New Development in Taiwan New Development in Taiwan Orchid Production (Orchid Production (PhalaenopsisPhalaenopsis

InInnnovation)ovation)

FureFure--ChyiChyi ChenChen

National National PingtungPingtung University of Science University of Science and Technology, Taiwanand Technology, Taiwan

TopicsTopics

•• Production and marketingProduction and marketing•• Breeding and genetic studiesBreeding and genetic studies•• MicropropagationMicropropagation for mass productionfor mass production•• Government supported researchGovernment supported research

–– Basic researchBasic research–– IndustryIndustry--oriented researchoriented research

•• Advisory committee for orchid industryAdvisory committee for orchid industry

Figuer 1. Phal. amabilis from Indonesia island, Malaysia and Philippine locations.

10010013,10913,109TotalTotal

6.106.10800800Potted Potted flowersflowers

59.5659.567,8087,808NurseryNursery0.020.0233SeedsSeeds0.050.0577BulbsBulbs4.424.42579579OrchidsOrchids

29.8429.8439123912Cut flowersCut flowers%%haha

Planted areaPlanted areaCategoryCategory

Planted area of floricultural crops in Planted area of floricultural crops in Taiwan (2008)Taiwan (2008)

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive YuanSource: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA

Percentage of production area of floricultural crops in Taiwan(2008)

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA

Pot plants Cut flowers

Seeds

Orchids

Bulbs

Nursery plants

Ornamentals production in Taiwan

http://www.orchids.org.tw/p_dist.php

Tainan County 413,397Chiayi County 387,351Yunlin County 51,909Pingtung County 134,824Yilan County 10,769Changhua County 40,142Kaohsiung County 84,640Other Districts 604,394Total 1,727,426

Unit: ping ( 3.3 sq. m)

Distribution of planted area of orchids in Distribution of planted area of orchids in Taiwan (2008)Taiwan (2008)

273,884

264,657

51,909

413,397

84,640

134,824

7,774

10,76916,3356,806

40,142

387,351

454

Current estimated area over 579 ha

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, COA

Import Export

Wt (ton)

Value (U.S. $1,000)

Wt (ton)

Value (U.S. $1,000)

2005 6.68 52.1 2752.80 26658.9 2006 20.98 125.2 3670.90 35079.4

2007 6.90 59.5 5167.66 48930.6

2008 2.67 29.8 5399.43 50929.62009 1.04 13 2379.45 21353.9

Year

Total import and export value of Total import and export value of PhalaenopsisPhalaenopsis products in products in Taiwan (2005Taiwan (2005--20092009--))

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA

Total import and Total import and exportexport value of value of PhalaenopsisPhalaenopsis products in Taiwan (2008)products in Taiwan (2008)

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA

Young and mature plants exported from Taiwan

2008

Import and export value of phalaenopsis Import and export value of phalaenopsis products in Taiwan (2008)products in Taiwan (2008)

386234.3386234.35536.525536.5229.8 29.8 2.67 2.67 TotalTotal371114.6 371114.6 3621.42 3621.42 3.43.40.470.47Live Live

13815.0 13815.0 1778.01 1778.01 26.426.42.2 2.2 In vitro In vitro plantletsplantlets

1304.71304.7137.09 137.09 0000Fresh cutFresh cut

Value Value ((N.T. $1,000N.T. $1,000))

Wt Wt (kg)(kg)

ValueValue((U.S. $1,000U.S. $1,000))

WtWt(ton)(ton)

ExportExportImportImportPhalaenopsisPhalaenopsis

Source: Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. COA

Export country of phalaenopsis (live) from Taiwan

Source：Directorate General of Customs, Ministry of Finance, ROC.

Breeding and genetic studiesBreeding and genetic studies

Flowering plant

Medium plant Pot size - 7.6 cm

Mature plant Pot size - 10.6 cm

Cross hybridization

capsules

Flaskedplant

Young plantPot size - 4.5 cm

Forcing culture20 – 40 days

Parents selection

Development of fruit3 - 6 months

10-15 months

1-2 years

Flower stalk preparing

De-flasking

3-5 months

4-6 months

4-6 months

Clonal culture

Aseptic seed culture

2-3months

Phalaenopsis production cycle

Production period 14 - 18 months

Flowering plant

Spiking plant

Mature plant Pot size - 10.6 cm dia

Medium-size plant Pot size - 7.6 cm dia

Young plant Pot size - 4.5 cm dia

Flasked seedling or plantlet

Harlequin type Harlequin type phalaenopsisphalaenopsis

Progenies from a harlequin crossProgenies from a harlequin cross

Government supported researchGovernment supported research

•• Basic researchBasic research–– National Science CouncilNational Science Council–– National Agricultural Biotechnology Research National Agricultural Biotechnology Research

ProgramProgram•• IndustryIndustry--oriented researchoriented research

–– Department of Economy (For orchid industry)Department of Economy (For orchid industry)–– Council of AgricultureCouncil of Agriculture–– Agriculture and Food Agency (COA) Agriculture and Food Agency (COA)

Government supported researchGovernment supported research

•• Physiological studiesPhysiological studies–– Flower forcing, suppressing spikingFlower forcing, suppressing spiking–– FertigationFertigation and mineral nutritionand mineral nutrition–– Modeling shipmentModeling shipment–– Photosynthesis and plant growthPhotosynthesis and plant growth

•• Genetics and breedingGenetics and breeding–– Cross hybridizationCross hybridization–– Meiotic studies relating to breeding barriersMeiotic studies relating to breeding barriers–– Unreduced gamete for Unreduced gamete for polyploidpolyploid breedingbreeding

•• Tissue culture and biotechnologyTissue culture and biotechnology–– Mass Mass micropropagationmicropropagation–– VirusVirus--free young plantsfree young plants–– VirusVirus--detectiondetection–– SomaclonalSomaclonal variationvariation–– Genetic transformationGenetic transformation

Strengthening Innovative Strengthening Innovative Agricultural Technology Agricultural Technology

•• The COA allocated a budget of NT$3.492 The COA allocated a budget of NT$3.492 billion for its 766 R&D projects in billion for its 766 R&D projects in agricultural science and technology. agricultural science and technology.

•• ‘‘Taiwan Orchid Plantation ParkTaiwan Orchid Plantation Park’’established in Tainanestablished in Tainan

Advisory committee for orchid Advisory committee for orchid industryindustry•• Serves as bridge between government, Serves as bridge between government,

academia, and industryacademia, and industry•• Committee members fromCommittee members from

–– University professorsUniversity professors–– Research institutesResearch institutes–– Agricultural exp. stationsAgricultural exp. stations

•• ExpertiseExpertise--diagnosisdiagnosis--discussion based servicediscussion based service–– FertigationFertigation, tissue culture, breeding, greenhouse , tissue culture, breeding, greenhouse

structure, postharvest, plant pathology, entomologistsstructure, postharvest, plant pathology, entomologists•• Extension educationExtension education

Organization meeting of the Organization meeting of the Advisory Committee (2009, Advisory Committee (2009, 4/30)4/30)

Prof. Shen chairingGrowers attending

Members

On site visiting to Evergreen OrchidsOn site visiting to Evergreen Orchids(2009/5/18)(2009/5/18)

Meeting with Owner Greenhouse touring Opinion exchange

Growing young plants Different state of growth

Visiting another nurseryVisiting another nursery(2009/6/12)(2009/6/12)

Discussion with owner Checking plants Crowded plants

New disease symptom Pesticide damage

On site diagnosisOn site diagnosis--11

On site diagnosis and discussionOn site diagnosis and discussion

Nursery with good managementNursery with good management

Top quality orchid plantsTop quality orchid plants

•• Healthy root systems with vigorous growthHealthy root systems with vigorous growth•• Green and sturdy leaves or shootsGreen and sturdy leaves or shoots•• No injury on leaf surfaceNo injury on leaf surface•• No lower leaf yellowing (senescence)No lower leaf yellowing (senescence)•• No sign of fungal infectionNo sign of fungal infection•• InsectInsect--free or free or ––less environment (Clean space)less environment (Clean space)•• Simple Simple fertigationfertigation programprogram

Vocational training-Symposium

Strengthening International Strengthening International Marketing of Agricultural Products Marketing of Agricultural Products

•• PhalaenopsisPhalaenopsis orchid was selected as one orchid was selected as one of Taiwan's main export products (others, of Taiwan's main export products (others, Oolong tea, Taiwan tilapia, and mangoes) Oolong tea, Taiwan tilapia, and mangoes) in 2004.in 2004.

•• COA improved the supply chain, and COA improved the supply chain, and strengthened foreign marketing related strengthened foreign marketing related measures for the growth of export measures for the growth of export industries. industries.

Promotion for Promotion for phalaenopsisphalaenopsismarketingmarketing

Import of Import of phalaenopsisphalaenopsis orchids with orchids with medium from Taiwan to USAmedium from Taiwan to USA

•• Approved since June 14 in 2004 Approved since June 14 in 2004

Young plants grown in certified insectYoung plants grown in certified insect--proof proof greenhouse ready for packing and greenhouse ready for packing and quarantine examquarantine exam

The trend for The trend for phalaenopsisphalaenopsisproduction in Taiwanproduction in Taiwan

•• International competitionInternational competition•• Economic depressionEconomic depression•• Lower price for finished orchid plantsLower price for finished orchid plants•• Public breeding research emphasizedPublic breeding research emphasized

–– Develop more novel cultivars for market needDevelop more novel cultivars for market need

•• PathogenPathogen--free young plantsfree young plantsCertification for in vitro plantlets (virusCertification for in vitro plantlets (virus--free)free)Certification for breeding parents (VirusCertification for breeding parents (Virus--free)free)Virus elimination during tissue cultureVirus elimination during tissue culture

Achievements (our example)Achievements (our example)

•• ProtocormProtocorm--like induction and proliferation like induction and proliferation technology (procedures + culture media)technology (procedures + culture media)

•• Flower stalk node culture and shoot Flower stalk node culture and shoot multiplication (procedures + culture media)multiplication (procedures + culture media)

•• In vitro germination of orchid seeds from In vitro germination of orchid seeds from mature open capsulesmature open capsules

•• KnowKnow--how transfer to a total of 10 how transfer to a total of 10 companiescompanies

Harvested mature seeds

Spread evenly on germination medium

and germinated protocorms

Mother flask plantlets

GermiantionGermiantion of Mature Seedsof Mature Seeds

Basal media used for seed Basal media used for seed germiantiongermiantion and and meristemmeristemculture of culture of PhalaenopsisPhalaenopsis and other orchidsand other orchids

MediumMedium Full nameFull name CharactersCharacters

KnudsonKnudson KundsonKundson All purpose orchid mediumAll purpose orchid medium

VWVW VacinVacin & Went& Went Orchid seed germinationOrchid seed germination

ThomaleThomale GDGD ThomaleThomale GDGD PaphiopedilumPaphiopedilum seed germ.seed germ.

MSMS MurashigeMurashige & & SkoogSkoog All purpose mediumAll purpose medium

HyponexHyponex Hyponex Hyponex N:P:K=7:6:19N:P:K=7:6:19

Most adopted by the industryMost adopted by the industry

NDMNDM New New DogashimaDogashima Medium developed by Medium developed by DogashimaDogashima (PLB)(PLB)

NP NP New New PhalaenopsisPhalaenopsis Islam el. For Islam el. For PhalaenopsisPhalaenopsisPLBPLB

Wu and Chen, 2008b

The process of axillary shoot formation from two-month-old P. Sogo Yukidian‘V3’ shoots cultured on SIM-B medium after leaf blade and apical bud removal; A: Dissected shoot showing emerged axillary buds from leaf sheath two weeks after culture. (Bar= 2 mm); B: Multiple shoots produced after two month culture (Bar= 1 cm). Ab: axillary bud, Ls: leaf sheath.

Flower stalk node cultureFlower stalk node culture

MediumMediumzz

Vegetative Vegetative shoots (%)shoots (%)yy

Reproductive Reproductive shoots (%)shoots (%)

Callus Callus formation formation

(%)(%)

Mean shoots Mean shoots per per

responding responding explantexplant

SIMSIM--AA 74.3 74.3 b b 8.58.5 aa 17.117.1 abab 1.5 1.5 cc

SIMSIM--BB 81.481.4 aa 2.82.8 bb 15.215.2 abab 2.0 2.0 bb

SIMSIM--CC 77.277.2 abab 10.010.0 aa 12.912.9 bb 1.4 1.4 cc

SIMSIM--DD 78.678.6 abab 2.82.8 bb 18.618.6 aa 2.4 2.4 aa

Effect of different basal media on in vitro morphogenesis and multiplication of P. Brother Stage nodal cuttings

z SIM-A mortified from Wang and Li (1992), SIM-B provided by a nursery, SIM-C modified from Chu and Li (1988), SIM-D from our laboratory.

y Means with the same letter in a column are not significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level.

Wu and Chen, 2008b

Effect of various Effect of various cytokininscytokinins and their concentrations on and their concentrations on shoot multiplication of shoot multiplication of PhalPhal. . Sogo Sogo YukidianYukidian ‘‘V3V3’’ after two after two monthsmonths

Wu & Chen, 2008

Fig. 12. Protocorm-like bodies produced from leaf sections of Phal. aphrodite Rchb. f. etiolated.

Hsu and Chen, 2003

Induction of Induction of PLBsPLBs from etiolated from etiolated leavesleaves

Effect of sucrose, BA and TDZ on protocorm-like body proliferation from etiolated leaves of Phal. aphrodite Rchb. f.

Hsu and Chen, 2003

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Condition of protocorm-like bodies formed and proliferated from explants of Phalaenopsis Tropican Lady, after culture for thirty five days.（bar=5mm）

Huang, YW, 2007

•• Secondary Secondary PLBsPLBs can be induced by cutting can be induced by cutting and culture on a suitable mediumand culture on a suitable medium

•• The multiplication rate reaches The multiplication rate reaches aveave. 12. 12--27 27 foldsfolds

•• Each subculture takes about 6Each subculture takes about 6--8 weeks8 weeks

A B

Shoot tips of a Doritaenopsis and induction of PLBs.(A) The shoot tip. Bar= 1 mm(B) PLBs were induced from meristem. Bar = 1 mm

MeristemMeristem culture of culture of PhalaenopsisPhalaenopsis

Somaclonal Variation

Wildtype and mutant flowers of Phalaenopsis and Doritaenopsis

A B

C D E

F G H

P. Zuma’s Pixie

P. Little Mary

DoritaenopsisMinho Diamond

Chen et al., 2005

Chen et al., 2008

Somaclonal variants of Phalaenopsis orchids. A, Sickle leaf; B, Vegetative phase with extra leaves; C, Petal-to-labellum conversion; D, Miniature petals with pollinia in tips; F, Color variegation in P. Golden Peoker ‘BL’; G, Color stripe mutant(right) as compared to the wildtype(left).

A B C

D E F

Mutations May Occur in SeedlingsMutations May Occur in Seedlings

Calyx (sepal) fusion

Certain Mutants May Have Certain Mutants May Have Commercial ValueCommercial Value

•• Some mutations can be considered as Some mutations can be considered as novel varieties if showy and decorative novel varieties if showy and decorative flower type occursflower type occurs

Orchid book written by Taiwanese Orchid book written by Taiwanese sicentistssicentists (Research(Research--derived derived knowledgeknowledge))

Cultivation Cultivation handbook handbook for the for the industryindustry——practical practical knowledgeknowledge

Conclusion and perspectivesConclusion and perspectives

•• More and more international competitionMore and more international competition•• Economic depression affects Economic depression affects PhalPhal. marketing. marketing•• Specific market niche awaiting explorationSpecific market niche awaiting exploration•• Basic and industryBasic and industry--oriented research ongoingoriented research ongoing•• Continuous breeding, physiological, and all Continuous breeding, physiological, and all

aspects or research necessaryaspects or research necessary•• Training and extension education important to Training and extension education important to

enhance competitiveness of growers, breeders, enhance competitiveness of growers, breeders, etc.etc.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

•• ChiaChia--ChiaChia HsuHsu•• ChinChin--Yi Yi TsaoTsao•• YaYa--WenWen HuangHuang•• PeiPei--Jung Jung WenWen•• HsuanHsuan--HsuanHsuan WuWu•• ChuenChuen--HsinHsin LinLin•• GeGe--MangMang ChangChang•• HueyHuey--Yu Yu ChiouChiou

•• YiYi--Jung TsaiJung Tsai•• TeenTeen--Chi ChengChi Cheng

•• Prof. TsaiProf. Tsai--Mu Mu ShenShen•• Prof. ShihProf. Shih--WenWen Chin Chin •• Council of AgricultureCouncil of Agriculture•• Agriculture and Food Agriculture and Food

AgencyAgency

•• II--HsinHsin BiotechnologyBiotechnology•• OX OrchidsOX Orchids•• Sogo OrchidsSogo Orchids•• Yu Pin BiotechnologyYu Pin Biotechnology

TeacherTeacher’’s Day get togethers Day get together

Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!