· Web viewSome adverbs come from adjectives. Others are simply exist only as adverbs, e.g. vix, hodie, mox, heri. 1st and 2nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order

Latin II Final guide

I. Grammar Define the following terms:

Term Definition

Accusative The case used to indicate direct objects or the object of certain prepositions.

Action verb A verb which implies doing something. Not a linking verb!

Adjective Modifies (describes) a noun. Nouns and adjectives agree in number, gender, and case.

Adverb A word or phrase modifying (describing) an adjective, verb or other adverb. Many in English end in –ly, but not all of them!

CaseRefers to the declined forms (or variations) of a noun, pronoun, or adjective. Different cases indicate different grammatical uses or functions

Conjugation A family of verbs with the same fixed endings.

Conjunction Connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences

Declension A family of nouns with the same fixed endings. Latin has five noun declensions, but we have studied only the first three.

Direct object Receives the action of the verb. In Latin, direct objects are in the accusative case.

GenderLatin nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter. Gender is an inherent part of a noun and must be memorized as part of the noun.

Imperative A command. It may be positive or negative. Only used in the 2nd person.

Indirect objectShow to whom or for whom the action of a sentence is intended. Often seen with a verb of giving, saying, showing, or telling.

Indicative The mood of verbs in objective statements.

InfinitiveThe present active infinitive is the second principal part of a verb. The “to…” form. It is the verb without any inflected endings.

Inflection The changing of words to express different grammatical uses.

Interjection A part of speech that may stand alone. It expresses emotion or a reaction.

Linking verb Functions like an equal sign. It ‘equalizes’ a subject and a predicate noun or adjective. It cannot take a direct object.

Macron A mark over a vowel to indicate length.

MoodAn extremely complicated topic. We have learned two moods: the imperative (command) and the indicative. If it isn’t in the imperative, then it is indicative. That is all you need to know.

Nominative The case used to indicate subjects, predicate adjectives, and predicate nominatives.

Noun A person (Caecilius / vir), place (villa), thing (poculum), or idea/quality (veritas)

Number Singular or plural

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Term Definition

Object of prepositionThe noun or pronoun following a preposition. The preposition and noun/pronoun make up a prepositional phrase. The object of the preposition will be in the accusative or ablative case.

Person

1st person refers to the speaker (I/we). 2nd person refers to the person to whom the speaker is speaking (you). 3rd person refers to someone about whom the speaker is speaking (he/she/it/they)

Predicate nominative/noun, adjective Follows a linking verb. Must be in the nominative case.

PrepositionPrepositions show relationships between words in the sentence. Prepositions in Latin are followed by a noun or a pronoun in the accusative or ablative case.

PronounTakes the place of a noun. It may be declined. This year, we have learned the forms of “I” and “you” in the singular and plural.

Subject The performer of the action in a sentence (with an active verb). In Latin, the subject is indicated by the nominative case.

TenseIndicates when an action took place. Latin has six tenses: the present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect, and pluperfect.

Vocative Case of direct address

VoiceIf the subject does the action of the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. If the subject has the action of the verb done to it, the verb is said to be in the passive voice.

II. Nouns A. Cases & Grammatical functions

Nominative is used for subjects and predicate nouns & adjectives. N.B. Predicate nouns and adjectives follow linking verbs, e.g. sum esse fuī futurus “to be.”

Genitive provides the noun stem, quantity/partitive and shows possession.

e.g. oculī monstrī flammās emittēbant. The eyes of the monster were sending out flames.

turba ancillārum ā Quīntō fūgērunt. The crowd of slave-girls fled from Quintus.

Dative is used for indirect objects: indirect objects answer the questions to whom/what or for whom or what something is given, shown, told etc. N.B. Verbs obstō, appropinquō, promittō, studeō, pareō, resistō, confidō, noceō, persuadeō, praesum, faveō, placeō and crēdō take a direct object in the dative case.

Certain adjectives require the dative case in order to complete their meaning in phrases, e.g. necesse, decorum, facile, difficile, commodum, fidelis.

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Accusative is used for direct objects: direct objects answer the questions whom or what after the action verb. The accusative case is also used as the object of many prepositions.

apud among/at the house of post behind/after

ad to prope near

per through in + Acc. into/onto

ante before

Ablative case is used with certain prepositions “SIDSPACE.” N.B. Ab and ex appear before nouns that start with a vowel; a and e appear before nouns that start with a consonant.

sine without sub under

in in, on pro in front of

dē about, down from ā/ab away from

cum with

ē/ex out of, from

Vocative is used for direct address. Fill in rules for forming the vocative case

1. For most nouns, the vocative is the same as the nominative

2. For 2nd declension nouns ending in -us, the vocative ends in e For 2nd declension nouns ending in -ius, the vocative ends in ī

3. The vocative case often appears with the imperative mood of the verb.

4. Give the singular and plural vocative for son filī (singular) filiī(plural)

5. Give the vocative for Rufus Rufe

B. Fill in the following charts with the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th declension endings.

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Nouns of the first declensions are generally feminine gender;

second declension nouns are masculine and neuter gender;

third declension nouns are masculine , feminine, and neuter genders;

fourth declension nouns are masculine and neuter ; and

fifth declension nouns are generally feminine gender.

From a noun’s principal parts, determine the declension from the genitive singular and the stem/base.

Neuter nouns have the same endings in the nominative and accusative cases

the nominative and accusative plural always end in the letter a ; and

neuter nouns are found in the 2nd , 3rd and 4th declensions.

Decline the following nouns:

donum canis flumenSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative donum dona canis canēs flumen flumina

Genitive donī donōrum canis canum fluminis fluminum

Dative donō donīs canī canibus fluminī fluminibus

Accusative donum dona canem canēs flumen flumina

Ablative donō donīs cane canibus flumine fluminibus

Vocative donum dona canis canēs flumen flumina

manus cornu effigiesSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative manus manūs cornū cornua effigiēs effigiēs

Genitive manūs manuum cornūs cornuum effigiēī effigiērum

Dative manuī manibus cornū cornibus effigiēī effigiēbus

Accusative manum manūs cornū cornua effigiem effigiēs

Ablative manū manibus cornū cornibus effigiē effigiēbus

Vocative manus manūs cornū cornua effigiēs effigiēs

III. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns

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Remember that an adjective must agree with the noun that it modifies in number,

gender, and case. There are two categories of adjectives: -us, -a, -um adjectives

use the endings of 1st and 2nd declension. -is, -is, -e adjectives use 3rd declension endings and

change the ablative singular to ī and genitive plural to ium. N.B. Adjectives do not have to agree with the nouns they describe in declension.

Give the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of laetus, laeta,, laetum and crudelis, crudelis, crudele

Masculine of laetus Feminine of laetus Neuter of laetusSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative laetus laetī laeta laetae laetum laetaGenitive laetī laetōrum laetae laetārum laetī laetōrumDative laetō laetīs laetae laetīs laetō laetīsAccusative laetum laetōs laetam laetās laetum laetaAblative laetō laetīs laetā laetīs laetō laetīs

Masculine of crudelis Feminine of crudelis Neuter of crudelis

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular PluralNominative crudelis crudelēs crudelis crudelēs crudele crudeliaGenitive crudelis crudelium crudelis crudelium crudelis crudeliumDative crudelī crudelibus crudelī crudelibus crudelī crudelibusAccusative crudelem crudelēs crudelem crudelēs crudele crudeliaAblative crudelī crudelibus crudelī crudelibus crudelī crudelibus

Give the correct form of laetus and crudelis to describe the underlined noun. Remember agreement rules – same case, number, and gender. N.B. It does not necessarily mean same ending!

Happy Cruel

1. Quintus _____ erat. laetus crudelis

2. cives _____ leones spectant. laetī crudelēs

3. mercator feminis _____ togas monstravit. laetīs crudelibus

4. Quintus Clementem _____ liberavit. laetum crudelem

5. Quintus Clementi _____ pecuniam dedit. laetō crudelī

6. Grumio ancillae _____ basium dedit. laetae crudelī

7. ancilla _____ Grumionem quoque amat. laeta crudelis

8. Salvius ancillas _____ vituperavit. laetās crudelēs

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9. Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit. laetō crudelī

10. servus e villā Salvii _____ effugit. laetī crudelis

Adjectives have 3 degrees: positive, comparative, superlative. Give the appropriate translations:

e.g. notus well known notior more well known notissimus very well known

celer quick celerior quicker celerrimus quickest

IV. Pronouns

Fill in the chart below with the correct form of each personal pronoun and their meanings:

Nominative Singular ego – I tu – you Reflexive — selfGenitive Singular XXXXXX XXXXXXX sui

Dative Singular mihi tibi sibi

Accusative Singular mē tē sē

Ablative Singular mē tē sē

Nominative Plural nōs vōs

Genitive Plural XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX

Dative Plural nōbīs vōbīs sibi

Accusative Plural nōs vōs sē

Ablative Plural nōbīs vōbīs sē

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Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns. Relative pronouns refer back to the antecedent, a noun which came before. Relative clauses provide more information about the antecedent. They are

translated as who, whose, whom, that, or which.

Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in number and gender only.

They take their case from how it is used in the relative clause.

Fill in the chart with the forms of the relative pronoun.

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative quī quae quod quī quae quae

Genitive cuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum

Dative cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus

Accusative quem quam quod quōs quās quae

Ablative quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus

hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud are demonstratives. They can be used as quibus, which

means they modify a noun, or as pronouns, which means they take the place of a noun . In

both cases, they follow the same rule as adjective agreement, which states that modify nouns in number, gender, and case . hic, haec, hoc is translated as

this or these; ille, illa, illud is translated as that or those.

Write out the forms of hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud in the charts below.


Nominative hic haec hoc ille illa illudGenitive huius huius huius illius illius illiusDative huic huic huic illī illī illī

Accusative hunc hanc hoc illum illam illud

Ablative hōc hāc hōc illō illā illō

Nominative hī hae haec illī illae illaGenitive hōrum hārum hōrum illōrum illārum illōrum

Dative hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs

Accusative hōs hās haec illōs illās illa

Ablative hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs

Tell the case, number, and gender of the demonstrative(s) in each sentence. Then translate.

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1. Rufilla hanc ancillam semper vituperat, sed illos servos saepe laudat.

Acc, fem, sing / acc, masc, pl: Rufilla scolds this slave-girl; but she often praise those slaves.

2. Bregans in hāc villā habitare non vult.

Abl, fem, sing: Bregans does not want to live in this house.

3. Quintus his templis appropinquavit.

Dat, neuter, pl: Quintus neared those temples.

4. Clemens haec templa non visitavit sed semper ad illud templum Isidis venit.

Acc, neuter, pl; acc, neuter sing: Clemens did not visit those temples, but he always comes/came (no long mark, so how do I know?) to that temple of Isis.

5. haec puella semper libros legit sed ille puer numquam legit.

Fem, nom, sing/ masc, nom, sing: This girl always reads books; but that boy never reads.

is, ea, id is the personal pronoun. It is used to replace a noun. It must have

the same case, number, and gender as the noun it replaces. It is translated as he, she, it (or as a weak form of this/that).

Fill in the chart with the forms of the personal pronoun.

Singular Plural


Nominative is ea id eī eae ea

Genitive eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum

Dative eī eī eī eīs eīs eīs

Accusative eum eam id eōs eās ea

Ablative eō eā eō eīs eīs eīs

Give the correct form of the personal pronoun to replace the underlined nouns.

1. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert. eīs

2. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert. id

3. Clemens vinum hospitibus offert. is

4. Rufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat. ea

5. Rufilla semper cum Barbillo sermones habebat. eō

6. Rufilla Barbillo fabulas narravit. eī

7. Rufilla pecuniam Barbilli cupivit. eius

V. Verbs A. Principal parts

Most regular verbs have four principal parts and you should have a working knowledge of all four.

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Principal part Example UseFirst principal part portō “I carry, do

carry, am carrying”First person singular present active

Second principal part portāre “to carry” Present active infinitive: yields the present active stem used for present and imperfect tenses

active used for imperative active mood identifies the conjugation

Third principal part portāvī “I carried, did carry, have carried”

First person singular perfect: yields perfect active stem used for perfect active tense

Fourth principal part portātus “having been carried”

Perfect passive participle: functions as a verbal adjective used to form Perfect passive tenses

The second principal part has several grammatical functions. Its final three letters will determine to which conjugation the verb belongs.

First conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -āre. e.g. laudāre Second conjugation verbs have infinitives which end -ēre. e.g. vidēre Third conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -ere. e.g. dūcere Fourth conjugation verbs have infinitives which end in -īre. e.g. audīre

N.B. Not all verbs are placed into a specific conjugation. Those verbs which are not placed into a specific conjugation are called irregular verbs because their principal parts and/or tense forms do not change in a consistent and predictable manner.

e.g. sum, esse, fuī, futurus possum, posse, potuī, — volō, velle, voluī, — nolō, nolo, noluī, — ferō, ferre, tulī, latus eō, īre, iī, itus

N.B. The following verbs require a complementary infinitive to complete the meaning:

possum , volō , and nolō .

e.g. Salvius Bregantem punīre poterat. Salvius was able to punish Bregans.

B. Conjugating verbs

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus “love.”

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Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect/Past Perfect

1st singular amō amābam amāvī amāveram

translation I love, I am loving, I do love

I was loving, I used to love

I loved, I have loved, I did love

I had loved

2nd singular amās amābas amāvīstī amāverās

translation you love, you do love, you are loving

you were loving, you used to love

you loved, you have loved, you did love

You had loved

3rd singular amat amābat amāvit amāverat

translation he/she/it loves, is loving, does love

he/she/it was loving, used to love

he/she/it loved, has loved, did love

He had loved

1st plural amāmus amābamus amāvimus amāverāmus

translation we love, we are loving, we do love

we were loving, we used to love

we loved, we have loved, we did love

We had loved

2nd plural amātis amābatis amāvistis amāverātis

translation you love, you are loving, you do love

you were loving, you used to love

you loved, you have loved, you did love

You had loved

3rd plural amant amābant amāvērunt amāverant

translation they love, they do love, they are loving

they were loving, they used to love

they loved, they have loved, they did

love

They had loved

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for sum, esse, fuī, futurus “be.”

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1st singular sum eram fuī fueram

translation I am I was I have been I had been

2nd singular es erās fuistī fuerās

translation you are you were you have been you had been

3rd singular est erat fuit fuerat

translation he/she/it is he/she/it was he/she/it has been he/she/it had been

1st plural sumus erāmus fuimus fuerāmus

translation we are we were we have been we had been

2nd plural estis erātis fuistis fuerātis

translation you are you were you have been you had been

3rd plural sunt erant fuērunt fuerant

translation they are they were they have been they had been

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for possum, posse, potuī, — “able.”


1st singular possum poteram potuī potueram

translation I am able I was able I was/have been able

I had been able

2nd singular potes poterās potuistī potuerās

translation You are able You were able You were/have been able You had been able

3rd singular potest poterat potuit potuerat

translation He is able He were able He was/has been able He had been able

1st plural possumus poterāmus potuimus potuerāmus

translation we are able we were able we were/have been able We had been able

2nd plural potestis poterātis potuistis potuerātis

translation You are able You were able You were/have been able You had been able

3rd plural possunt poterant potuērunt potuerant

translation they are able they were able they were/have been able

They had been able

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Conjugate and translate the following tenses for volō, velle, voluī, — “want, wish.”


1st singular volō volēbam voluī volueram

translation I want I was wanting I (have) wanted I had wanted

2nd singular vīs volēbās voluistī voluerās

translation You want You were wanting You (have) wanted You had wanted

3rd singular vult volēbat voluit voluerat

translation He wants He was wanting He (has) wanted He had wanted

1st plural volumus volēbāmus voluimus voluerāmus

translation We want We were wanting We (have) wanted We had wanted

2nd plural vultis volēbātis voluistis voluerātis

translation You want You were wanting You (have) wanted You had wanted

3rd plural volunt volēbant voluērunt voluerant

translation They want They were wanting They (have) wanted They had wanted

Conjugate and translate the following tenses for nolō, nolle, noluī, — “not want, wish.”


1st singular nolō nolēbam noluī nolueram

translation I don’t want I was not wanting I (have) not wanted I had not wanted

2nd singular Non vīs nolēbās noluistī noluerās

translation You don’t want You were not wanting

You (have) not wanted

You had not wanted

3rd singular Non vult nolēbat nvoluit noluerat

translation He doesn’t wants He was not wanting He (has) not wanted He had not wanted

1st plural nolumus nolēbāmus noluimus noluerāmus

translation We don’t want We were not wanting We (have) not wanted

We had not wanted

2nd plural Non vultis nolēbātis noluistis noluerātis

translation You don’t want You were not wanting

You (have) not wanted

You had not wanted

3rd plural nolunt nolēbant noluērunt noluerant

translation They don’t want They were not wanting

They (have) not wanted

They had not wanted

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translation We go We were going we went/have gone We had gone

2nd plural ītis ībātis iistis ierātis

translation You go You were going You went/have gone You had gone

3rd plural eunt ībant iērunt ierant

translation They go they were going they went/have gone They had gone

C. Imperative Mood (gives a command to one or more person/s.)

Conjugate the imperative forms for the following verbs:

Singular Plural

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus amā amāte

sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessus sedē sedēte

ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus duc(I’m not sure why this was used. It is irregular) ducite

sentiō, sentīre, sensī, sensus sentī sentīte

e.g. dā cibum servō! Give the slave food!

e.g. legite epistulās! Read the letters!

Negative imperatives use the word(s) nōlī/nōlīte with the infinitive.

e.g. Mārce, nōlī bibere aquam! Marcus, don’t drink the water!

puerī, nōlīte currere! Boys, don’t run!

D. Participles

Participles are also known as verbal adjectives because they are part verb and part adjective. Like verbs, they have tense, which tells the time of the verb, and voice. Like

adjectives, they have number, gender, and case, all three of which must agree with the noun that they describe.

Present active participles are formed from the present stem of the verb (1st/2nd principal part). The

nominative singular ends in ns the rest of the forms change this ending to nt and then add 3rd declension endings.

Perfect passive participles are the fourth principal part of verbs. They may often be translated with the ending -ed into English. N.B. They are not always translated with -ed: singed, telled, sinked, thinked.

Give the Present active and Perfect passive Participles for the following verbs and translate.

Present active Translationclamō, clamāre “shout”

clamāns shouting

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Present active Translationterreō, terrēre “scare”

terrēns scaring

garriō, garrīre “gossip”

garriēns gossipping

contendō, contendere “hurry”

contendēns hurrying

capiō, capere – “take”

capiēns taking

Participles are declined like 3rd declension adjectives. Give the forms for laudans, laudantis “praising”

Masculine of laudans Feminine of laudans Neuter of laudans

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular PluralNominative laudāns laudantēs laudāns laudantēs laudāns laudantiaGenitive laudantis laudantium laudantis laudantium laudantis laudantiumDative laudantī laudantibus laudantī laudantibus laudantī laudantibusAccusative laudantem laudantēs laudantem laudantēs laudāns laudantiaAblative laudante laudantibus laudante laudantibus laudante laudantibus

Underline the participle and connect it to the noun it describes. Then translate each sentence.

1. tum Plancus nobiscum ibat garriens. Then Plancus, talking, was going with us.

2. Ego deum in templum sedentem adorabam. I was worshipping the god sitting in the temple

3. sacerdotes effigiem portantes ad templum contendunt. The priests, carrying the statue, hurry to the temple.

4. Salvius Clementem salutans ridet. Salvius, greeting Clemens, laughs.

5. Salvius Clementem ridentem salutat. Salvius greets the laughing Clemens.

6. dominus latronem e villā servum fugientem necat. The master kills the robber fleeing from the house.

7. servus punitus e villā contendit. The punished slave hurries from the house.

8. Metella in foro ambulans togam Quinto natalem celebranti quaerebat. Metella, walking in the forum, was seeking a toga for Quintus, who was celebrating his birthday.

9. Servi Salvium vulneratum ad villam portaverunt. The slaves carried the wounded Salvius to the house.

VI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Some adverbs come from adjectives. Others are simply exist only as adverbs, e.g. vix, hodie, mox, heri. 1st and 2nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs; 3rd declensions add -iter. Many English adverbs end -ly. Superlative adverbs replace -us with -e in order to become adverbs. Comparative adjectives replace -ior with -ius in order to become adverbs.

VII. Prepositions Choose the correct case for the object of the preposition in the following sentences.

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servī lectum ex tricliniō in hortum trahunt.

Quintus canem in viā videt.

Melissa cum Grumione prope theatrum lentē ambulābat.

Bregans apud Salvium lacrimat.

Plancus, a tabernā ambulāns, de templīs narrāvit.

VIII. Dependent clauses

In addition to causal and temporal clauses (introduced by quod and postquam) in Latin 1, relative clauses are also dependent/subordinate. All relative pronouns refer back to a noun in the sentence called the

antecedent. A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause, which provides additional

information about the antecedent. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedents in number

and gender, but their case comes from their grammatical function or use in their own clause.

Connect each relative pronoun with its antecedent (#1-3); select the correct pronoun (#4-5). Translate the sentences into English.

1. Rufilla, quae numquam laeta est, anulum habēre vult.Rufilla, who is never happy, wants to have a ring.

2. rex, cuius servī in fundō laborant, est Cogidubnus. The king, whose slaves work on the farm, is Cogidubnus.

3. rex servum, quī in hortō laborat, laudat. The king praises the slave who works in the garden.

4. ancillae, quās rex vituperat, e villā effugiunt. The slave-girls whom the king scolds flee from the house.

5. templum, cui in Alexandriā appropinquāvī, magnum erat. The temple which we approached in Alexandria was great.

6. subito Salvius servōs, quī non laborabant, punīvit. Suddenly Salvius punished the slaves who were not working.

IX. Quam

With the positive adjective, quam means how. With the comparative adjective, quam means than. With the superlative adverb, quam mean as…as possible. Quam can also be the feminine accusative singular relative pronoun.

e.g. Quam callidus est Quīntus! How clever Quintus is!

e.g. Clēmēns est callidior quam Grumiō. Clemens is smarter than Grumio!

e.g. pūgnāvit quam fortissimē. He fought as bravely as possible.

e.g. puella quam videō est Cornelia. The girl whom I see is Cornelia.

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IX. Interrogatives/Question words

-ne is attached to the first word in a Latin sentence to indicate a simple yes or no question.nōnne is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be yes.num is used as an introductory word in a Latin sentence to show the answer is anticipated to be no.

e.g. estne Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Is Marcus a Roman boy?

e.g. nōnne est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus is a Roman boy, isn’t he? /Surely Marcus is a Roman boy?

e.g. num est Mārcus Rōmānus puer? Marcus isn’t a Roman boy, is he? / Surely Marcus is not a Roman boy?

Latin questions can also be introduced by certain adverbs and pronouns.

e.g. quis Who? quid What? ubi Where? cūr Why?

Revised 5/13/2023 16

Documents

· Web viewSome adverbs come from adjectives. Others are simply exist only as adverbs, e.g. vix, hodie, mox, heri. 1st and 2nd declension adjectives replace -us with -e in order