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+Origins: Seneca Falls Convention
July 1848
First women’s rights convention in the US
Sparked organized Women’s Rights Movement
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created
equal...”—Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration
of Sentiments
+The “True Womanhood” Ideal
19th-century middle-class ideals stressed: Domesticity Piety Passivity Nurturing Mothering
“Home as Haven”
Women’s legal status – NO rights to: Property Wages Education Political Rights (Voting, Office Holding,
Jurors, etc.)
+19th-Century Women and
Reform 19th-century women
became active in a variety of reform movements, including: Missionary/Bible
Societies Moral Reform Societies Temperance Movement Education/School Abolition Women’s Rights
Women used prescriptive ideas about “true womanhood” to justify their reform work
+“New” Woman Emerges
Late 19th-century:
“true womanhood” ideal “new” woman
A “new” woman was:EducatedIndependentEmployedDeterminedModern
+The “New Woman” in the Progressive Era
Women coming of age in late 19th-century had improved options:More Employment OpportunitiesAccess to More Leisure ActivitiesAccess to Higher EducationSupportive NetworksRevitalized Suffrage Movement
+Women in the Labor Force
By 1920, women made up 21.4% of labor force: Teachers Librarians Telephone Operators Clerical Work Sales Clerks Nurses Factory Workers Maids Cooks
Women’s wages only 1/2 of men’s
+Women and Higher Education
Expanded access to higher education: Vassar, Smith, and other elite “sister
schools” founded Many new land-grant colleges were co-ed
By 1880, women represented 32% of college students
By 1900, 85,000 young women attended college
Many college-educated women delayed marriage or remained single
Anna Howard Shaw, President of NAWSA 1904-11915
+Settlement House Movement
Provided professional careers for educated women AND
Social services for working class & immigrant women
Hull House founded in 1889 by Jane Addams
Served Immigrant Women and Children Child Care Kindergarten Classes Adult Education Social Events and
Clubs
By 1910, there were 400 settlement houses in the U.S.
+“Public Housekeeping”
Reformers used image of “public housekeeping” to describe their activities
Progressive Era women active in variety of reforms: Child Labor Laws Public Housing Public Education Public Libraries Public Health Playgrounds Food Safety Sanitation
“If a woman would keep on with her old business of caring for her home and rearing her children she will have to have some conscience in regard to public affairs lying outside of her immediate household . . . [she] must take part in legislation which is alone sufficient to protect the home from the dangers incident to modern life.” – Jane Addams
+Women’s Christian Temperance Union Founded in 1873
Led by Frances Willard
160,000 members by 1890
245,000 members by 1911
Became single largest women’s organization
“Do Everything” Philosophy: Along with promoting
temperance laws, WCTU took on other “male vices”-- from prostitution to political corruption
+Organizing Women Workers
1903: Women’s Trade Union League Founded Coalition of union
activists and elite women
1909: International Ladies Garment Workers Union went on strike in NYC
1911: Continued activism after Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Factory
+Votes for Women
New generation of women revitalize suffrage movement
Employed more militant strategies Marches Speaking tours Picketing
+Suffrage in the Progressive Era Women’s suffrage seen as
logistical extension of women’s various Progressive Era reforms
Suffrage was “the most potent means of social and moral reform.” ~Frances Willard
+ 1890: National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
State-by-State campaigns
Membership grew to 75,000 by 1910
State Campaigns Victories: 1910: Washington 1911: California 1912: Oregon, Arizona,
and Kansas 1914: Nevada and
Montana
+ New Leadership: Alice Paul and Lucy Burns
Experienced English militant suffrage movement firsthand
Joined NAWSA’s Congressional Committee
Organized a march in DC to coincide with President Wilson’s inauguration
Shift in strategy to focus on Federal Amendment
+Inez Milholland
Used her wealth, intellect, beauty and connections to promote suffrage
“Quintessential New Woman of the Era”
+ New Women’s Party Led by Paul & Burns,
the strategies of NWP reflected more radical, tactics that were popular in the English suffrage movement: Picketing Hunger strikes Strategic use of
media and public spaces 1916: Members of the NWP picketing in
Chicago where Wilson was delivering a speech
+World War I & Suffrage
1917: United States enters WWI
Suffragists split: Support War Effort
Organized Relief Effort Served in Red Cross War-time Work
Peace Demonstrations 1915: Delegates from WPP
attend International Peace Conference
Continue Suffrage Campaign
Jane Addams & Members of Women’s Peace Party (WPP)
+NAWSA/WWI NAWSA linked suffrage to women's work in war efforts
Carrie Catt argued that the country should “reward” women with vote for their patriotic support of the war.
+President Wilson’s Support
1918: After much pressure from NAWSA and the NWP, President Wilson finally supported the suffrage movement
September 30, 1918: Wilson’s Address to the Senate:
“We have made partners of the women in this war; shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and toil, and not to a partnership of privilege and right?”
“This measure which I urge upon you is vital to the winning of the war and to the energies alike of preparation and of battle.”
President Wilson Favors Votes for Women
+The 19th Amendment
1919: House of Representatives and Senate approve 19th Amendment
¾ of states needed for ratification
August 20, 1920: Tennessee approved the amendment by one vote
+“The right of
citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by an State on account of
sex.”
+Web Sources and Image Credits
Jane Addams/Hull House: http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/Exhibits/janeaddams/hullhouse.htm http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/urbanexp/
National Women’s History Museum: http://www.nwhm.org/
Library of Congress Exhibits on Suffrage: http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9803/suffrage.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/naw/nawshome.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/suffrage/nwp/index.html
Alice Paul Institute: http://www.alicepaul.org/index.htm
Bryn Mawr Women and the Right to Vote: http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/exhibits/suffrage/