Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer

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AN ARTICLE TEMPLATE FOR FRONTIER JOURNALS BY GLOBAL DIGITAL CENTRAL

First Authora,* Second Authora, Third Authorb,†

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ABSTRACT

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1. INTRODUCTION

To minimize the time between submission and publication, all papers that are published by Frontiers Journals must adhere to the article preparation instructions outlined in this template. The formatting instructions apply to both the manuscripts that are submitted for review, and the final paper that is produced by the authors following the review process. This template works best with Microsoft Word 2003. For different versions of Microsoft Word, please make sure all requirements specified in this document are followed. If you are using LaTex, a LaTex template is available for download at our website at https://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/journals/public/site/HMT-LaTex-Template.zip.

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2. GENERAL GUIDELINES

The text of the paper (except the abstract) must be formatted in two-col-umn. If any of the figures or tables is too wide to be placed in one col-umn, they may be placed at the top or bottom of a page as one-column. Manuscripts must be written in clear, concise and grammatically correct English (either American or British style but not a mixture of both). Pa-pers that do not conform to these requirements will be returned to the authors without review.

2.1 Initial Submission

Before submission of your papers for review, please make sure that: The submission has not been previously published, nor it is

under simultaneous consideration by another journal (or an explanation has been provided in Comments to the Editor during online submission).

The work has been cleared for public release by the sponsor of your research.

This manuscript must contain all essential elements: text, ta-bles, graphics/figures (and captions), references, et cetera. The tables and graphics/figures may be integrated within the text instead of putting at the end of the paper.

The text adheres to the stylistic and bibliographic require-ments outlined in this template.

While the initial submission file may be in MS Word or PDF file format, the final papers must be in PDF file format. The

* Currently in New Business or Academic Affiliation, City, State/Province, Zip Code, Country† Corresponding author. Email: CorrespondingAuthor@YourInstitution.edu

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fonts must be embedded in the PDF file to ensure your paper is displayed properly (See Appendix).

2.2 Copyright

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3. PAPER FORMAT FOR SUBMISSIONUse 9 point serif font throughout, such as Times New Roman or a close variant. Margins must be 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) on the left, right, and bot-tom and 19 mm (0.75 inch) on the top, with standard Letter page size (216 × 279 mm2 or 8.5 × 11-inch2). The space between columns must be 0.25 inches (7 mm, 21 pt). The first paragraphs under headings and subheadings must be unindented, but all other paragraphs must be in-dented by 6.4 mm (0.25 inch). There must be no vertical spacing be-tween paragraphs.

3.1 Title and Author InformationAll items in the title block must be centered across both columns. The title must be set in upper case 16 pt bold font, with a 14 pt space above and a 14 pt space below. Abbreviations must not be used in the title of your paper unless they are very common for the community and cannot be avoided. The authors’ names must be set in 11 pt font, with an 11 pt space below.

If the authors are from different institutions, an alphabetical super-script must be used for each author to indicate institutional affiliation. The corresponding author must be identified by a symbol footnote and the email address of the corresponding author must be provided. If any additional information about other authors needs to be displayed, addi-tional symbol footnotes may be added at the bottom of the first page.

Following the author information, each institution with which any of the authors are affiliated must be listed, including addresses. The affili -ation and address must be indicated by superscripts as well, and set in 9 pt italic, with a 12 pt space below the final one.

3.2 Section and Subsection HeadingsThe sections and subsections are numbered automatically in this tem-plate. If you format your paper by hand, section and subsection head-ings are numbered using Arabic numerals separated by ‘.’ Subsections (heading 2, in MS Word) are 10 pt, boldface, and flush left. Sub-sub-sections (heading 3, in MS Word) are 10 pt, boldface, and flush left.

Sub-subsections are unnumbered, 10pt, boldface, with text (9 pt.) beginning immediately following the heading on the same line.

3.3 Equations, Numbers, Symbols, and Abbreviations

All equations must be numbered consecutively and the equation num-bers must be placed in parentheses flush right. While Equation Editor in MS Word may be used to type equations, MathType is recommended. Insert a blank line before and after equations.

Equations and are sample equations formatted using the preced-ing instructions. If symbols in your equation are not already defined be-fore the equation appears, they must be defined following the equation.

All variables in English or Greek must be typed using italic fonts, while the units must be typed using non-italic fonts. When the equa-tions are referred to use “Eq. ”, not “Equation (1)” except at the begin-ning of a sentence. If more than one equation is referenced, the abbrevi-ation “Eqs.” may be used in the middle of a sentence. At the beginning of a sentence, “Equations (1) and (2) are …” must be used.

When any abbreviations or acronyms are used for the first time, they must be defined. For example, dual-phase lag model (DPL) is widely used in descriptions of microscale heat transfer.

Fig. 1 Basic construction of a typical PEM fuel cell stack

3.4 Tables and Figures

The SI units must be used throughout the paper, including in tables and figures. Insert tables and figures within your document scattered throughout the text for easy reading. Do not place them at the end of the paper. Tables and figures must be numbered consecutively. Table titles and figure captions must be aligned to the left and the font size must be 9 pt. If your figure caption extents more than one line, the second line must be indented by 9.5mm (or 3/8 inch, see caption of Figs. 2 and 3). The figure caption must be brief and not repeat the information in the text.

Table 1 Surface tensions for different liquids.

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Type of liquid Liquid Temperature (°C)

Surface tension (mN/m)

Nonpolar Helium -271 0.26Nitrogen -153 0.20

Hydrogen-bonded (polar)

Ammonia -40 35.4Water 20 72.9

Metallic Mercury 20 484Silver 1100 878

If your table or figure cannot fit into one column, two-column-wide figures and tables may be used. You will need to insert section break (continues) before the two-column wide figure to switch to one column format. Another section break (continuous) needs to be added after the two-column-wide table or figure to switch back to two-column format. Tables must not duplicate information contained in the text. See Table 1 for style and column alignment.

The figures may either have one part (see Fig. 1) or have multiple parts (see Fig. 2). The figure captions must be placed directly below the figure. If your figure has multiple parts, include the labels “(a),” “(b),” “(c)” below each part but above the figure caption (see Fig. 2). All fig-ures and tables must be cited in the text. When citing a figure in the text, use the abbreviation “Fig.” except at the beginning of a sentence. However, do not abbreviate “Table.” All figures and tables must be numbered sequentially with relation to other figures and tables. All fig-ures and tables must be mentioned in the text; that figure or table must appear in the nearest available space. Do not leave large empty space below any figure or table.

(a) t = 0

(b) t = τ

(c) t =6 τ

Fig. 2 Line stretching at different time interval: (a) initial time, (b) one switch, and (c) one period of the mathematical braid.

4. CITATIONS AND LIST OF REFERENCES

All references must be at the end of the text and listed alphabetically based on the authors’ names and the year the reference was published, instead of the order it was cited. The list of references must be in 9-point font. To cite a reference, use the last name(s) of the author(s) fol-lowed by the year of publication in parentheses. For example, Braga and Viskanta (1990) investigated solidification of a binary solution on a cold surface. In most existing theoretical works, only the heating of thin films by a single femtosecond pulse was studied (Zhigilei et al., 2004). If the reference has one or two authors, spell out the names of all au -thors (e.g., Braga and Viskanta, 1990). If the reference has three or more authors, refer to the reference by using the first author’s name plus et al. in italic (e.g., Incropera et al., 2007; Zhigilei et al., 2004). If multiple references need to be cited in one set of parentheses, separate them by a semicolon (;). If the journal being cited uses CID (like all Frontier journals published by Global Digital Central), the CID [054910 in Zhang and Chen (2008)] must be used in lieu of the range of page numbers. All references cited by papers published by Global Digital Central must be linked to CorssRef by listing the DOI of each reference (if available, see DOI below Braga and Viskanta, 1990 and Zhang and Chen, 2008). For an instruction about CrossRef and DOI, please refer to Appendix B.

For papers presented in a conference or symposium, include the ti-tle of the paper, the name of the sponsoring society in full, and the date (Carey and Wemhoff, 2005). Electronic publications, CD-ROM publi-cations and regularly issued, dated electronic journals are permitted as references. References to electronic information available only from personal Web sites or commercial, academic, or government sites where there is no commitment to archiving the information are not al-lowed in the reference list. Articles from Thermal-Fluids Pedia may be cited (Thermal-Fluids Pedia editor, 2010).

The references must be grouped at the end of the paper in alpha-betical order of the last name of the first author in the style below.

Fig. 3 Contours of dimensionless temperature at SteFo=0.08 for melting of tin in square enclosure (Ra=2.5105, Pr =0.02 and Ste=0.01).

5. COMMON FORMATING ERRORS

The following are the common errors in formatting the paper and should be avoided:

The page size is setting to A4 (8.27 × 11.69 inch), instead Letter (8.5 × 11 inch).

Incorrect margin in all or some pages. Please note that Margins must be 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) on the left, right, and bottom and 19 mm (0.75 inch) on the top.

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The corresponding author's email address is not added as footnote in the first page.

Missing page numbers or page number is not centered. The page number must be centered with Times New Roman font size 9.

Large empty space after the figure near the bottom of column. The location of figures or text should be shifted to eliminate the empty space.

Using figures from prior publications without the permission from the original publisher to reuse these figures. It is authors’ responsibility to obtain permission and acknowledge the original publisher.

The reference format is number system, instead of should be author-date system.

DOIs of cited references are missing or hyperlink to the DOI is not provided. It is imperative that DOIs of the references must be included and hyperlink to the DOI must be provided.

The two columns in the last page is not the same height. You can add a page break – continuous at the end to resolve this problem if you are using MS Word.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Please note the conclusions must be the section that reviews the main points of the paper. Simply duplicating the abstract is not acceptable. Please make sure that no discussion of your results is given in the con-clusion section. Brief elaboration on the importance of the work or sug-gestion of applications and extensions is also appropriate. References must not be cited in the conclusions section. Note that the conclusion section is the last section of the paper to be numbered. The appendix (if present), acknowledgments, and references are sections without num-bers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

You may acknowledge the funding source of your work as well as sug-gestions and comments from, and discussions with colleagues in this section.

NOMENCLATURE

C heat capacity (J/m3·K)cp specific heat (J/kg·K)h latent heat of phase change (J/kg)k thermal conductivity (W/m·K) M molar mass (kg/kmol) q'' heat flux (W/m2)R reflectivity Rg specific gas constant (J/kg·K)t time (s) T temperature (K) u interfacial velocity (m/s) x coordinate (m)

Greek Symbols δ optical penetration depth (m) ε total emissivityρ density (kg/m3)σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/m2 ·K4)Superscripts 0 last time stepSubscripts 0 initial conditione electronl lattice∞ ambient environment

REFERENCES

Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L., and Lavine, A.S., 2007, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

Braga, S.L., and Viskanta, R., 1990, “Solidification of a Binary Solution on a Cold Isothermal Surface,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 33(4), 745-754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310%2890%2990172-Q

Carey, V.P. and Wemhoff, A.P., 2005, “Disjoining Pressure Effects in Ultra-Thin Liquid Films in Micropassages – Comparison of Thermodynamic Theory with Predictions of Molecular Dynamics Simulations,” IMECE2005-80234, Proceedings of 2005 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Orlando, FL.

Thermal-Fluids Pedia editor, 2010, “Melting and Solidification,” Thermal-Fluids Pedia, http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/e-encyclopedia/index.php/Melting_and_Solidification (accessed April 15, 2010).

Zhang, Y., and Chen, J. K., 2008, “Ultrafast Melting and Resolidification of Gold Particle Irradiated by Pico- to Femtosecond Lasers,” Journal of Applied Physics, 104, 054910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2975972

Zhigilei, L. V., Ivanov, D. S., Leveugle, E., Sadigh, B., and Bringa, E. M., 2004, "Computer modeling of laser melting and spallation of metal targets," Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5448, SPIE.

APPENDIX A: CONVERTING YOUR FILE TO PDF

In order to dramatically shorten the period between initial submission and the final publication of a peer-reviewed article, we have adopted Adobe’s Portable Document Format (PDF) as the only permissible file format for the accepted paper. While the production of PDF documents is generally a straightforward procedure, precautions must be taken to ensure that your paper will be displayed properly on any computer in the world. Although multiple approaches exist to convert your file to PDF, we strongly recommend using Adobe Acrobat to convert your documents into PDF.

It is imperative to have fonts embedded in the PDF file, i.e., all of the font information used to make your document look the way it does must be is stored in your PDF file. If the fonts are not embedded, Acro-bat will use substitute fonts that are available on the reader's computer. When this happens, significant differences between your intended out-put and what the reader observes will occur. This is especially impor-tant if your PDF file is created using a computer with special fonts or symbols (e.g., Asian languages) and viewed using a computer without the special fonts. We recommend using Acrobat Distiller, not PDF printer, to generate the PDF file. To use Acrobat Distiller and Microsoft Word to generate a PDF file, the following procedure is recommended:

1. Start MS Word and open your file2. From the Tools menu, choose Options. 3. Click the Save tab and then check the box marked "Embed

TrueType fonts." However, the two sub-boxes, "Embed characters in use only" and "Do not embed common system fonts" must NOT be checked. Click OK.

4. From the Adobe PDF menu, choose Change Conversion Settings. In the drop-down menu for Conversion Settings, make sure you choose Press Quality. This will ensure the PDF file that you create is of high quality for press. Click OK.

5. From the Adobe PDF menu, choose Convert to Adobe PDF. You will be prompted to enter the filename and directory under which your file will be saved. After the filename and directory is selected, click Save to generate the PDF file.

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6. You can also see where the file is being saved as indicated in the Print dialog. You may need to make note on the directory where your file is saved so that you can find it later. This is especially important if you are not prompted to enter a filename and directory in the previous step.

APPENDIX B: DOI OF REFERENCES

Global Digital Central is a member of CrossRef, which is a citation linking network that spans millions of resources (including journals, books, conferences, dissertations, datasets, gray literature and other materials), across several centuries. This membership ensures that papers published in all Global Digital Central journals will be accessible and cited by authors of other peer-reviewed journal papers

published by hundreds of publishers around the globe. As a member of CrossRef, Global Digital Central will assign DOI to all of its published paper and deposit them in CrossRef to allow other members (publishers) to link to them. The DOI of the reference may be obtained by using the Simple-Text Query Form from CrossRef available at http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/. You may simply paste one or more references into the form (each reference must begin on a new line) and click “Submit” to obtain the DOIs. Please make sure that the font used in DOI is Times New Roman with font size 9. The prefix “http://dx.doi.org/” must be added before the DOIs so that the readers can click the DOI to access the reference. For example, if the DOI of an article is 10.1016/0017-9310(90)90172-Q, it should be displayed as http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(90)90172-Q.

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