12 8 12 12 mn (cm2/g) 1500 - 1900 1500 - 1900 2000 - 2800 1200 - 2800 1400 - 1700

Ngoi ra cn c nhng thnh phn khc: thch cao, kali sulfate, magi, vi Nhng nguyn liu ny khng nh hng n qu trnh xi mng ng cng nhng tc ng n qu trnh thu ho ca xi mng, thay i t trng va v tnh khng cc ho cht c hi.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

90

THNH PHN HO HCKhi cn nhng tnh cht c bit th c th thc hin theo nhng cch sau:

Tnh cht Pht trin bn nhanh Chm ng Nhit thy ha thp Tnh khng sunfat

Cch thc hin Tng hm lng C3S, nghin mn hn Khng ch C3S, C3A, nghin th hn Gii hn C3S, C3A Gii hn C2S

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

91

PHN LOI XI MNGChn xi mng ty thuc vo: Nhit tnh v ng y ging nh hng n thi gian ng cng ca va xi mng. T trng va c quy nh vi cc gii hn v p sut v va ca thnh h khoan qua. nht do ca va v cc tnh thm lc. Thi gian ng cng v pht trin bn chu nn theo thi gian. bn ca xi mng trong cc mi trng n mn v nhit y ging.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

92

PHN LOI XI MNGPhn loi v iu kin s dng xi mng theo API 10Loi A B C D E F G HGEOPET

iu kin s dng 0 - 6000 ft: loi thng, ging khng i hi tiu chun c bit 0 - 6000 ft: i hi xi mng c bn t trung bnh n cao i vi sulfate 0 - 6000 ft: bn chu nn ban u cao, bn vi sulfate t km, trung bnh n cao 6000 -12000 ft: nhit v p sut tng i cao, bn vi sulfate t trung bnh n cao 6000 - 14000 ft: ging c nhit v p sut cao, bn vi sulfate t trung bnh n cao 10000 - 16000 ft: ging c nhit v p sut cao, bn vi sulfate t trung bnh n cao 0 - 8000 ft: xi mng c bn, c th s dng vi cc cht ph gia ng nhanh hoc ng chm trm trong cc ging c chiu su v nhit khc nhau, c bn vi sulfate t trung bnh n cao 0 - 8000 ft: xi mng c bn, c th c s dng trong cng iu kin nh loi G, ch c bn trung bnh vi sulfateDung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 93

SN XUT XI MNGClinke l thnh phn ch yu to thnh xi mng. Clinke c sn xut bng cch nung nng hn hp th vi, st trong mi trng c xy ti nhit 1400 1450oC. Do bc hi khng u, hn hp b vn thnh cc rn chc, kch thc 10 30 mm. Sn phm ny c lm lnh nhanh gi li tnh cht phn ng ca cc khong vt thnh phn. Clinke sau khi nghin nh, b sung thm thch cao (CaSO42H2O) iu chnh thi gian ngng kt (hn 5% s lm nt xi mng) v cc khong vt khc nh x kim loi, ct thch anh, khu to iu chnh tnh cht s thnh xi mng.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

94

SN XUT XI MNGQu trnh sn xut xi mng: vi, san h, v s, alumina, silica, xit st, c nghin thnh bt mn v pha trn ln nhau to thnh nguyn liu th. Thnh phn nguyn liu pha trn trc khi vo l ty thuc yu cu ca clinke to thnh. Hn hp nguyn liu th c a vo l nung to thnh clinke. Clinke c lm lnh nhanh, b sung thm thch cao (3-5%), sau c nghin vn. Sn phm nghin vn chnh l xi mng.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

95

SN XUT XI MNGLc sn xut xi mng vi Vt liu khc

My p My nghin Nguyn liu th L nung Ph gia My nghin

Xi mng

ClinkeGEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 96

VA XI MNGYu cu chung Trn v bm d dng, c tnh lu bin ti u thay th dung dch khoan, Bo m tnh cht ng nht trong sut qu trnh bm y, Bo m c kn khi ng cng, khng cho kh r ri vo khong khng vnh xuyn, To lin kt tt gia ng chng v thnh h, Pht trin bn nhanh khi bm trm xong v bn ca xi mng n nh trong thi gian di.Dung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 97

GEOPET

VA XI MNGCc tnh cht ca va xi mng v iu kin s dngLng nc trn (gal/bao) 5,2 5,2 6,3 4,3 4,3 4,3 5,0 4,3 T trng va (lbm/gal) 15,6 15,6 14,8 16,4 16,4 16,2 15,8 16,4 su (ft) 0 - 6000 0 - 6000 0 - 6000 6000 - 12000 6000 -14000 10000 - 16000 0 - 8000 0 - 8000 Nhit tnh (0F) 80 - 170 80 - 170 80 - 170 170 - 260 170 - 290 230 - 230 80 - 200 80 - 200

Loi A (Portland) B (Portland) C (ng nhanh) D (Chm ng) E (Chm ng) F (Chm ng) G (C bn) H (C bn)

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

98

VA XI MNGTnh cht ca va xi mngTy s nc/xi mngLng nc ti thiu trn vi xi mng nguyn cht cho st ca va nh hn 30 Bc. T s nc/xi mng ti a l lng nc thm vo m vn gi trng thi l lng cho n khi qu trnh bm trm xi mng hon tt. Tnh cht ca xi mng nguyn cht Loi A B C D G HGEOPET

T trng va (lbm/gal) 15,6 15,6 14,8 16,4 15,8 16,4Dung dch khoan v xi mng

Nc trn (gal/bao) 5,2 2,5 6,3 4,3 5,0 4,3

Ch s yield (cuft/bao) 1,18 1,18 1,32 1,02 1,15 1,05

Nc trn (%) 46 46 56 38 48 3899

3. Xi mng

VA XI MNGTy trng Theo tiu chun API, ty trng va xi mng b gii hn bi t s nc/xi mng. Ty trng thp thng c s dng trnh hin tng ph v va i vi thnh h yu. Ty trng cao c s dng khi thnh h c p sut cao vi lng nc ti thiu cho php (17.5 - 18 lb/gal). Phu thuc vo mn ca xi mng s dng, vi mn trung bnh thi din tch b mt ca xi mng loi A va C thay i t 150 - 220 m2/kg.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

100

VA XI MNGChng mt dung dch Thnh h c tnh thm cao d xy ra hin tng mt nc, do lm gim ty s nc/xi mng. Khi o nu p sut bm ln hn p sut v va i vi nhng thnh h yu thi rt d xy ra hin tng mt tun hon. Mt nc mang mt phn vt liu xi mng vo trong tng sn phm, lm gim thm lc ca tng sn phm. Lng nc mt khng iu khin c trong va xi mng nguyn cht khong 800 - 1000 ml/30 pht di p sut 1000 psi. Gi tr ti u l 100 - 200 ml/30 pht di p sut 1000 psi. Cht phu gia c dng chu yu hin nay chng mt dung dch l polime hu c tng hp lng va dn sut cellulose.GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 101

VA XI MNGTnh lu binKha nng va xi mng i vo cc khe nt, t gy phu thuc ln vo st ca n. S thnh cng ca qu trnh bm trm xi mng phu thuc nhiu vo vic o v tnh ton cc thng s lu bin ca va xi mng ti u tc bm y v p sut trong iu kin thit b v ging khoan hin c m vn khng lm thay i tnh cht ca va xi mng theo thit k. c o bng nht k tiu chun FANN 35 hoc FANN 50 trong phng th nghim. Vic s dng cc cht phu gia cng lm thay i nht ca va, v du lignosulfonate lm gim nht, cn cellulose lm tng nht ca va.GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 102

VA XI MNGThi gian ng qunhL thi gian tnh t thi im bt u bm va iu kin nhit va p sut ban u n khi va t n st (khong 100 Bc) khng cn bm c na. thay i thi gian ng qunh c th thm vo cht phu gia nhanh ng hay chm ng ty theo iu kin c th. Va trc khi bm u phi c th nghim iu kin tng t iu kin ging khoan. Thi gian ng qunh ca va c thit k ln hn thi gian cn thit bm trm hay thi gian hon tt cng vic.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

103

TNH CHT CA XI MNG bn nnGia tr bn nn ti u ca a xi mng phi tng ng vi bn ca thnh h c cch ly. a xi mng phi pht trin bn nn u : Bo v ng chng trong ging khoan, Chu c rung ng, va chm trong qu trnh khoan v bn m va, Trnh hin tng gy nt v thnh h khi p sut thy tnh cao.

xi mng ng cng trong ging chu tc ng bi lc nn ngang do p sut thnh h gy ra va ng sut ko do trng lng ca ct ng chng.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

104

TNH CHT CA XI MNGTnh cch ly thm va bn ca lin kt xi mng va ng chng l hai yu t nh hng n kha nng cch ly ca a xi mng. thm ca xi mng ng cng thng rt thp (khong 0.01 md). Khi bm trm xi mng nhng thnh h cha kh c p sut cao th tnh cch ly ca xi mng ng cng rt quan trng. Do s co ngt ca xi mng trong sut qu trnh thy hoa cng s bin dng ca ct ng chng s to cc vi khe nt trong khong khng vnh xuyn cho php cht lu thm qua. Cn s dng vnh xi mng gin n khc phc hin tng ny.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

105

TNH CHT CA XI MNGS suy gim bn nhit cao iu kin nhit bnh thng, xi mng ng cng tip tc qu trnh thuy hoa va pht trin bn cho n mt gia tr xc nh. nhit ln hn 110oF xi mng s t c bn ti a trong vi tun u, sau o bn ny bt u gim, qu trnh ny gi l suy gim bn ca a xi mng. Trong mt vi trng hp, bn ca a xi mng tip tc gim cho n khi b pha hy hon ton.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

106

TNH CHT CA XI MNGTnh khng sulfateSulfate c xem l cht n mn xi mng nht. Nc trong thnh h cha du thng cha magnesium va sodium sulfate. Xi mng tip xc vi nc sulfate s dn dn b mm i v phn r. Magnesium (Mg) hay sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) phn ng vi vi trong xi mng to ra magnesium (Mg(OH)2) hay sodium hydroxit (NaOH) va calcium sulfate (CaSO4). Calcium sulfate phn ng vi C3A to thnh calcium sulfoaluminate c th tch ln hn l rng ca C3A lm cho lp xi mng gin n gy p lc tch lp xi mng bo v ng chng. tng tnh khng sulfate cho xi mng, c th thm vo vt liu pozzolan hoc lng calcium sulfate tng ng vi C3A to thnh calcium sulfoaluminate trc khi va xi mng ng cng.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

107

CC QU TRNH N MN XI MNGDi tc dng ca mi trng xm thc lng ln xi mng, cc qu trnh n mn c bn bao gm 3 dng: - Dng 1: cc qu trnh ho tan xi mng m trc ht l Ca(OH)2 do C3S thy ho to ra tan vo nc thm qua xi mng, - Dng 2: cc phn ng trao i gia cc thnh phn ca mi trng v xi mng to ra cc sn phm tan trong nc, hoc l cc sn phm ti xp khng c tnh kt dnh, - Dng 3: cc qu trnh to tch t mui trong cc l hng, vt nt v trong cc mao qun. Trong nhng iu kin nht nh chng trng n th tch gy ra ng sut ph hu xi mng.

GEOPET


3. Xi mng

108

4. CC PHNG PHP TRM XI MNG

GEOPET


109

NI DUNG1. Cc phng php trm xi mng 2. Trm xi mng ng chng ng knh ln 3. Trm xi mng ng chng ng knh nh 4. Bm p v t cu xi mng

GEOPET


4. Cc phng php trm xi mng

110

CC PHNG PHP TRM XI MNGTrm xi mng l bm va xi mng thch hp mt chiu su no ca ging khoan hoc trong khong khng hnh xuyn gia thnh ging khoan v ct ng chng, hoc gia cc ct ng chng.

Trm xi mng ct ng chng nhm cc mc ch sau: Gia c thnh ging khoan; Lin kt ct ng chng vi thnh ging khoan, chu mt phn ti trng v m bo chc chn v mt c hc cho ct ng chng; Lm kn khong khng vnh xuyn, bo v ct ng chng khi r st, h hi do cc lu cht c trong cc tng t khoan qua;Dung dch khoan v xi mng 4. Cc phng php trm xi mng 111

GEOPET

CC PHNG PHP TRM XI MNGCch ly tng mt dung dch, bo m kim sot ging v kh nng nng cao t trng dung dch khi khoan su hn; Cch ly cc tng sn phm, cho php la chn tng khai thc hoc bm p thch hp; Bo v chn ng chng khi cc chn ng khi khoan su hn; To y kn cho cc thit b kim tra v an ton lp t u ging; Kim sot ging hoc dp ging.

GEOPET



112

CC PHNG PHP TRM XI MNGCc h qu thng gp khi trm xi mng km cht lng:ng chng b n mn nhanh, tui th ca ging gim; Lu cht xm nhp vo khong khng gia xi mng v thnh h, to cc knh dn lin thng gia tng khai thc v cc tng ln cn, v d: cc tng trong va lin thng nhau, nc y xm nhp vo va du, Kh t va c th thot ln b mt, gy nguy him cho qu trnh khai thc.

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113

CC PHNG PHP TRM XI MNGC nhiu phng php trm xi mng, mi phng php thch hp vi mt yu cu c th. Tng qut, trm xi mng c phn loi nh sau:Trm xi mng ln u (s cp), p dng khi trm xi mng:

- ng chng dn hng; - ng chng b mt; - ng chng trung gian; - ng chng khai thc.Trm xi mng ln hai (th cp), bao gm:

- Bm p xi mng; - t cu xi mng.

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114

CC PHNG PHP TRM XI MNGTrong trm xi mng s cp, k thut trm li c phn loi:

Trm xi mng ng chng ng knh ln, p dng cho: ng chng dn hng ng chng b mt

Trm xi mng ng chng ng knh nh, p dng cho: ng chng trung gian ng chng khai thc

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115

CC CP NG CHNG

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116

CHUI NG CHNGProduction Casing

Intermediate Casing

Intermediate Casing

Surface Casing

GEOPET


Conductor

117

TRM XI MNG NG CHNG K LNHai k thut trm xi mng ng chng ng knh ln thng thng: - Trm bng cn (stab-in, stinger) - Trm qua vnh xuyn (top-up).

Cn khoan

Trm bng cn v trm qua vnh xuynGEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 4. Cc phng php trm xi mng 118

TRM BNG CN

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119

TRM XI MNG NG CHNG K NHK thut trm xi mng ng knh nh bao gm: Trm xi mng mt giai on Trm xi mng nhiu giai on Trm xi mng hai giai on thng thng Trm xi mng hai giai on lin tc Trm xi mng ba giai on

GEOPET



120

TRM XI MNG MT GIAI ON

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121

TRM XI MNG NHIU GIAI ON

u ni phn tng

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122

TRM XI MNG NG CHNG LNGThit b trm xi mng ng chng lng

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123

BM P XI MNG - BRADENHEADPhng php ny c p dng khi bm p p sut thp

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124

BM P XI MNG - PACKERPhng php ny cho php bm p xi mng chnh xc hn v p sut bm p cao hn.

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125

BM P XI MNG - NG CHNG LNG

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126

T CU XI MNG PP CN BNG

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127

T CU XI MNG PP RT XI MNGThit b rt xi mng c iu khin bng in t b mt. Phng php c chnh xc cao v xi mng khng b nhim bn. Phng php khng thch hp vi ging su. Th tch xi mng mi ln rt hn ch.

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128

CC TRANG THIT BCc trang thit b u trm xi mng Nt trm trn Nt trm di Gi trm xi mng Lng nh tm Vng ni lng nh tm Chi no Chn ng chng ni Vng dng

GEOPET


129

U TRM XI MNG

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130

NT TRM XI MNG

a)

b)

Nt trm xi mnga) bnh thng b) chng xoayGEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 4. Cc phng php trm xi mng 131

GI TRM XI MNG

GEOPET



132

LNG NH TM

GEOPET



133

VNG NI LNG NH TM

GEOPET



134

CHI NO

Chi no tnh tin

Chi no quayGEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 4. Cc phng php trm xi mng 135

CHN NG CHNG

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136

VNG DNG

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137

KT THC

Documents

03-Dung Dich Khoan Va Xi Mang