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Sectional Tensions EmergedParty Section of the
Country
John Quincy Adams Democrat-Republicans
Northeast
John C. Calhoun South (withdrew to
support Jackson)
Henry Clay West (KY)Andrew Jackson West (TN)
Poll Taxes: Used instead of land requirement in the past
Differences in Elections: Written Ballots Direct Election▪ Before, men voted for men who would vote for
President▪ 1824 -- 6 states chose electors and by 1832 only
SC
Jackson won more popular and electoral votes but didn’t gain the majority required by the Constitution
Election pushed into the House of Representatives where one man was to chose between Jackson, Adams, and Crawford
Why did Clay vote for Adams? wanted to forge an alliance between the West
and Northeast!
What was the “corrupt bargain”? Clay gave his support to Adams, Adams became
President and Adam’s appointed Clay as his Secretary of State
Wasn’t effective at all! Asked for federal aid for internal improvements
PROBLEM -- NY built the Erie Canal with own $ and if federal aid available to all states, more states would build canals that would compete with the Erie Canal!
Wanted to send delegates to a conference of the newly independent Latin American nation Why is this a problem? Southerners mad because it would imply US
recongition of Haiti (black republic created by slave revolutionaries)
Appointed his opponents to high office (instead of his own supporters)
Showed the need for a two-party system
Why? Need for competition
Election of 1828 Democratic Party vs. National
Republicans (Whigs) “Old Hickory” with John C. Calhoun vs.
John Quincy Adams and Richard Rush
Democrats Whigs(National Republicans)
ISSUES Favored:Local ruleLimited governmentFree tradeEqual economic opportunityOpposed:MonopoliesNational bankHigh tariffsHigh land prices
Favored:Clay’s American System!
Opposed:Vice and Crime
Democrats Whigs(National Republicans)
Where are the votes?
SouthernersWesternersSmall FarmersUrban Workers
New EnglandersMid-AtlanticMiddle-Western statesMiddle Class Professional
Leaders Andrew JacksonMartin Van Buren
Henry ClayJohn Quincy Adams
Democrats Whigs(National Republicans)
Party Origins
Republicans with former Federalists who retianed Jefferson’s fears of a strong federal government and believed in state’s rights
Republicans and a few former Federalists who believed the national government should encourage economic development
Election of 1828
President:Andrew JacksonVice-President:John C. Calhoun
President:John Quincy AdamsVice-President:Richard Rush
Andrew Jackson with John C. Calhoun JQA with Richard Rush Election was characterized by insults
towards the opponents by the political parties
Martin Van Buren was proponent for the renewal of the two-party competition
Jackson won and carried every state WEST of the Appalachians
1. What do you notice?
2. What do you question?
3. What is the historical significance of this image?
4. Where would you find this image and why?
Dominated politics for eight years but also became a symbol of the emerging working class and middle class
First president since Washington not to have a college education (self-made man)
Favored: Retirement of the national debt Regard for state’s rights A “just” policy towards Indians
Rotation in federal office (enemies called the “spoils system”)▪ Removal of officeholders of the rival party▪ Jackson did not invent this but sought to correct it
Correct it by making it more democratic – most officeholders duties were simple, almost anyone could do it
Peggy Eaton Affair Common woman who married Jackson’s
secretary of war Target of gossip among wives of Cabinet Van Buren offered to resign and
suggested that the rest of the cabinet do so also.
John C. Calhoun– Vice-PresidentNullification Crisis
Background: South Carolina legislature declared the tariff of 1828 (high protective tariff) to be unconstitutional
John C. Calhoun (Jackson’s VP first term) advocated the nullification theory – each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void
South Carolina Exposition and Protest 1828▪ Tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and states had the right to nullify
Jackson then prepared to take military action and issues a proclamation that stated nullification and disunion were treason
Compromise of 1833Henry ClayProvided for a gradual but significant lowering of duties between 1833 and 1842
Panic of 1837 Cause: AJ policy of removing federal
deposits from the BUS and placing them in state banks (“pet banks”)
State banks after state banks closed Whigs blamed the Democrats for their
“laissez-faire economics” Democrats then became an anti-bank,
hard-money party
Bank Crisis Jackson believed the Bank of the US was
UNCONSTITUTIONAL Jackson killed the national bank not only
by vetoing its re-charter but also by withdrawing all federal funds▪ “Pet Banks”
▪ Jackson withdrew federal funds to various state banks
Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank of the US Viewed it as a dragon
Nicholas Biddle (Bank of the US President) called in the bank’s loan and contract credit Jackson stated: The bank “is trying to kill me,
but I will kill it.” Jackson removed deposit from the national
bank
Due to Jackson’s policy of removing deposits from the Bank of the USo Soft Money (paper)
Resented bank’s role in contracting credit and restricting lending activities of state banks
More popular before Panic of 1837o Hard Money (Specie)
Hated the bank due to it sanctioned an economy based on paper money
Cause: speculative boom of 1835 and 1836 due to Jackson’s policy of removing federal deposits and placing them into state bankso Number of banks doubled → value of bank notes in
circulation tripled→ commodity and land prices soared
o State made plans to build canals due to easy money and high commodity prices
May 1837, prices bank to fall and banks suspended specie payments
1839, economy crashed Bank of the US, operating with a PA
charter, failed Biddle charged with fraud and theft Banks in the US suspended specie payments
Specie Circular – only specie accepted in payments for public lands Passed to reverse the effects of Deposit Act of
1836 Helped the speculative boom by making banks
issue less paper money
National Republican Party – Whig Party Why a new party?
Jackson’s move away from Jeffersonianism to distrust of federal aid for internal improvements, protective tariffs, fight against Bank of US and nullification
Social reformers in the North▪ Temperance reformers▪ Public school reformers
Distrust of immigrants –especially Irish Anti-Masonry – protest movement against the
secrecy and exclusiveness of the Masonic lodges
Whig Party▪Members: commercial farmers, planters, merchants, bankers, reformers, evangelical clergymen, Anti-Masons, manufacturers, former nullificationists▪ Against: King Andrew I
Election of 1836:Martin Van Buren -- DemocratWilliam Henry Harrison -- WhigDaniel Webster – WhigW. P. Mangum, NC -- WhigElection went into the House of
Representatives where Van Buren won
“Martin Van Ruin” Independent Treasury
Deposit money into banks → then use federal funds as basis for speculative loans → government would hold its revenues and keep them from corporations
Not effective due to not addressing banking issue on state level → still loaned money to farmers and businessmen
Martin Van Buren, NY -- Democrat
William Henry Harrison, OH and John Tyler, VA – Whig (Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!)