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Animal PhysiologyCh 35
EQ: How do animals Maintain Homeostasis?
Levels of Organization
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems
• Organism
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs make up Organ Systems• Carry out the major body functions of most
animals
Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System
Section 35-1
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan SystemsCarry out most of the major body functions
EQ: What does each system do?
Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System
Section 35-1
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan Systems
Carry out most of the major body functionsEQ: What does each system do?
Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System
Section 35-1
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan Systems
Carry out most of the major body functionsEQ: What does each system do?
Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System
Section 35-1
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan Systems
Carry out most of the major body functionsEQ: What does each system do?
Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System
Section 35-1
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part IOrgan Systems
Carry out most of the major body functionsEQ: What does each system do?
Respiratory System Digestive System Excretory System
Endocrine System Reproductive System Lymphatic/Immune Systems
Section 35-1
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part 2EQ: What does each system do?
Types of tissues
• epithelial
• connective
• muscle
• nervous
Homeostasis
▪ Organisms use homeostasis to maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment
▪ negative feedback vs positive feedback
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sensor/ control center: Thermostat turns heater off.
Sensor/ control center: Thermostat turns heater on.
Stimulus: Room
temperature increases.
Stimulus: Room
temperature decreases.
Room temperature increases.
Room temperature decreases.
Set point: Room temperature
at 20°C
Response: Heating stops.
Response: Heating starts.
▪ Regulation of room temperature by a thermostat is analogous to homeostasis
Chapter Nervous Systems
EQ: How do animals sense and respond to the world around them?
The Nervous System• Function?
• coordinate actions, transmit signals • Which animals have nervous systems?
• all except:____________ • What are the basic components of a NS?
• circuit of neurons + supporting cells • What differentiates one animal’s NS from another?
• arrangement of the circuitWhat kind of fish performs
brain operations?
Neuron - basic unit NS
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 37.2
Dendrites
Nucleus
Stimulus
Axonhillock
Cellbody
Axon
Signaldirection
Presynapticcell
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic terminals
Postsynaptic cell
Synapticterminals
Neuron
The Action Potential• brief, all or none depolarization o/t plasma membrane
• uses Na+ and K+ ion channels
• Sequence:
• stimulus => Na+ channels open
• if threshold is reached: AP!!!
• AP subsides and K+ channels open
• refractory period
A Look at the Membrane Proteins
Neuron at resting potential = Negative inside the cell and positive outside the cell
Section 35-2
Figure 35-7 An Impulse
Section 35-2
Figure 35-7 An Impulse
Section 35-2
Figure 35-7 An Impulse
Section 35-2
Figure 35-7 An Impulse
The longest neurons ever
Supersaurus
The longest neurons ever
The Chemical Synapse• AP ---> terminal =>
• neurotransmitters ---> synaptic cleft • NT: pass signal from one neuron to the next
1
Presynapticcell
Postsynaptic cell
Synaptic vesiclescontaining
neurotransmitter Presynapticmembrane
Postsynaptic membrane
Voltage-gatedCa2+ channel
Synaptic cleft
Ligand-gatedion channels
Na+
K+
Ligand-gated
ion channel
Postsynaptic membrane
Neuro-transmitter
Ca2+
2
3
4
5
6
Divisions of Vertebrate NS
• CNS:
• brain, spinal cord
• integration
• PNS:
• sensory and motor
• sense
• respond
CNS:• The Brain
• function: • brain stem • thalamus & hypothalamus • cerebellum • cerebrum
• Spinal Cord • function: • reflex
Peripheral Nervous SysCentral Nervous Sys (CNS) Peripheral Nervous Sys (PNS)
Motor DivisionSensory Division
•Skeletal muscles • Smooth & cardiac muscles
•Hearing •Taste •Smell •Touch •Sight •Proprioception
Somatic Autonomic
Sympathetic system Parasympathetic system•speeds up •slows down
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobeOccipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Cerebellum
Motor cortex (control of skeletal muscles)
Somatosensory cortex (sense of touch)
Wernicke’s area (comprehending language)
Auditory cortex (hearing)
Broca’s area (forming speech)
Prefrontal cortex (decision making, planning)
Sensory association cortex (integration of sensory information)
Visual association cortex (combining images and object recognition)
Visual cortex (processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition)
Cerebrum
Medulla
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tongue
Taste buds
Sensory receptor cells
Key
Sensory neuron
Taste pore
Food molecules
Taste bud
Papillae
Papilla
UmamiBitterSourSaltySweet
Taste
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Outer ear Inner earMiddle
ear
Malleus
Skull bone Incus
Stapes Semicircular canals
Auditory nerve to brain
Auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
Oval window
Round window
Eustachian tube
Cochlea
Pinna
Auditory nerve
Cochlear duct
Organ of Corti
Vestibular canal
Tympanic canal
Bone
To auditory nerve
Tectorial membrane
Basilar membrane
Axons of sensory neurons
Hair cells
Bundled hairs projecting from a hair cell (SEM)
1 µ
m
Hearing
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Semicircular canals
Vestibular nerve
Vestibule
Saccule
Utricle
Fluid flow
Nerve fibers
Hair cell
Hairs
Cupula
Body movement
PERILYMPH
Proprioception
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sclera Choroid
Fovea
Cornea
Suspensory ligament
Aqueous humor
Optic disk
Vitreous humor
Central artery and vein of the retina
Retina
Optic nerve fibers
NeuronsPhotoreceptors
Ganglion cell
Amacrine cell
Bipolar cell
Horizontal cell Pigmented
epithelium
Lens
PupilIris
Retina
Optic nerve
Rod Cone
Eye imperfections: •retina backwards •blood vessels obscure retina •blind spot •retina can detach
The Vertebrate Eye