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KEY TERMS
Pharmacology- Study of science that deals with the study of therapeutic agents
Pharmacodynamics- study of the action of drugs on living tissue
Pharmacy- Science of preparing & dispensing medications
Toxicology- Study of the harmful effects on living tissue
Drug- Any substance that can cause a change in function when given to a living organism
3 EFFECTS OF DRUGS
1) Therapeutic Effect- Desired or intended effect
2) Side Effects- not necessarily harmful, secondary indication for use, undesired effects
3) Adverse Effects- may be harmful, with prolonged use may cause harm to vital organs
4) Toxic Effects- implies drug poisoning, can be life threatening, drug usually stopped.
KEY CONCEPTS OF DRUGS
1) Site of Action- What part of body does drug work on
2) Mechanism of action-How does the drug produce it’s effect in the body
3) Agonists/Antagonists- Chemical substances that facilitate or interfere with a drug action
4) Dose- The exact amount of a drug needed to produce a specific effect
5) Response- The effect of a drug on the specific site of action, usually proportional to the amount given
6) Dose-Response curve- What effects do you have as dosage of drug is increased or decreased
7) Time Response Curve- What effects over time. Onset of action, duration of action
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
Chemical Name Usually long chemical name Nonproprietary shortened chemical name-
GENERIC name Trade Name Also known as Brand name- given
by manufacturer. Can have many different names
Prescription Legal document
Instructions for pharmacist to dispense drug
physicianCNPPADentistVeterinarian
Podiatrist
Non Prescription Drugs OTC
Can be purchased anywhere Still carry Risks
Herbal DrugsOTCStill have risksCan interfere with prescription medications
DRUG SAFETY
Gov’t Agency- FDA Prior to drug approval, drug must
fulfill 2 requirements
Efficacy- Proof of effectiveness Safety- Specific criteria as determined by extensive animal testing and controlled human testing
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Most adverse effects are dose dependent Many drugs cause Nausea Vomiting
Diarrhea Organs sensitive to drugs
Liver, Kidneys, Brain, Cardiovascular System
Tetragons- Drugs that produce Birth Defects
Alcohol, Accutane, Lithium Carcinogens- Drugs that produce Cancer
Idiosyncrasy- An individual reaction to a drug with an unexpected response
Drug Allergy-Occurs when an individual becomes sensitized to a particular drug and produces antibodies.
Subsequent administration leads to antigen-antibody reaction
Histamine is released and these symptoms can occur:
RashesHivesItchingNasal secretions, congestionBronchoconstrictionEdemaDyspnea
REFERENCES
USP/NF United States
Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary PDR Physicians Desk Reference Internet Sources
Study of the process of drug absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion
A.) Pharmacy
B.) Pharmacokinetics
C.) Pharmadynamics