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GDTEBORGS KUNGL. VETENSKAPS· OCH VITTERHETS.SAMHALLE
REPORTS OFTHE SWEDISH DEEP-SEA
EXPEDITION1947-1948
EDITED BY
HANS PETTERSSONSCIENTIFIC LEADER OF THE EXPEDITION
VOLUME VI
Sediment Cores from the
West PacificFASC.II
GOTEBORG
ELANDERS BOKTRYCKERI AKTIEBOLAG
REPORTS OF THE SWEDISH DEEP·SEA EXPEDITION. VOL. VI
SEDIMENT CORES FROM THE WEST PACIFIC. NO.2
CHEMICAL ANALYSES
OF CORES FROM THE CENTRAL AND
WEST EQUATORIAL PACIFIC
BY
G. R. BERRIT AND H. ROTS CHI
"
This study reports the results of chemical
analysis of sediment cores colleeted from the
Equatorial part of the Central and West Pacific.
AIl 27 cores, on average 10m long contained
red clay, radiolarian ooze and globigerina ooze.
Cores from the western part of the region
investigated showed more or less important
terrigenous deposits.
Collection and Preliminary Treatment ofSamples
The treatment of the cores aboard the
ship immediately after their collection, as weIl
as the preserving methods employed, were
published in detail by G. ARRHENIUS (1952).
The samples, usually cut out at space intervals
of 10cm and with an average thickness of
1.5 cm, were ground, and dried at 20° C in
air of 60 % humidity. They were then put
into glass tubes which were closed with corks.
The temperature of 20° C and the saturation
of 60 pel' cent representing ordinary laboratory
conditions, the changes in weight during storage
are unimportant and may be neglected when
correction factors such as water content and
salinity are calculated.
Determination of CaCOa , C, N, P 205
The determinations of carbonate, carbon,
organic nitrogen and phosphate contents were
carried out in the laboratory of Dr. O. ARRHE
NIUS (Kagghamra, Sweden) under the supervi
sion of Dr. G. ARRHENIUS & MRS. B. SCHWAB.
The methods used have been thoroughly
described by G. ARRHENIUS (1952), but wc
shall here briefly repeat the principles:
Carbonate. The sediment is submitted to the
action of hot diluted phosphoric acid. The
carbon dioxide thus released is collected in il,
gasometer and its volume is evaluated.
Organic Carbon. The same method is used
as for the determination of CaCOa• The
residue from the phosphoric acid action is
treated by boiling with a solution of potas
sium iodate in concentrated sulphuric acid.
The carbon dioxide derived from the
oxidation of organic carbon is collected
and volumetrically measured.
Organic n'itrogen. A modification of the me
thods »micro-Kjeldahh described by PREG
LE-GRANT is employed.
Phosphate. The method is based on the colo
rimetric determination of ammonium phos
phomolybdate described by BELL and
DOISY, modified by O. ARRHENIUS.
Determination of Iron, Manganese andNickel
For the red clay and the radiolarian ooze the
iron, manganese and nickel analysis havc
generally been carried out at 10 cm. intervals.
For the callcareous terrigenous sediments, larger
space intervals up to 50 cm in some cores,
were chosen.
The cores analysed at 10 cm intervals are
the following:
73, 76, 77, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 95, 98, 99.
100, 101, 103.
54 REPORTS OF THE SWEDISH DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION. VOL. VI. SEDIMENT CORES. NO. 2
At every 20 cm:
6!:l, 70, 71, 72, 75, !:l3, 97, 105.
At every 30 cm:
106.
At every 50 cm:
74, 91, 96.
The analysis had in view the iron, manganese,
and in certain cores nickel content.
Nickel was measured in the following cores:
69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88,
98, 101.
Iron, manganese and nickel were measured
colorimetrically in the same solution obtained by
treating the sediment with hot concentrated HCL
Dissolution
A quantity of sediment, 0.5- 2 g (according
to the calcareous content) is weighed and
dried for 24 hours in the drying room at 105 a C,
receptacle used for weighing, is emptied into
a beaker of 150 ml and is rinsed with 10-15
ml HCI 1/3. This solution is evaporated on a
sand bath and about 10 ml concentrated HCI
is added twice to the dry residue thus rendering
the silica insoluble. The treatment is continued
with a mixture of 2.5 ml concentrated nitric
acid and 2.5 ml concentrated perchloric acid
until abundant white fumes are released. The
latter procedure is repeated three times.
Dissolved in HCI 1/3 on the sand bath, the
filtrate is washed in hot Hel 1/3 and diluted
to 100 ml.
Colorimetrie Analyses
Iron. The thiocyanate method was chosen
in spite of its disadvantages, because it is
simple and rapid. This method is described by
SANDELL (1944). The red colour produced by
iron oxide in acid medium with potassium
thiocyanate which can he used in strongly acid
solutions is employed. As the colouration
obtained depends on the excess of thiocyanate
and of the amount of acid present in the
solution, it is important that exactly the same
SeN-ion concentrations are used for each mea
surement as weIl as for the standardizatiom'.
The sensitiveness of the method is improved
by an excess of thiocyanate and the colouration
in this case is less dependent on the pH. ln
order to avoid a partial iron hydrolysis the pH
should, however, be moderate. As the iron
thiocyanate complex does not strictly follow
BEER'S law, it is an advantage always to
operate with an approximately constant quant
ity of iron. The colour of the solution when
exposed to light tends to fade, which is due to
the partial reduction of iron by thiocyanate or
its decomposition products. Furthermore, a
slow reaction between thiocyanate and nitric
acid causes the formation of a yeIlow-brown
colouring. It is therefore advisable to make
the reading of the extinction immediately after
the colouration appears.
The course of the analysis is as follows: to
a volume of the solution to be analysed, con
taining 0.1-0.5 mg iron, 1 ml fuming nitric
acid is added in order to oxidize the ferrous
iron. For some minutes the solution is boiled
and then cooled. Then 10 ml of a solution 0.1
N HCI and also, 10 ml of a solution of 10 pel'
cent KSCN is added; it is diluted to a final
volume of 100 ml. Five minutes after the addi
tion of thiocyanate, the extinction at 470 mp is
measured in the BECKMAN spectrophotometer.
Likewise, the standardization curve is estab
lished by reading the extinction five minutes
later, delay which represents the necessary time
for the manipulations between the adding of
the reagent and the reading of the extinction.
Some samples have been examined with th aid of
ZEISS-PULFRICH photometer and filter S. 53.
Manganese. The method employed has been
described by NYDAHL (1949). The manganese
is oxidized to permanganate and the intensity
of the colouration is measured. The oxidizing
agent used is ammonium persulphate with sil
ver nitrate as a catalyst. The presence of phos
phoric acid prevents the precipitation of manga-
.,'1
- 1
1~'
~ 1.. '
G. R. BERRIT AND H. ROTSCHI, CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CORES 55
..
nese dioxide. The addition of sorne mercuric
ions is a precaution against the silver chloride
which may be produced by Cl ions. The colour
ation is very rapidly developed and as long as
there is an excess of penmlphate it is quite
stable. The procedure is as follows:
In order to eliminate Cl ions the amount of
solution ta be analysed, containing O. 10-0.50
mg manganese, is evaporated to dryness on
the sand bath; this elimination is completed by
l'e-collecting the dry residue with sorne con
centrated nitric acid and again evaporating to
dryness. The residue is dissolved in water to
which is added 4 ml of the following catalytic
solution containing per liter:
75 g mercuric sulphate
400 ml concentrated nitric acid
200 ml 85% phosphoric acid
0.034 g silver nitrate
then about 2 g ammonium persulphate is added
to the solution which is heated till boiling
point, cooled and diluted to 100 ml. The
extinction is measured by means of the BECK
!llAN (525 mp) or by the PULFRICH (filter S. 53).
Nickel. The nickel is studied by the coloura
tian it gives with dimethylglyoxime. The method
has been described by SANDELL (1944); 10
25 ml of the solution, corresponding to a
quantity of nickel of sorne tens of ,', is used.
at first the nickel is extracted, in order to avoid
the perturbations of colour due ta cobalt, alu
minium and manganese. The nickel, ,together
with the dimethylglyoxime in a slightly alka
line medium, gives a specific red-brown coloura
tion. The sensitiveness of the reaction is very
high. The colouration develops immediately
after the addition of dimethylglyoxime and it
remains stable for at least 15 minutes. There
after it has a tendency to decrease slowly. The
procedure is as follows:
To a part of the solution containing 20-50 y
nickel is added 5 ml of an aqueous 10 per cent
solution of sodium citrate in order to avoid the
precipitation of iron and aluminium. Neutral-
ization is obtained with concentrated ammonia
until the litmus paper turns blue. 2 ml of a
1 per cent dimethylglyoxime solution in alcohol
are added. The complex dimethylglyoxime is
extracted three times in chloroform. The
extract is washed with 5 ml ammonia 1/50
and the complex is destroyed by stirring it
twice with a solution of 0.5 N. hydrochloric acid.
The nickel enters into the hydrochloric solution
and the dimethylglyoxime remains dissolved
in the chloroform. Bromine water is added to
the hydrochloric extract for its oxidation, then
concentrated ammonia until the bromine colour
ing disappears. 0.5 ml 1 per cent alcoholic
solution of dimethylglyoxime is added. The
colouration appears at once; the extinction at
520 mp is measured after dilution to 100 ml.
Verification and Control of Iron, Manganese and Nickel Analyses
The study of errors concerned:
the reliability and precision of the colorimetric
determinations,
the reliability of the hydrochloric acid ex
traction,
the completeness of the iron, manganese and
nickel dissolution by the hydrochloric acid.
Accuracy and Reliability of theColorimetrie Determinations
Iron. If the indications of acidity, time of
development of the colour and concent~ation
of reagents are observed, and if the concentra
tion limits 0.1-0.5 mg iron in 100 ml of final
colorimetric solution, are maintained, the abso
lute accuracy is in the order of 0.005 mg.
Many solutions have been analysed two or
even three times, from which it is inferred
that the accuracy of the colorimetric determin
ation under the above mentioned conditions is
as follows
> 2 %of the content of ]'e2Ûa for ]'e2Û~ > 5 %> 5 %of the content of Fe2Û~ for ]'c2Ûa < 5 %.
56 REPOR'l'S 01<' THE SWELJISH DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION. VOL. VI. SEDIMEN'l' CORES. NO. 2
i~fanganese. The accuracy exceeds 3 pel' cent
for the Mn0 2 values above 0.1 pel' cent, and ex
ceeds 10 pel' cent for values less than O. 1 pel' cent.
Nickel. The accuracy is about 3 pel' cent.
Verification of Solutions. Reliability' of
the Chlorine Extraction
The dissolution method of rendering silica
insoluble has the advantage of being simple
and not requiring expensive material. It is a
convenient method for series analysis. It has
the inconvenience of being lengthy and does
not guarantee a total dissolution moreover,
the silica-gel, by adsorption, always retains a
certain quantity of metallic oxides.
Attempts have been made to shorten the
method by working with higher temperatures
in the sand bath. But if the dissolution process
is carried out in less than 24 hours insufficient
dissolution, of iron and speciaUy manganese are
obtained 24 hours , manganese and even iron
may remain undissolved.
One sample out of ten has been submitted
to an extraction control: two solutions, some
times three, were prepared with this sample
and colorimetricaUy analysed for iron, manga
nese and nickel. In this way the value of the
reliability (error in extraction + error in
colorimetric analyses) is obtained.
Two solutions of the same sample showed
the foUowing differences:
for Fe20 a: < 6 pel' cent with a mean value of
3 pel' cent for a content of
Fe20 a > 2 pel' cent
< la pel' cent with a mean value of
6 pel' cent for a content of
Fe20 a between 1 and 2 pel' cent
< 15 pel' cent with a mean value of
8 pel' cent for a content of
"B'e20 a of < 1 pel' cent
for Mnü 2 : < la pel' cent with a mean value of
.'5 pel' cent
for NiO: < 10 pel' cent with a mean vaIne of
5 pel' cent.
Efficiency of the Hydrochloric Dissolution
In order to find out the quantities of iron, man
ganese and nickel that may escape dissolution by
the hydrochloric acid, three series of verifica
tions were performed in the course of analysis:
a) Study of the siliceous residues which were
submitted, either to a treatment by fusion
with alkaline carbonate or to a hydro
fluoric acid treatment.
b) Treatment of sorne samples by fusion with
alkali carbonate
c) Treatment of sorne samples by Hydrofluoric
acid.
The hydrofluoric acid treatment used by COR
RENS (1935) for the chemical study of the
samples from the METEOR is the best method.
Unfortunately it is difficult to apply it to ana
lysis of large series, which require 30 or 40
platinum crucibles which is generaUy impracti
cable for economic reasons. But this method
remains the most favourable for control, as
it makes possible a complete dissolution of
the sample with a maximum of certainty.
The fusion with alkaline carbonates also offers
a good treatment, but economically it is open
to the same objections, for only platinum or
gold crucibles can be used. Furthermore, the
alkaline fusion requires rather high tempera
tures and presents the disadvantage of adding
to the solution considerable quantities of alka
line chlorides which ultimately have to be
eliminated for the colorimetric determination
of the manganese.
The three series »a», »b», »c» agree in showing
that in nearly aU cases the iron, manganese
and nickel are almost entirely dissolved. In
sorne rare cases, it is found that smaU quanti
ties of iron or manganese exceeding laper cent
of the total content are retained on the filter.
These clearly incomplete solutions are easily
recognized, as the siliceous residue on the filter
is of a brown colour. Whenever this is observed,
a supplementary solution is prepared by fusion
with alkaline carbonates or by hydroflyoric ..
G. R. BERRIT AND H. ROTSCHI, CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CORES
Average concentration in per cent
57
fi!!
'i0
il
7'2
7;)
iG
77
Hô
H7
HH
H9
ill
!J:l
9ii
on97!lH
flll
100
101
1O:l
105
lOli
U;.8
1.0
O.li
0.7
0.:.HO.'-'H4.6
:l0.4
0.4
O.:)
0.4
(1.4
0.4
O. :.
0.4
SO.:l
l'l~.:l
Hli.2
Hô.li
7R.8
70.2
15.4
12.1
7.4
8.4
12.017.:;
0.2ii
0.:\1
0.:14
O.:JÜ
0.5ii
0.:)0
0.a8
0.a2
O. :J4
0..,1
0.52
0.61
0.20
0.:12
n. 2 4
O. :Hi
IU8
0.41
0.:10
0.24
0.24
0.25
0.38
0.a6
0.44
0.57
0.:12
:l.:l4
0.51
J .4:l
2.:2::
2.11
:l.1 !I
1. 0 ()
0.84
n.all
0.20
0.42
0.4(1
0.:.7
0.70
0.11 0
0.(121
O.n:la
0.(1;11
O.O:ll
0.014
O.nlo
0.015
0.054
0.035
0.042
O. li li 1
0.041
0.O'l5
0.n5;;
O. nl:1
O.n2:]
0.027
0.n20
0.030
O. n:ll
O.Oü:.
0.067
0.084
0.080
0.077
O.O!l!;
n. ()]:~ ! :!. i:!
1. ï (1
1. i 2
~.-1:-,
0.70
0.080 0.11
0.08'l 0.00
0.021 0.60
O.GO
L:lI!
0.4:]
0.:14
0.471.ü(J
1. ao
0.li8ü 0.10
0.140 0.07
0.20;; 0.06
O.2ii O.(~(l
0.147 O.CK
O.IO(j 0.10
0.083 O.:n
0.07ii 0.20
O.n!ln 0.26
0.008 0.26
O.O!l!l 0.18
0.11 R 0.1:,
2.47
o.;; 1
0.42
0.47
0.44
O.'l!I
O. :J:\
O.nO.'l 4
0.20
0.20
0.24
0.1 H
2.88
:~. 4!1
3.411
:l.:,o
:?()!)
0.1 !I
0.1 :l
O.'l8
1. 78
2.16
1.1 li
1.12
0.48
1. 7 7
1.44
0.17
0.10
0.10
0.00
0.011
0.21
U.52
0.57
0.74
0.70
O.:) :.
0.24
1.1 :.
1. 12
D.Hi
(1.41
0.64
0.7:)
O. ,II
0.46
0.74
0.66
0.65
0.70
0.78
O.Hl0.2!!
10.10
G.UD
H.l :!
-l-.nll
0.78
0.47
2.:! :J
7.44
fi, i!)
;j.CK
(U 4
~.88
li.! ,
7. n7
0.47
Loo
O.HO
O.7K
1.:11
2.27
i.OB
7. ,)!)
1'l.01
7.06
n,(}O
ô.47
2.üB
G.64
G.12
fi. 41
8.;~ fi
~.4H
H.O:)
O.O'lO
O.o'lo
0.n61
0.0(10
O.o:n
0.000
0.no6
O.O'lO
0.040
0.oa6
O.oao
0.U24
0.014
O.O:JI
0.021
0.004
0.000
0.020
n.020
O.n:ln
0.(L'4
0.044
0.0 :lI!
. 0.021
O.niD
0.020
-"----------------- .------------------------------
*) m,lue",1 to lime eontent. = O.
acid treatment. Usually, the siliceous residnes
contain Jess than fi pel' cent of the total Fei)3'
Jess than 5 pel' cent of the total Mn0 2 and lel3s
than 10 pel' cent of the total NiO. Considering
the errors due to colorimetrie analysis which
are of the same order, the hydrochloric acid
extraction is a satisfactory method though it
gives too low results by a few pel' cent.
These tests have shown that hydrochloric
solutions are unsuitable for titanium deter
minations: 30-70 pel' cent of the total tita
nium being found in the siliceous residue. The
fusion with carbonates and the hydrofluoric
acid treatment give a complete dissollltion
of the whole of Titanium mineraIs.
Corrections
Two kinds of con'ections must be applied to
the gross result.s: Firstly a correction for the
water content to the values CaC03 , C, N, P205'
In order to avoid a possible destruction of
organic matter, the determinations have bf'en
made with samples dried at 20° C (ARRHE
NIUS (1952). A correction is necessary for con
verting the values to sediment dried at 10;;°.
For this purpose the value H 20 has been
determined. H 20 gives the water content of
sediment dried at 20° by comparison with the
same sediment dried at 105°. There is a
rather close relationship between H 20 and the
content of CaCOa: H 20 is of the order of 1
pel' cent in calcareous sediments; when the
carbonate content decreases, H 20 increases gra
dually to a value of 6-S pel' cent for sediments
containing about 10 pel' cent CaCOa . For red
clays pOOl' in CaCOa, H 20 may exceed 10 pel' cent.
Secondly a correction for salim:ty. After being
dri.ed the sediment holds a certain quantity
of salts soluble in water; this results from the
evaporation of interstitial water. This salinity
58 REPol'tTS OF THE SWEDISH DEEP-SEA EXPEDITION. VOL. VI. SEDIMENT CORES. NO. 2
of the sediment has been determined by
titration of the chlorinity - according ta the
method of MOHR - from a solution originating
from the digestion of about 0.1 g of sediment.
Expression of Results
The values CaCOa, C'I N, P 20 5 , Mn02 , NiO
are expressed in percentage of sediment dried
at 105 0 C and tree trom salts. Besides the gross
values the reported percentages of sediment
free from carbonates have been analogously
calculated; they always figure on the diagrams
when the carbonate content is high enough
or sufficiently variable ta obscure certain varia
tions by effects of dilution.
These results are presented as diagrams;
tables with figures wouId involve a cast not
warranted by their usefulness. As for the cores
from the East Pacifie, it is possible ta obtain
primary values of analysis with the aid of the
sorne punched cards which were used for the
calculations. Duplicates of these cards may be
obtained from the Oceanographie Institute,
Box 1038, Goteborg 4, Sweden.
Furthermore, the diagrams incIude a repre
sentation of sediment colours according ta the
method of OSTWALD (1939).
References
ARRHENIUS, G.1952. Sediment cores from the East Pacific. Sw. Deep
Sea Exp. 1947- 48. Vol. V. Fasc. I.CORRENS, C. W.
1935. Die Sedimente des Âquatorialen Atlantischen
Ozeans. 'Viss. Erg. Deutsch. Atl. Exp. Meteor.Bd. III. 3 Teil, I. l,ief.
NYDAHL, F.
1949. Determinations of manganese by the peroxydisulfate method. Anal. Chim. Acta 3 144.
OflTWALD, \V.
1939. Die kleine Farbmesstafel. Gottingen.
HANDELL, E. B.
1944. Colorimetric determinations of traces of metals.
lnterscience. Publishers Inc. New York.
HVERDRUP, H. U., JOHNflON, M. \V. and FLEMING, K. H.
1946. The oceans. New York.• 1
•
2 3 e e e s r
" l..ll.-
B~I--
I--
~>
~i----------j
f--
~.-
~-
~<,
'-- .....-Z
\..
/./
./~
~(
e-:~
IQ---",/"7
')c/
'""'"..-)
Pr......
~
17
8060
T-',~ -:,."~,, .:-~ .. "-" ._- ,.,... -:. ,""";'-1' Part of core 76' 1
~ ~~s~~:~~d__~~ :~st~_k_e ._'
40
N 10'(l-CaCO,)
20
LL....-
(
~
(
R~
~ti
«
H
8J
w......f---[7
~Hf------)~
f-----1
c----=
~BI----
~k"- f
U
~
N 10'
,I
,
C 10', (l-CaCO,)i
20 40' 60 80 100 120
--... I
--e:::cI
<1~
if'~I,..... ,i-
<J'
>---<;;.J,
»r---<H
.<.: .....
>y'j!.,
fITJ::::
R;.>
">
-----1J,<
',---r --...;;::'-
I _..-"I
1.-,.--.'
4.-<:I<:I:<«
-<<I:
I"< :--
< ,~
«: I-,..I-
FCI:--- to-.
'-..
<cl:::J
,,
6040
C 10'20 -
IT"'""........
-e:::cI(I
':>
11,.-
<
<,
»\(
\.(.,
»../""""1
11'"::::
(
<f\ ->
\J.)
('
<4'
)
<~,/------'
~~
~K
<c
p:c«
r----i~
,.-
I
R<
< .
100 0806040
CaCO,·/.20
wc e 9 I I
BH
100
200
300
400
500
700
800
900
600
emO
1100
1000
1200,'\L
"
1300
~,
J,
'\
NIO 10'
MnO, 103 (1-CaC03) Core 69
MnO, 10' (l-CaCO,) NIO 10'70 JO 40 50 0
~Oem
i-----------I 100
)1-------------:4
+------oJ' ,
+--~-----:71'<:~L .
s
0,) P,O, 10' Fe,O,'j,
P,O, 10' (l-CaCO,) Fe,03/' (l-CaCO,)40 100 200 300 400 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
<. -<Jn<, ,< \
----~...J
'I
'" /> I ~
"< I '<,
g" -er\.. I..-> I ~
.> I «'11 ---{ I
____ r--,
< " I .............
t---<l ( g; ,
-~....( I .
( I \j----/
\ '81 \( 11
---------'
~~~~ -- ~ ::L _______~~:- a I .. _- - -- -
-- -- -
~~-"
<J "
-If - -- '-'-- --- :- -- -
NIO 10'
MnO, 103 (l-CaCO,) Core 70MnO, 10] (l-CaCO,) NIO 10'
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 2 4Oem
<QJ ~\
"-)
,
Ii -~ " ----z 100~",
/." >-(/.~ -
~- g' 200
,
~ "'t,:-.
........... '-.. ------i 300, --------l
/1/
111'/[ ~I - I400
10 12
+-------'(\+-----1/
20 .0 60 80 0 20
NlOC 10' (l-CaC
C 10' (l-CaCO,) N 10'
Fe,O,'j,
(l-CaCO,)
N 10' P,O, 10' Fe,03'!,
20 40 60
CaCO,'j,wBH
100
500
400
200
400
300
300
cm0 _3 4 C c 9 I I g I r n p 0,------,---,----,---,--,---,----,
CaC03'1,
H B W C 10'
emOp o 10 20 40
l
100
1-
200
H B W CaCO, 010 C 10'
emO 5 6 I 1 n p
100
200 -
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
N 10' P,O, 10'
II
,.,cL,6 I B
~ C:::::l-
-----......;
---<j1\y),..
I\I"1/I \
Y\:
X
:":..--
I
---(----f-
~i
!
~~ i
I~ I,
1
--7 I
~ i
~I
[I
i------' I
MnO,103
20 30 40 50
PI<,
\I
/-,
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100
200
300
400
500
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700
800
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1000
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300
500
800
900
100
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1000
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100
500
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700
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1100
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1200
1300
1000
1400
200
300
400
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500
800
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1300
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100
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500
700
1300
1200
1000
600
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400
200
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400
500
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300
700
Oem
1100
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800
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1300
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1300
1200
1000
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500
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800
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800
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H B W CaCO, 'I, C 10' N 10' P,O,lO' MnO,lO]Core 86
700
200
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300
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700
500
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1000
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200
500
400
600
700
800
100
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100
200
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300
800
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i1I
{
Core 93
500
300
200
100
400
Oem
600
700
800
1200
1400
900
1100
1300
1000
1500
141210
MnO,lO'MnO, 10' (I-Ca CO,)
o
~ ""
f-- ·II
f-- ,J
t---1 <,~,f--
~, ·f--I,"f-- " .
f--I <f-- ..
~. ,H ,.\ ..
~,
"----'~
~ · "~~f-'
.- ,
-,.,
-i~
/-
,~
ti - " -::.....: ---;> -.[f
. ' · -, ~-
-,
r--- lt-- \.l---j
8 ')
~'''- --~
- - -. -~ .~~., -1---7 .. ~ · -, - --
f- "
R <,,. .. .. .... _-r-'1-' - .. - -- . -t---7 .. - . ~- - - .. - .-f- r'f-
,f- , ..
~
f- r-' ::.I-- ,.f-' ,
~,
I- ~
"- ·•~ , ,--, ,,
~ I: · --::--') · · ·
",
f-~ -- -c- -.
'- - .-f-' ~
j/".
~.
~ ·r ,.' ~~
4 - - . -. ·h .~
~ -'--J --· - :...~
. ."
.-'. - - · -~ -- :.
f- . .' .f- " ~
~
r- , , ~
-1==f- --. - -- · - .'I"~f- - · .,
\""'f- ..I- .... .f- ,1-
..: ..'. ..
I--;'"
I-- ~.
~
Fe,O,'I,
Fe,O,'I, (l-CaCO,)
L; ".,f-
,,I
h f
H,
/H
,~
f- " ~...f-- '.I---' )
r---,.,
,,I-- .~
~
~
f- )
I <\r- ,
f--1 f<
~-, ,
),t'.,
IIIJ
"~ ~ :::r-( ~~.--
I--'~~
~;.
I
(,.",,(~
1/r-i "tJ
.~~
~
I,f--
~'~> ,
~~
~ ~,
f- 1
r- '",~
f-;-
~'f- I
f- k'-<t- ,t- ",f-
t
f- ·.t- •,-j
r:1I\\.
1
1,II,
~. ,
-:. '. ~
~.
I
-)..~ ,
- ,,
~~.'
/'~
" ~ ~.~
'-
~,
1 .' 0... '.r-- ~
~"
IJ
,,
·.:1 (
I,1
~.'
~, ,~
If--) I
I
S ,II·I
BO 100
I~I (I 'I-.
l.rI<C.
I '":/\
I <: 1..__
1. ...,..-,---;.
1<
1<11<1:~
p,o, 10'·(l-CaCO,)
1<'I >I
<:':<
20 40 60
I ~
-e:;::[ J\
LL:r,-I )I \..
)+--+I~<e."""
P,o, 10'N 10'
(l-(aCO,)100 200 30030
N 10'10
( 10'(1-CaCO,)
200 400 600o
<~-<l - ~~
[~>~
I <B
><:r:
<,
--~~I-------<~
f-----<
E~t/
<::
t-\[s: ......
~KK3>RI
>
=z:J~
:>
=\<...
;:>-<C....
3lir--z~
so60
( 10'4020
<1""1
~--(I -:::::-i .::.l... l.".1
;>:>
~I <
~...,..:.
-----....
~~?~
<<T
\
<f<:(
"-.rr~--
F£~
~«
->
~>
<
~
;><::r:..-<
)\
~<C
~
80 100
(aCO,'I,60
"-I,)}
)«
~(
<1
I<l
- "-
i<i::T1'r
4.-«
()
<
<'7<.
I
~<,
<t-----<r
<../1.....
l....<r
)A''l....
I)
)
I~
/'\
\
<......
<t)I'\
~-r-----
wH2 3 ace ceg
200
900
400
500
800
600
100
700
300
1100
crn O
1200
1300
1400
1000
1500
500
400
300
800
200
900
600
700
100
8 0 em
N,O 10' Core 95
NIO 10' (l-CaCO,)
.'>
I.'
'.
· >"
· -" -",
c'. '.
- >~
) " . -~
'. " :>
~r
c .'" .~.
'. ".
~. ' . ., -. -. - -. .-.'
'-,- .'
, .·.., ,
:."
10 20 0
MnO, 10'(l-CaCO,)
MnO, 10'
/ .'.
""'.··,'I,
b" ,:1
,'.~'»,,
1l
..."
"r:
")
" ·~,
"(I,,
)
"-»
",.,
(,
", -:.,·""'.
-»:,-,..,)
c .,~
".' >
(,\I .
10
Fe,O,'!,
(l-CaCOJ)
H \.. .JH
_:1-~-
\ J)---l
e-------7 - "'I
~~---- :~:::- .- -- .
.:>
.~:
::F'.: ...- ....f->
I-- -::"
f----< «.'.
~ ."".-h · 0'
H }
l- -:H .'
,'. ,
H -'::... "
H <: .. ''. . '-f--- - -. .
· .. . .'
R ".,
" '. ,
~,~ .:
f-- "
. ·" ·0 =.\~\-
,,,
.'
--e: - '. -."
~'. , '. .· . "
_. -a ,....
-:'. -- . .- . .
~-, -. · ". "
"., ., ~
~.' ·
.: .: -~
- "-
~, ,-
.'.- -- - "
· ------- - ."-- ,
1,0,10'(l-CaCO,)
20 4 60 80
J';:}
./
I <)
kl~t
l...1i'--
t-------z:t./
Ill..1,.-
t------4-~
1--:<II '1I '--,
"-.I-=-
11-':7
k'-<
L--;:::>-
--0.:...,r-
:::-<:,
K~.d
:-
N 10'(l-CaCO,) P,O, 10'
100 200 300 400 0 20
N 10'20 40
C 10'(l-CaCOJ)C 10'
20 40 60
~-
<«
-r>
<::1
~)
(
"r-----<""--
~,-;:::::
~
1
~rz
~<
<<:
-=---:
g
c e 80 100 0
W CaCO,'!,BH13 14 15 16
r-r-' --
r--~
- '---
500
700
800
300
400
600
900
I
Ii
emO:,1
1 100)\j',i'j
200
i
I,"
~,,/!'1
j
800
300
200
700
900
500
Oem
400
Core 96
600
100
10
MnO,103
(l-CaCO,)MnO,103
~ .1--,
- --~ t .C-l--
,,
I,
I,I,
"I,I,
,IIIIIII,,
I
-- I
I- ,
I
- I,-
,I,,,I,
I
,I,
I,,I,,
~
,,I-- ,,,i- ,,c-
"~I,
c- II
Ii- I
C- I
I
i-
I--,I,
I-- \,I--
\
I-- II\
~
Fe,O,'I,
Fe,03 '1 0 (1-CaC03)
r -I-- <,I-- {- -I- '-I-- \
-,I-- JI-- I
II
I--
I-- II
I
II,
IIIIIII,,
,,,,
\\\\
\\\\\
II
I
I(
\
\\
\II,,
I,,\\,,,,
I,I,,
,-',I,
" ,\I,
:,I
,,,
80 06040
P,O,lO'
(l-CaCO,)20
>11~
~(1
>"----..)
\ I
::::>>
<:t -,4.....
('"
-:.;=;~
.A"'"'-)1
4...-(<,/
><I.
)
\}
~-=::c:::
I~.»----- .....sf
400 0 0 0200 300
N 10'(1-CaC03) P,O, to-
100
<::C:".--rI,<l --/"
:: :>>'l--.<:'"-
~-.. ,.<i.
-cC-<,
./=><,
~-r
<l
---«>
-<:(
-<1--------.---«
t....../-,'\
==>f';::.,..~
;:::;:::::}
60
N 10'800
(
<..
<
--I
(f
C 10'(1-CaC03)
<
200 400 600
+--..,..".-><
+---rr/
~
+------<:::::-?
-----
10080
C 10'6040100 202 3
H
100
500
800
400
200
700
600
300
emO 1
900
<iJ1
;>
:::...<,
...q--'--'---
L"1e--~
-1<-;
..............
<1>
'-L.......--
<1
~
-::::::r:::-
<CC-<re--.....,
J~
'\
=:;{/l
......r(
>
200
400
700
900
800
600
300
100
500
8 Oem
tAnO,lO]
(l-CaCOJ) Core 97
MnO,10'
--i ,,,
~
- , ,
--\ " -------'
--I . - .-.-·----1 '."- - ,
"- "'-< ,,- ;>
·,-<~
- ,,- ,,,- ,,,- ,
r-,"r-
1,
t-r-
c-c-r- '~c- ,.c--- ... , ,- .'- ,-
.::-- ,
,,,- , ,- .,-- ,-- .'- //--j ,-j
,,,-- \
-; ,,- ,
"'--- ",-- -,-, <---'
,
·'---,
o6
Fe,OJ'{,
(l-CaCOJ)
,"-----'
-----1 \,- ,----, ,-----1 ,,
=1,
'. -- -. -."
"
"-4"---( ,,
--1
----l ,,,
---\,. -,'.- ~
~.,-
"," »("
»I'
I
----1
-----1,"--1
,,,
.~
----} ,---< r
I------) •,----j \
I
~L. '. .- .- .
- -:- ",.- I'
,
- ."
--} "
",
~ .' -. -. -.-
.' .'.- .-"
~'. .,
-,"
---{ ",- ,- <-- "
"----'
Fe,OJ '{,120 0100
P,O, 10'
(l-CaCOJ)40 60 802020
~~
JI--"
"'"c--.'d'--1
- <,<-1 -<~
-<
----<:(( <:::J:
<
- <:[
«1 (r-:'
<(
)
<.H -~
(
<I:<J.
f---'
.......<,
-z(<~ -=:'"'I'
---r--) - ",.
-, r--
I t<r1~ ~--'
--.-......
~4...
-:1~»
P,O, 10'N 10'
(l-CaCOJ)120 160 200 ~4080
<,r1->-
-r<J..
LL-...--~~
......-;>
~~
~.--<"/
"rI..;;
~ I.-'~ I-« i
I/L. !
ri! I
-=::r T -.,
+----<::;::j--,-:-
60
N 10'20 40
C 10'(l-CaCOJ)
200 400 600r---------=.,..--,
120 010060 80
C 10'402080 100 0
CaCOJO{OwBe c e2 3
H
100
500
800
600
400
700
900
300
200
emO 1
900
700
400
500
300
1000
200
600
800
100
300 em
20
MnO,lO'(l-CaCO,) Core 98
MnO,lOJ
/
r
!"
r-;> '. '...'.~
.'H "
n...
\
'. ".1- ' .7 ."
:;~
., .-
,
-, -· '. '. -..-..-.-- "
-:"•• >
:
::
-{
'\ -" -, ,c-; _.-.'
.,,,
·1·>
;,
'.
~ -;.- .>
(
,.<,
··~
' ..0'."
l1
/- \ .
10 n
Fe,O, °10
(l-CaCO,)
.~,
--»:t .c".
"
- ;
I,i
..:..
>
~,")-. .-:
-'.>
(
:
~<'.', --..
.'-{ >..-
'.
~/)
J-. -.....
\
~..'- '.
.' ..- ---
<~.----->
['-'
~ -" <,
~ (
<
H \\
~~l
.><'.>
R~'. -,
r~ :
f----"-.. -
R>
(I---,
>"
<
P,O, 10'l(l-CaCO,20 .0 0
/>
<)
./
~
./)
./
PI:r-----z
»<<»
=!;:::>
<l<<.
~
Ktl~~-----" .......
<
.:I
+-------\~ I
snJ==Qlt
<I
P,O,lO'120 160 200 0 20
1'\1 10'(l-CaCO,)
80
N 10'20 40
:: ..
C to(l-CaCO,)
120 160 20080
.. ,
\f~'.-'....... -- -- -- -- -- --
1'- -- -- --- .-
:~..S:- -- ..'
-' ---I»:
=:- ~- -- -- -- --~.," ....
__ _ 10
... - -- -: :~--
.0
C 10'60 80
CaCOJolowc 9 I J
BaCe 9
H3 •
300
200
400
100
700
500
900
800
600
emO
1000
P,o, 0'Core 99
100
10
MnO,lO'
(l-CaCO,)MnO,lOJ
.,----------===-r--,---,-, 0 cm)
-'.~,
J<L
.-:7'f::l
80
N 10'(l-CaCO,)
.080
N 10'.0 6020
..---,
I I
J1t
~
20 .0 200
C 10'C 10' (l-CaCO,)w CaCO,olo
20 40 60 80
III~J I IIQJ I
BH
100
emO
700
500
900
600
1000
300
400
800
Core 100
200
100
lB Oem
MnO, 10'(l-CaCO,)
10 12 14 16
MnO,lO'
T-=--r
- -c:~T-
--=";'; ..... ..
~rr-l
--.J.
+----d~
:>-I...l,•• -.-=~-: -
=i'.
- --~--' .
..- .."~ -
"--t-~-~ -- - -- -~
-- =>,- ~
, - -'
........., ,-- ..<
L.-
-- , -- ., == ..,-
~.- -~,--- -- ", - "'''' -. -. --
rzm- -- --
~,...-- - - -
rr:"'"-. =;. -- --
r-----qJ~- " ., -',................
~
- ,.~ ,-
--
~, -- -.t..... c ; -- .-
10
l
) l
+-----{{ ~{
I
Fe,O,-l:
(l-CaCO,)
Fe,O,%
\
+-------<[<1
A+----J7'1(
»)
+--------<1/
+-__~\l.l(
........ ,"1-------=«-1 '.
+---<.J~
« ,+---Lf'-l )
//
60-,--------,-,----,
l
JlON 10'(l-CaCO,) P,O, 10'N 10'
C 10'(l-CaCO,)CaCO, '{o C 10'w
c e 9 ,I n .---0---,--2,-0--,---,--, -'----01 ..,_~----,,60 40 60 80 100 60 BD
H B
200-
100
300
800
500
600
400
900
700
cm 0
1000
H- $ ITI> -
i7 -/- ...........,-
- ,....------ e- -------z:t..- e-
O ~- ,- e- ----\- , r ~--" r-'
,- e-3~- r- .......
-- e- r---,:::: .....- ,
~~ e-I-- ,I-- r-r-I--
I--
I-- ) c-l-- f.<: HI--
~I--
r- ,~rI-- e- -[{r- e-I=<I-- ,
r-- , +--
~I-- , .:c".<,
I-- e-
~r- ,t!~"- r- -\
t-r-r- e-I-- r;::
<;~/
r- 1'-- 7r--r'
9I-- e-I-- 1"-j-- j-
I-- Hr- H
I-- e-~?' ~I-- e-
I-- ,~ -
;- r- ~r- r- I--,
=t~I-- l-r- IZI-- r- .>I-- t-:
Cs:l ~~ r-- r-~ t::: ~-
700
900
600
200
500
300
800
1000
400
100
=iJ~,,,
<j:1
<J)>
<tk~:
i'
)
./,
\'
,/),
<: :>< --
RC,,..
'1\,,..I'
R.{>!
§;Q'-.
./1,~l'
<pqr:/l,
<
Fe,O,'I, MnO,lO' NIOlO'(i-CaCO,) (l-CaCO,) (l-CaCO,) Core 101
N 10' P,O, 10' Fe,O, 'I, MnO, 10' N,O 10'60 80 100 120 20 40 10 0 to 20 30100 40
-r---------:::,....--,
C 10'40 60 8020 40 20
CaCO, 'I,H B W2 3 9 I I I n
200
300
100
600
400
800
500
700
900
cm 0
1000
j'
}le.'
H B W CaCO, 'I, C 10' N 10'
Fe,O, 'I,(l-CaCO,)
P,O, 10' Fe,O, 'I, MnO 10'
MnO, 10'
(l-CaCO,)
Core 103
cmO
100
3 e 9 I 40 60 80 100 10 12 14
100
900
700
1000
800
200
300
600
400
500
100
Core 105
10 12
MnO, la'(l-CaCO,)MnO,'10'
2
~~'
- - - -""",....r;:- --:r-:: ~ -'1-- -
~r=::-::::, -
f---J,
e:!'\.' - . =-..::- -. --
_.,-:"C:r-;". - ': ..
~~'"
f----i}~~ """'- ::
[~~ -
....~ --
I... .
....... ...... -- --""" - - .. -_ ....
~.'.
~ ,,t-- ,,f--j
t-- '>,1-----'.."::';:
....:::.: -- .I.
~.... ","
I--"
~, ,-
....'. . -<, ". ': ;:..- -
S~., -
f-- ,.f-- ,
r- ~ -"" -1--,--- --.
67'.- ..-
p,o, la' Fe,O,°/°'(l-CaCOJ) (l-CaCO,)
P,O, 10' Fe,OJ °/0
,
N 10"(l-CaCC J)
60 80 100 10 140 160
I --=::::,....-
)-->') ,
't,,-; ->-
-'"-I-"Ill;- >-
c.-,)
~
/~»J"i......
....,
c:e.::«
"'), ......
I'":::J
[[-"""""'->J)
.»:::::
{lI
.»<,~~
~<t.:<C
\fI
:
N 10'80 100 12060
Il.....J..-l.....
«<
A'
Zl~.
~I~".
~
/J~
-......... ......
r:)
If
"./
I/-,
.....,.-
~;,e-r-
R~
...........
R~~
....-J"'\
)
./~
~
<
..-
)
-::==-""-7
<-
C 10'(l-CaCOJ)
<
<
40 60 80 100
<
20
+-__---{r-
~
+---.,..,;::::
"
40 60
C 10'20
".- <I..
~ /r"
~ )
>'------'<,
> -c
'" ;>> (""
~ <~
<,
<, <.- <!
~ ->~
~ :::?'-<ff---'-
~~ -{(
~-''\
....... (
re \
r<f
)~
~ .-, <<
'><, ~
t------</I
~ -r-) II
),/ \.
=s: <.tr
~......--<>
-\ <
=;[~
---5"f
B W CaCOJo/oH
100
400
800
500
600
700
300
200
cm 0
)Ii
,""
900
!I;11:,. 1000i.
.;1:1
t!l,~t
\.,I'
'I,~
~
'!i1"~
~'
"i:~\I
Ii'1\
/1t1:'f
(,
I
'It
400
200
700
900
300
800
600
500
100
1000
»
,,I,IIII,II,I
,iI,I,I
,,
20 40 0 50 -,-4_---r-r-n_,----,1O ....-----__-r-r- 0 cm
P,O, 10' Fe,O'/' MnO, 10]
(l-CaCO]) (l-CaCO,) (l-CaCO,) Core 106
P,O, 10' Fe,O,'/. MnO, 10])0'
(l-C~CO')120 140 P60 180
N 10'so 100
..'
\ :
H ::Kt
-..-,<
I+---='1 -. --
1+----{ri'", ,------rr--/ ," J,.., ( c1+---+(, I
"'- '. -- -../ .'
1+---(--< ..'1+----,,,1 ;
,,'. I
1-1-__---==<.~ ., -- o. I
I+-----'l~rr .' ~~ .' !...:::: E? .:.
, '---c:::-r;~?r.:?: ~.,.., .....~:L....d' :: .., ~
--.::- '. --I+-1-(--:=-ll .• "::
'- -. "
~ .,,'I~ ,~---
" -"_-::1 ..-1+------".'«""",.1 •
C 10'(l-CaCO,)C 10'
S:. -. _..I+----<tr;;, .' •
20
-
-
--
-
-
H
-
--r--
-
~
r-~
,rr--rrrrtrtr--rH
Hrt-r
trr--r--r-
B W CaCO]·/.
'H
H
500
900
400
100
800
200
600
700
300
cmO
1000
CONTENTS
Page
2. BERRIT, G. R., and ROTSOHI, H.: Chemical Analyses of
Cores from the Central and West Equatorial Pacific .. 51
Printed in Sweden
June 1956
GOTEBORG
ELANDERS BOKTRYCKERI AKTIEBOLAG
1956
PRICE SW. KR. 15:-