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Environment & Ecology. 019 Waste Management Ch 16. Waimanalo Gulch landfill. Where’s it all going?. Central Case: Transforming New York’s Fresh Kills Landfill. After 50 years, the largest landfill in the world closed in 2001. It was the primary repository of New York City’s garbage. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
019 Waste Management Ch 16
Environment & Ecology
Waimanalo Gulch landfill
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Where’s it all going?
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Central Case: Transforming New York’s Fresh Kills Landfill
• After 50 years, the largest landfill in the world closed in 2001.
- It was the primary repository of New York City’s garbage.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Approaches to waste management• Waste: any unwanted material or substance that
results from human activity or process
• Municipal solid waste: non-liquid waste that comes from homes, institutions, and small businesses
• Industrial solid waste: waste from production of consumer goods, mining, agriculture, and petroleum extraction and refining
• Hazardous waste: solid or liquid waste that is toxic, chemically reactive, flammable, or corrosive
• Wastewater: water used in a household, business, or industry, as well as polluted runoff from our streets and storm drains
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Waste Stream
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Municipal solid waste is rising• In the U.S., waste generation per person has risen
72%.
- Even after recycling, paper is the largest component of solid waste.
- We are a throwaway society.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
The U.S. municipal solid waste stream
The average American generates 2.1 kg (4.6 lb) of trash per day — more than citizens of any other nation.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Waste generation is rising in all nations
• Wealthy consumers discard items that can still be used.
- At many dumps and landfills in the developing world, poor people support themselves by selling items they scavenge.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Improved disposal methods In the U.S. and other developed countries, recycling, composting, reduction, and reuse are decreasing pressure on landfills.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
A typical sanitary landfill
To protect against environmental contamination, landfills must be located away from wetlands, earthquake-prone faults, and 6 m (20 ft) above the water table.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Landfills can be transformed after closure
Proposed plan for Fresh Kills Landfill with Windfarms
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Landfills have drawbacks• Leachate will eventually escape.
- The liner will become punctured.
- Leachate collection systems aren’t maintained.
• It is hard to find places suitable for landfills.
- The not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) syndrome
• The “garbage barge” case
- In 1987, Islip, New York’s landfills were full, and a barge traveled to empty the waste in North Carolina, which rejected the load.
- After Louisiana and Mexico rejected the barge, it returned to New York to incinerate the waste.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
A typical solid waste incinerator
Incinerating trash reduces landfill pressure
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Many incinerators create energy• Incineration reduces the volume of waste and can
generate electricity.• Waste-to-energy facilities (WTE): use the heat
produced by waste combustion to produce steam to create electricity
Kapaa Quarry
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Landfills can produce gas for energy
CH4
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Reducing waste is a better option
Source reduction: • preventing waste generation in the first place
- Avoids costs of disposal and recycling
- Helps conserve resources
- Minimizes pollution
- Can save consumers and businesses money
• Much of the waste stream consists of materials used to package goods.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Waste can be reduced by manufacturers• Waste can be reduced by manufacturers if consumers:
- Choose minimally packaged goods
- Buy unwrapped fruits and vegetables
- Buy in bulk
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Waste can be reduced by manufacturers
vs
Chokes animal life Litters environment
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Reuse is a major strategy for reducing waste
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Reuse is a major strategy for reducing waste
Buy in bulk
Reusable coffee cup
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Composting recovers organic waste
• Composting: the conversion of organic waste into mulch or humus through natural biological processes of decomposition
- Can be used to enrich soil
- Earthworms, bacteria, soil mite, sow bugs, and other organisms convert waste into high-quality compost.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Recycling consists of three steps• Recycling: collecting materials that can be broken
down and reprocessed to manufacture new items
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Recycling has grown rapidly and can expand• Recycling has
exploded in the past 20 years.
• Recycling rates vary widely, depending on the product.
- 99% of auto batteries
- 11% of plastics are recycled.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Financial incentives can address waste
• Waste managers have used economic incentives to reduce the waste stream.
• Pay-as-you-throw approach: uses financial incentives to influence consumer behavior
- The less waste a house generates, the less it is charged for trash collection.
• Bottle bills: consumers receive a refund for returning used bottles and cans
- These laws are profoundly effective and resoundingly popular.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Industrial solid waste
• Industrial waste: waste from factories, mining, agriculture, petroleum extraction, etc.
- 7.6 billion tons of waste/year in the U.S. — 97% is wastewater
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Industrial ecology
• Redesigning industrial systems to reduce resource inputs and maximize physical and economic efficiency
- Industry mimics nature with little waste - Waste from one organism is food for
another
- Everything is connected by cyclic processes
- Living off nature’s interest
• Businesses can use industrial ecology to save money while reducing waste.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Brewery
Mushroom Growing
Chicken Raising
Methane Gas Production
Fish Ponds
Conventional Waste Managment in Fiji
Brewery waste dumped into oceans to destroy coral reefs
Methane vented
Muck cleaned out
Muck dumped on fields
Waste piles up
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Brewery
Mushroom Growing
Chicken Raising
Methane Gas Production
Fish Ponds
Hydroponic Gardening
Industrial Ecology in FijiBrewery waste fertilizes mushrooms
Mushroom residue feeds chickens
Chicken waste is composted
Solids become fish food
Nutrients used in gardens
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Ahupua’a
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Hazardous waste
• Hazardous waste is defined as:
• Ignitable: substances that easily catch fire (natural gas, alcohol)
• Corrosive: substances that corrode metals in storage tanks or equipment
• Reactive: substances that are chemically unstable and readily react with other compounds (i.e., explosively or by producing noxious fumes)
• Toxic: substances that harm human health when they are inhaled, ingested, or contact human skin
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Hazardous wastes have diverse sources• Industry: produces the largest amount of
hazardous waste
- But disposal is highly regulated in developed countries.
• Mining
• Households: include paints, batteries, oils, solvents, cleaning agents, pesticides
- The average home contains 45 kg (100 lb).
• Small businesses
• Agriculture
• Utilities
• Building demolition
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
“E-waste” is a new and growing problem
• Electronic waste (“e-waste”): waste involving electronic devices
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Several steps precede disposal of hazardous waste
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): states are required to manage hazardous waste
- Large generators of hazardous waste must obtain permits and track wastes “from cradle to grave.”
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
Illegal dumping of hazardous waste
http://www.opala.org/solid_waste/Stop_Illegal_Dumping.html
Kapaa Quarry
Honolulu
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Disposal of hazardous wastes: surface impoundments
• Surface impoundments: temporarily store liquid hazardous waste
Plastic lining
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Deep-well injection• A well is drilled deep beneath the water
table and waste is injected into it
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Munitions Cleanup
Ordinance Reef
Kaho’olawe
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
QUESTION: Review
_______ is defined as “non-liquid waste from homes, institutions, and small businesses.”
a)Wasteb)Municipal solid wastec)Industrial solid wasted)Hazardous wastee)Wastewater
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
QUESTION: Review
All of the following are main components of waste management EXCEPT:
a) Minimizing the amount of waste generated
b) Recovering waste materials c) Recycling waste materials d) Disposing of waste safely and effectively e) All of these are components of waste
management.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
QUESTION: Review
Within a sanitary landfill, waste is:
a) Poured into deep wells
b) Stored in large piles and then burned
c) Buried in the ground or piled up in large, carefully engineered mounds
d) Put onto barges and shipped overseas
e) Any of these occurs in a sanitary landfill
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
QUESTION: Review
What are some ways we can reduce the amount of items entering the waste stream?
a) Donate used items to charity
b) Buy groceries in bulk
c) Buy rechargeable batteries
d) Make double-sided photocopies
e) All of the above are ways to reduce the waste stream.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
QUESTION: Review
Industrial ecology is defined by all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Redesigning industrial systems to reduce resource inputs
b) Making industrial systems work more like ecological ones
c) Minimizing physical efficiency
d) Maximizing economic efficiency
e) Eliminating environmentally harmful products
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
QUESTION: Review
By EPA definition, hazardous waste can be:
a) Ignitable
b) Hot
c) Large
d) Moveable
e) Chemically stable
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
QUESTION: Review
Which of the following are disposal methods for hazardous waste?
a) Hazardous waste landfills
b) Surface impoundments
c) Injection wells
d) All of the above are disposal methods.
Copyright © 2009 Benjamin Cummings is an imprint of Pearson
QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
a) Less waste is going to landfills.
a) Recycling plays a smaller role than in 1985.
b) Combustion is increasing.
c) Composting is increasing.
Which statement is false for this figure?