CƠ SỞ XÂY DỰNG HỆ THỐNG ĐO ĐẠC, BÁO CÁO, THẨM ĐỊNH (CHO VIỆT NAM

Dr Luong Quang Huy Department of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change

Office of the National Climate Change Committee Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALLY APPROPRIATE

MITIGATION ACTIONS (NAMAs) IN VIETNAM

Context

1. Climate change in Vietnam,

2. Greenhouse gas emission reduction options,

3. Strategic changes in responding to climate change,

4. Legal foundation to support NAMA development,

5. Plan of GHG emission management and management of carbon trading activities to the world market,

6. Priority areas of NAMA management and coordination,

7. Priorities to improve management and coordination

8. Some concluding remarks.

Climate change in Vietnam

Overview

• Climate change will continue to negatively affect Vietnam;

• Vietnam's key resources and economic sector are highly vulnerable;

• Deltas and coastal areas are worst affected;

• Red River Delta and Mekong Delta is particularly vulnerable areas.

Climate change impacts in Vietnam

– In the past 50 years, the average annual temperature has increased by about 0.5oC;

– Increased rainfall in rainy season (May 5-11);

– Large floods occurs more frequently in the Central and the South;

– Reduced rainfall in dry season (May 7, 8);

– Annual serious droughts in most areas of the country;

– Climate change increases natural disasters, especially hurricanes, floods, and droughts.

Risk of reversing achievement in poverty reduction, the Millennium Development Goals and sustainable development.

Climate change in Vietnam

• Vietnam climate change scenarios (2012)

– At the end of the 21st century, temperature may increase by 2.3 ° C compared to 1980-1999;

– Temperature increases from 1.6 to 2.8 ° C; that of northern and north central increase faster than the south;

– Winter temperatures may increase higher than summer temperatures.

– Total rainfall in rainy season increase, rainfall during dry season tends to decrease in the South;

– Precipitation may increase about 5% compared with 1980-1999; that of the North increase higher than the South.

– Sea level rise of about 30 cm (2050) and 75cm (2100) compared to 1980 -1999.

Climate change in Vietnam

• Vietnam signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) on 11 June 1992 and ratified on 16 November 1994;

• Vietnam signed Kyoto Protocol (KP) on 03 December 1998 and ratified on 25

September 2002.

• Vietnam has no obligation to reduce emissions, but the general obligations of

developing the National Communications, GHG inventory, develop mitigation

options and adaptation measures...

• Agenda 21 of Vietnam (Vietnam Agenda 21) - August / 2004 has a number of

objectives related to the response to climate change

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol (KP)

Climate change and policy development

GHG emissions in 1994 and 2000 and 2010

Source: BUR1 (MONRE, 2014)

Estimated GHG emissions in 2010, 2020 and 2030.

Source: BUR1 (MONRE, 2014)

Greenhouse gas emission reduction options

Options Code Emission reduction potential

(million tCO2e)

Incremental cost*

(US$ million)

Emission reduction

cost*

($/tCO2) Use high performance air conditioning

E1 39,083 -68,868 -7,8

Converting to LPG in transport sector

E2 4,726 -15,614 -10,9

Converting to ethanol in transport sector

E3 12,265 70,497 19,2

Biomass thermopower to replace coal-fired thermopower

E4 57,343 69,390 4,8

Development of small hydropower

E5 55,741 -75,117 -4,7

Wind power instead of coal-fired power

E6 68,145 668,888 41,1

Total 237,303

Energy sector

Greenhouse gas emission reduction options

Agriculture sector

Options Emission reduction potential

(million tons CO2e)

Emission reduction cost (US$/ tonCO2e)

A1: Alternate wetting and drying irrigation, System of Rice Intensification (AWD-SRI)

1.47 76.3

A2: Re-using rice crop residues as composting products

9.34 -59.1

Total 10.81

Greenhouse gas emission reduction options

LULUCF

Options Emission reduction potential

(million tCO2e)

Emission reduction cost (US$/ tonCO2)

F1: Mixed planting of indigenous wood trees with centralized method.

504.17 1.3

F2: Zoning, regeneration of forest with planting of native trees under forest canopy.

151.29 1.6

F3: Community Forest Management under the forestry socialization policy with planting of native trees planted under forest canopy

137.30 0.9

Total 792.76

Greenhouse gas emission reduction options

Options Code Emission reduction potential

(million tCO2e)

Incremental cost*

(US$ million)

Emission reduction

cost*

($/tCO2) Use high performance air conditioning

E1 39,083 -68,868 -7,8

Converting to LPG in transport sector

E2 4,726 -15,614 -10,9

Converting to ethanol in transport sector

E3 12,265 70,497 19,2

Biomass thermopower to replace coal-fired thermopower

E4 57,343 69,390 4,8

Development of small hydropower

E5 55,741 -75,117 -4,7

Wind power instead of coal-fired power

E6 68,145 668,888 41,1

Total 237,303

Energy sector

• UNFCCC-COP decisions and negotiations – Bali Action Plan (BAP – COP13 - 2007): adopted NAMA in MRV manner

– Copenhagen (COP15 - 2009): NAMA narrowed down to developing countries

– Cancun (COP16 – 2010): need for further commitment based on CBDR-RC and developing countries shall implement NAMAs with support (f, t, cb) from Annex 1.

– Durban (COP17 – 2011): 48 countries (now 50) submitted NAMAs (intention only).

– Doha (COP18 – 2012): registry to be adopted, supports from Annex 1 to be committed and increased, financial mechanism (GCF) to be operated.

– Warsaw (COP19-2013): Launch of NAMA registry, issue of NAMA guidance based on countries’ experience, fine-tune of GCF mechanism to support NAMA development.

– Lima (COP20, 2014): Developing countries agreed to craft Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) that are in line with their national development objectives. Through NAMAs, developing countries aim to reduce their emissions below business as usual by 2020.

Legal foundation at international level

Legal foundation in Vietnam

• National Climate Change Strategy (Decision 2139/QD-TTg)

– “Consider low-carbon economy and green growth as principles in achieving sustainable development; GHG emission reduction and removal to become a mandatory index in social and economic development”.

• National Green Growth Strategy (Decision 1393/QD-TTg )

– “Green growth, low-carbon economy, and enrichment of natural resources become the mainstream of sustainable economic development; GHG emission reduction and sink enhancement become mandatory and important criteria for socio-economic development”.

• Plan of GHG emission management and management of carbon trading activities to the world market (Decision 1775/QD-TTg)

– “Preparation of framework and action plans for NAMAs to be internationally registered and widely implemented”

– “Development and operation of MRV system”

Priority areas of works (visualisation)

NAMA readiness

Institutional Framework

Advisory Mechanism

GHG Inventory BAU formulation

Monitoring Reporting Verification Negotiation

National MRV system

Financial & Technical support

Crediting NAMA Pilot case studies

Training, Education & capacity building

Actors / factors in NAMA management and coordination

Current NAMA management and coordination

NAMA in national policies

Current NAMA management and coordination

Current NAMA management system

NAMA Focal point / Registry / Guidance are under development

Current NAMA management and coordination

NAMA management and coordination at global scale and in Vietnam

Global scale

UNFCCC

SBSTA SBI

Working groups

NAMA Registry

IPCC

WG1 WG2 WG3

Private sectors

Financial institutions / mechanisms

Bilateral/Multilateral cooperation

GoV/NCCC

MONRE Ministries

Relevant agencies

NAMA Registry / Focal point / Guidance

Provinces

DONREs Departments

Private sectors

Banks, financial mechanism

Inter-sectoral cooperation

Vietnam

Current NAMA management and coordination

NAMA management and coordination

GoV/NCCC

MONRE Ministries

Relevant agencies

NAMA Registry / Focal point / Guidance

Private sectors

Banks, financial mechanism

Inter-sectoral cooperation

Line ministries provide sectoral guidance, M&E, MRV

DONREs and other line departments provide appraisal and approval processes

Companies / Enterprises / Community groups develop NAMAs

Financial aids /

supports / loans

Requirements for supports

Research institutes

Third parties provide methodologies

Authorised agencies provide M&E and

MRV

Requirements for reporting,

verifications and M&E

Provisions of M&E, MRV

services

Challenges and gaps in NAMA management and coordination

• Gaps analyses

– NAMA institutional framework have not been established and recommendations of specific policies at national and local level to develop, implement and manage NAMAs are developed and submitted to competent authorities for consideration;

– NAMA reporting and verification (R&V) systems at national level have not been developed and operational;

– Roadmap for implementation of NAMAs with quantitative reduction targets has not been developed and submitted to competent authorities for approval;

– Communication and capacity building programmes on NAMAs for national and provincial practitioners are inadequate.

Priorities to improve management and coordination

• Institutional arrangement and policies

– Review all legal documents on mitigation actions, NAMAs and JCM mechanism;

– In-depth survey and analyses on institutional arrangement.

– Development of institutional framework.

– Development of an Action Plan to develop and manage NAMA.

– Identify policy barriers to mitigation measures, NAMAs and JCM.

– Establishment of NAMA Advisory Identity.

– Development of NAMA advisory network.

– Formalise the NAMA Advisory Identity in the form of PM’s decision.

– Annual and periodical consultation meetings and workshops.

– Guidelines and information systems

• Development of a series of guidelines for complying with reporting and verification procedure.

• Development of a national and publicly accessible information system.

• Development of policies to formalize the reporting and verification system.

• Establishment of a forum on reporting and verification procedures.

Priorities to improve management and coordination

• Technical / methodological issues

– Review of potential NAMAs

– Identify priority areas / sectors

– Developing a set of criteria to select unilateral NAMA projects.

– Identifying potential NAMAs for reducing GHGs emission below a Business-as-Usual (BAU)

– Develop strategic roadmap for NAMA

– Prioritizing potential NAMAs for international support

– Identifying and prioritize potential NAMAs for the national, provincial and local policy level.

Priorities to improve management and coordination

• Training and education – Central level

– Training and support activities for improvement of capacity in

• (i) NAMA and climate change financing,

• (ii) NAMA technical issues at UNFCC level and

• (iii) NAMA capacity building supported by Annex 1 countries to Non-Annex 1 countries and (iv) JCM

– Improvement of Vietnam’s participation and policy positions for relevant UNFCCC contact groups on NAMAs.

– A national programme to improve negotiation capacity for negotiation team on NAMAs.

– Provincial level / private sectors

– Training programme for NAMA development, implementation and management and JCM activities for private sectors.

– Training programme for department level at local provinces for state management authorities.

Priorities to improve management and coordination

Thank you!

MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY, HYDROLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE