Γκίνη Αικατερίνη Α.Μ 290nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/bitstream/10889/8721/1/ΓΚΙΝΗ.pdf · 1.5 Γνωσιακή Συμπεριφοριστική θεραπεία

  • Upload
    doannhi

  • View
    224

  • Download
    4

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • . 290

    : , . ... /

    , 2015

  • 1

    .

    , .

    ,

    .

    .

    , . .

    .

    .

    .

    ( )

    . , 1

    12/

    .

    ,

    .

  • 2

    , , . 4

    5

    ABSTRACT 7

    8

    1

    10

    1.1 10

    1.2 11

    1.2.1 12

    1.2.1.1 14

    1.2.1.2 20

    1.2.2 21

    1.2.3 22

    1.2.4 23

    1.2.5 Spielberger 23

    1.3 24

    1.4 29

    1.4.1 29

    1.4.2 31

    1.4.3 34

    1.5 36

    1.5.1 36

    1.5.2 - 38

    1.5.3 39

    1.5.4 42

    2

    43

    2.1 43

    2.2 45

    2.3 47

    2.4 49

    2.4.1 50

    2.4.2 54

    2.4.3 - 55

    2.5 57

  • 3

    3

    59

    3.1 60

    3.2 63

    3.3 64

    3.3.1 65

    3.3.2 66

    3.3.3 70

    3.3.4 76

    4

    80

    4.1 80

    4.2 80

    4.3 82

    4.4 82

    4.4.1 - 82

    4.4.2 - 83

    4.4.3 85

    4.4.4 86

    4.5 86

    5

    - - 106

    5.1 106

    5.2 - 117

    5.3 121

    123

    127

    129

  • 4

    1

    . 25

    2 26

    3

    81

    4 85

    5

    111

    1 . 12

    1 . 108

    2

    109

  • 5

    ,

    .

    / .

    1

    12/

    .

    56 . (30)

    , 15 15 ,

    15 . 26

    (11 15 ) .

    (

    / ),

    , 2014-

    2014.

    .

    ,

    . ,

    /

    .

    ,

    - (

    )

    - ()

  • 6

    . ,

    .

    - : , , ,

  • 7

    ABSTRACT

    The purpose of this research was the creation of a psychoeducational programme for

    the prevention and reduction of test anxiety among students in the fifth and sixth year

    of Primary School. This programme would offer teachers the opportunity to apply it

    in class with their students.

    The complete and designed programme was conducted and checked on an

    experimental basis according to certain suppositions in order for this research to lead

    to the evaluation of the programme and its efficiency for the prevention of test anxiety

    The sample of the research were students of the fifth and sixth year of the 1st Primary

    School in Skala, Lakonia. The number of the participants in the psychoeducational

    group is totally 56 students. Thirty (30) students of whom 15 were boys and 15 were

    girls, were divided into two subgroups according to their class. As a result two

    experimental groups were created the group of the fifth year and with group of the

    sixth year with 15 members each. The remaining 26 students (11 boys and 15 girls)

    formed the checking group.

    The members of the experimental group took part in eight meetings (one meeting per

    week) based on specific topics and specific goals each, the time being February 2014

    to April 2014. For the data collection suitable measurement tools and scales of

    evaluation were used.

    According to the research suppositions, the members of the group would show less

    test anxiety after the end of psychoeducation compared to the checking team.

    Moreover, the members of the group would show less fear of negative evaluation

    compared to the checking group after the end of the programme and they would show

    less symptoms of depression compared with the checking group.

    As for the test anxiety, it was found that the members of the group showed a tendency

    of reduction into two sub-scales (autonomic reactions and off- task behaviors) up to

    one month after the end of the psychoeducational programme while no significant

    differences were found statistically in the sub-scale (thoughts). Finally concerning the

    fear of negative evaluation and the symptoms of depression suppositions were not

    confirmed.

    Key words: test anxiety, prevention, psychoeducational group, Primary school

  • 8

    .

    ..

    .

    . /:

    (. ), (.

    ) /

    (. ).

    / . ,

    ()

    .

    ,

    .

    :

    , / ,

    ,

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    , ,

    . ,

    .

  • 9

    ,

    .

    . ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    , ,

    / ,

    .

  • 10

    1

    :

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    (Fontana, 1996).

    1.1

    , .

    , .

    (,

    2013).

    , , & - (1989)

    .

    . .

    (1998),

    : ( , , ...)

    ( ),

    ( ,

    (..

    ).

    (1997)

    ,

    .

  • 11

    (, 1985).

    (. ).

    . ,

    ,

    ( & , 2006).

    ( ), ,

    , , ,

    (,

    , & , 2013).

    , , : )

    , ) , )

    , )

    )

    ( & , 2006. , 2013).

    ,

    ( &

    , 2006).

    1.2

    .

  • 12

    1.2.1

    :

    ,

    (McLeod, 2003).

    Beck (1976)

    .

    .

    ,

    . ,

    .

    (Beck, 2013).

    Greenberger & Padesky (2007) .

    1:

    (, , )

    (Greenberger & Padesky, 2007. Beck, 2013).

  • 13

    ,

    .

    (Beck, 2013).

    (. ),

    (. ) (

    ).

    , .

    (. ),

    (. ) (.

    ) (Stallard, 2006).

    .

    , (

    ) ,

    (, 2013).

    (Beck, 2013).

    . ()

    . ,

    .

    (. ), (.

    ) (. )

    (Beck, 2013. Greenberger & Padesky,

    2007. Stallard, 2006).

    , .

    .

    ,

    (. , ,

  • 14

    ) (.

    , ).

    (Beck, 2013). .

    , ,

    (Greenberger & Padesky, 2007).

    ,

    , .

    , (Beck, 2013).

    (Rosen, 1998 .. . Beck, 2013).

    , ,

    .

    (Greenberger & Padesky, 2007).

    (McLeod, 2003).

    1.2.1.1

    .

    . , ,

    (Stallard, 2006. Beck, 2013).

    :

  • 15

    - .

    (Beck, 2013. , 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    (, 2013).

    :

    .

    .

    (Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    :

    .

    , .

    ,

    (Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    :

    ,

  • 16

    .

    .

    ,

    (Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    :

    ,

    .

    (Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    Stallard (2006)

    .

    :

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    . ,

  • 17

    (Beck, 2013. , 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    :

    .

    (Beck, 2013.

    , 2013).

    (, 2013).

    :

    /

    .

    (Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).

  • 18

    :

    . Stallard (2006)

    .

    (Beck,

    2013. , 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    :

    .

    .

    (Beck, 2013. , 2013.

    Stallard, 2006).

    :

  • 19

    .

    (Beck, 2013).

    .

    : ,

    (Stallard, 2006).

    :

    . ,

    (Beck, 2013).

    :

    .

    ,

    .

    (, 2013). :

    ,

  • 20

    1.2.1.2

    (2013)

    .

    Beck

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    Clark Beck (1998)

    . ,

    ,

    .

    . , ,

    ,

    (, 2013).

    Blackburn Davidson (1990)

    : , .

    .

    .

    Ingram Kendall

    (1987) .

    (), ( ),

    ( ) (

    ) (, 2013).

    (Clark & Beck, 1989

    .. . , 2013).

  • 21

    , .

    ,

    .

    : )

    )

    (, 2013).

    , Ellis (1988)

    : ) ,

    , ) ,

    , ) , )

    ,

    (, 2013).

    1.2.2

    Freud(1894)

    . ,

    (

    )

    (

    ., 1989).

    O May (1950)

    Syllivan (1953)

    ( ., 1989).

    .

    ( ., 2013).

    (-

    , 1995).

  • 22

    1.2.3

    Rogers

    (, 2004).

    : )

    ,

    , ,

    (Lawrence &

    Oliver, 2001).

    (, 1999).

    ,

    ( .,

    2013).

    ) .

    .

    , ,

    . ,

    . , ,

    ,

    (McLeod, 2003).

    ( ., 2013).

    , ,

    , ,

    .

  • 23

    1.2.4

    . (2013),

    , Hans Selye

    .

    .

    Selye (General Adaptation

    Syndrome- GAS) .

    , : )

    , ) ) .

    (),

    ()

    () (Fontana, 1996).

    .

    .

    , ,

    (Fontana, 1996).

    1.2.5 Spielberger

    ,

    ,

    (Spielberger

    & Smith, 1972 . . & , 2005).

    :

    (1) (state anxiety).

    ,

    ,

    ( ., 2013). ,

    .

  • 24

    (2) (trait anxiety). /

    , ,

    /

    . ()

    ( & , 2005).

    ( ., 2013).

    1.3

    . ,

    , ,

    , .

    , (,

    2012). ,

    , .

    , .

    , ,

    .

    /. :

  • 25

    1:

    (, 2012).

    (, 2013. , 2003 . . .,

    2013):

  • 26

    2:

    ,

    , , (, 2012).

    Frank (2003, .. . Kusz, 2009) ,

    .

    , ,

    , ,

    ,

  • 27

    ,

    , , ,

    (, 2012).

    .

    Fontana (1996) (2012),

    :

    . ,

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    ( ),

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    , , , , -

  • 28

    , (, 2012. Frank, 2003

    .. . Kusz, 2009).

    .

    - ,

    ,

    (Kendall & Treadwell, 1996 ..

    . & , 2006).

    , ,

    .

    , , ,

    , , ,

    ,

    (, 2012. Frank, 2003 .. . Kusz, 2009).

    .

    .

    .

    (Fontana, 1996).

    ,

    (, 2012),

    ( ;,

    )

    (Fontana, 1996).

  • 29

    (, )

    (, 2012). ,

    ,

    .

    (Fontana, 1996).

    (2012) ,

    , , ,

    , ,

    .

    . ,

    , .

    1.4

    ,

    ( ., 1989).

    Ebel (1979)

    ,

    (, 1998).

    1.4.1

    1950

    ( & , 2005).

    .

  • 30

    ( ., 1989). , ,

    ,

    , .

    (, 1998).

    (

    ., 1989). (2012)

    .

    (, , &

    Chimieti, 2001)

    : ) .

    , )

    .

    , )

    , )

    )

    .

    (, 1998).

    .

    ( ., 2001).

    -

    .

  • 31

    .

    .

    ,

    (, 1998).

    , ,

    .

    .

    1.4.2

    , ,

    .

    .

    .

    (, )

    ( & , 2010).

    ,

    (, 2012). ,

    .

    .

    ,

    (,

    2012).

  • 32

    , ,

    (Allen & Klein, 1996

    .. . Kusz, 2009).

    .

    . . , ,

    , (, 2012).

    .

    ,

    (, 2012).

    (.

    )

    (,

    2012).

    , ,

    .

    .

    .

    (, ,

    ) .

    .

    ,

    (, 1998).

    .

    ,

    .

    .

  • 33

    . , ,

    , ,

    ( ., 1989).

    . ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    (, 1998).

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    (, 2001).

    . ,

    . ,

    ,

    (Spielbeger & Smith, 1972 . .

    & , 2005).

    .

  • 34

    ( , 2006).

    , , , , ,

    / ,

    .

    / (, 2012).

    . (2001) .

    . , ,

    .

    .

    .

    1.4.3

    , ,

    .

    .

    ;

    Tobias (1985, 1986)

    .

    ,

    . :

  • 35

    1) - : .

    .

    , ,

    . , ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    2) - :

    .

    .

    Schachter (1987) .

    .

    (. )

    (.

    - ).

    (, 2001).

    3) :

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    . ,

  • 36

    .

    (, 2001).

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , , .

    1.5 -

    ,

    - , ,

    .

    1.5.1

    .

    -

    ( & , 2006).

    - .

    79% 10 ,

    7

    , ,

    , . (Stallard, 2006).

    -

    Kendall

    Hollon (1979)

  • 37

    (Stallard, 2006).

    -

    . Kendall (1991, .. . Stallard, 2006)

    .

    , ,

    ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    (, 2013. & , 2006.

    Stallard, 2006).

    -

    /

    .

    (Stallard, 2006):

    ) ,

    .

    )

    , .

    ) ,

    .

    )

    .

    ) ,

    .

  • 38

    1.5.2 -

    , ,

    ,

    .

    .

    . ,

    (Stallard, 2006).

    .

    , ,

    , .

    .

    , (Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    .

    16 .

    (Beck, 2013). ,

    (Stallard,

    2006).

    .

    .

    , , ,

    .

    . ,

    (Stallard, 2006).

    ,

    (Beck, 2013).

    . ,

  • 39

    .

    (Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    -.

    .

    , ,

    (Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).

    .

    .

    .

    (Stallard, 2006).

    1.5.3

    Stallard (2006)

    :

    .

    ,

    .

    . ,

    .

    .

  • 40

    .

    .

    .

    , .

    .

    ,

    , ..

    .

    (.

    , , ). ,

    (. , )

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    (. )

    .

    .

    .

    , .

    .

    .

    ,

  • 41

    .

    : )

    , )

    )

    ,

    (Greenberger Padesky, 2007).

    .

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    , .

    ,

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    .

    .

    . -

    (. ) (.

    ) (.

    )

    .

  • 42

    1.5.4

    .

    : ) , )

    , )

    ) ,

    (Stallard, 2006).

    ,

    (Stallard, 2006). ,

    .

    . Weisz (1995)

    ,

    (Stallard, 2006).

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    (Stallard, 2006).

  • 43

    2

    :

    ,

    ,

    , .

    20%

    .

    , , ,

    (, 2013).

    .

    ,

    ,

    (, 2004).

    2.1

    ,

    ,

    (Levin A. et al. 2010).

    (Weare & Gray, 2000 .. .

    , 2013). ,

    .

    , ) - )

    - .

  • 44

    ) ,

    .

    .

    (, 2013).

    ,

    (. , , ).

    S. Blake, J. Bird & L. Gerlach (2007 .. . , 2013)

    :

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    .

    ,

    (Blake, Bird & Gerlach, 2007 .. . , 2013).

    ) , W. & R. Johnson (1989),

    ,

  • 45

    .

    (, 2013).

    (Weare & Gray, 2000 ..

    . , 2013).

    2.2

    (, 2004).

    ,

    , , (, 2013).

    10-20%

    .

    (,

    2004). , , 2007,

    58% , 53% ,

    52% , 32% 62% . 1 5

    20%

    .

    ;

    .

    ,

  • 46

    . ,

    , ,

    .

    .

    , Durlak (1995)

    .

    (. ), (. ),

    (. ), ( )

    (, 2004).

    , .

    (2012), Garber (2006) & Rudolph et al. (2000)

    (, 2013).

    , ,

    , ,

    (Werner, 1989 .. .

    , 2004).

    , ,

    . , Durlak

    (1995),

    .

    (Durlak, 1998 .. .

    , 2004). , (

  • 47

    ), , ( -

    ) ( ).

    , ,

    .

    (Albee, 1982 .. . , 2004).

    2.3

    . , ,

    (

    ., 2009. , 2013).

    . ,

    , .

    (, 2013). ,

    .

  • 48

    ,

    , (Meyers &

    Meyers, 2003 .. . ., 2009).

    ,

    .

    (Masten, 2001, 2007 .. . ., 2009).

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    (, 2004. Battistisch et al., 1997. Frymier,

    1992 .. . , 2004).

    ,

    .

    , -

    ( 303/ 13-3-2003)

    ,

    . , ,

  • 49

    (, , 2011). , ,

    :

    -

    -

    - , ,

    ,

    (, , 2011).

    ,

    ,

    .

    2.4

    .

    .

    (, 2013).

    ,

    .

  • 50

    2.4.1

    , ,

    , , , ,

    , (Weissberg R.,

    Kumpfer K. & Seligman M. 2003 .. . , 2013).

    J. A. Bury (2001), , ,

    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    (, 2009).

    (Institute of Medicine), 1994,

    (, 2013).

    ,

    (Institute of Medicine) 1994 :

    o

    .

    (Weissberg R., Kumpfer K. & Seligman M. 2003. Durlak J. & Wells

    A. 1997. Durlak J. 1995 .. . , 2013).

    ,

    , ,

    ( ., 2007.

    ., 2009).

  • 51

    ,

    (Durlak J. & Wells A., 1997. .. . , 2013).

    ,

    -

    -

    , , ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    (. )

    , (Durlak J., 1995.

    Durlak J. & Wells A., 1997. .. . , 2013).

    ,

    - .

    (universal/ global/ all population)

    / (. ).

    .

    , ,

    (..

    , )

    (, 2013. , 2004).

    .

    (transition/ milestone) -

    (, 2013).

  • 52

    ,

    /

    .

    o

    (, 2007).

    (, 2013. ,

    2004).

    .

    ( ., 2009. , 2004).

    ,

    , ,

    (, 2004 .. . , 2004).

    ,

    .

    o

    ,

    ,

    (Durlak J. & Wells A., 1997. Durlak J., 1995. .. .

    , 2013).

    .

  • 53

    ,

    ( ., 2009). (2007)

    , ,

    .

    .

    (2004 .. . ., 2009)

    ,

    .

    ,

    . ,

    (Haynes & Comer, 1996.

    Holtzman, 1992 .. . ., 2009).

    : (universal)

    , (selective)

    (targeted)

    (indicated)

    (, 2013).

    .

    .

  • 54

    2.4.2

    (Durlak J., 1995

    .. . , 2013).

    ,

    ,

    .

    ( . & . 2001 .. .

    , 2013).

    :

    , , ,

    , ,

    , ,

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    , ,

    , (, 2013).

    (universal)

    (targeted). (.

    )

    ,

    .

  • 55

    ,

    .

    , (selected),

    .

    .

    -

    (, 2013).

    Allensworth D. (1997.. . , 2013)

    .

    2.4.3 -

    - ,

    , . , Greenberg,

    -

    , ,

    ,

    .

    J. Zins

    ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    (, 2013).

    .

    -

    , ,

  • 56

    ,

    .

    -

    , , ,

    . , ,

    (,

    2013).

    , ,

    - (CASEL),

    :

    - / (self- awareness).

    , ,

    .

    - (self- management).

    ,

    ..

    - (social awareness).

    ,

    ,

    .

    - (relationship skills).

    , ,

    ,

    .

    - (responsible decision making).

    .

    ,

  • 57

    (,

    2013).

    ,

    .

    2.5

    ,

    .

    ,

    (2004) :

    i. .

    .

    ii.

    iii. .

    ,

    , , ,

    .

    iv. .

    , (. , , )

    .

  • 58

    v. .

    ,

    (. , , )

    .

    vi. . : )

    ,

    , ) ,

    ) )

    .

  • 59

    3

    :

    ,

    , - .

    Tom Douglas (1997),

    ,

    .

    (, & , 2011).

    . ,

    ,

    ( & , 2003)

    .

    (Kulic, Horne & Dagley, 2004).

    , , ,

    . ,

    .

    (Association for Specialists in Group

    Work, 2000 .. . , & , 2011),

    ,

    : ) (task/ work groups), ) (counseling

    groups), ) (therapy groups), ) /

    (psychoeducational/ guidance groups).

  • 60

    .

    3.1

    .

    (2000)

    /

    ,

    ( ., 2011).

    (Correy & Correy, 2006 .. .

    ., 2011).

    ,

    (. ) ,

    ,

    .

    ( ., 2011).

    , )

    / (education), ) (skills

    training) ) (self-knowledge)

    -

  • 61

    .

    , Delucia-Waack (2006), :

    .

    . (2011)

    - .

    .

    . -

    .

    Yalom (2006)

    . ,

    ,

    .

    .

    (Brown, 2011).

    , 15-20

    , ,

    .

    .

  • 62

    . 30-

    45 . , , (. 20 ) (. 75

    )

    ( ., 2011).

    ,

    100 . ,

    , .

    , ,

    20-25

    ( ., 2011).

    2

    . 10-12

    ,

    ( &

    , 2003). , ,

    (Brown, 2011).

    ,

    , ,

    ,

    . , .

    . ,

    ,

    ( ., 2011).

    , ,

    /, ,

    (, 2010).

  • 63

    / .

    ( ., 2011).

    3.2

    .

    (, , , , ..)

    (, , , ,

    , , ..).

    , . (2011) :

    / (Educational/learning groups):

    , .

    , .

    , , .

    (Skills training groups):

    . ,

    , , ,

    , ..

    (Team building and training):

    .

  • 64

    .

    (Personal development groups):

    ,

    .

    (Psychoeducational

    group therapy and support groups):

    , , , ..

    .

    (. )

    . .

    (Life- transitions groups):

    ,

    .

    .

    3.3

    ()

    , .

    ,

  • 65

    , , .

    (Brown, 2011).

    3.3.1

    . Thompson Randolph (1983, .. . Brown,

    2011) :

    (Common problem groups):

    (.

    ).

    . ,

    .

    (Case- centered groups):

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    .

    , ,

    . ,

    .

    ,

  • 66

    (ORourke & Worzbyt, 1996, .. .

    ., 2011).

    (Human potential groups):

    .

    .

    (Skill development groups):

    , ,

    .

    (.

    , ,

    , , .. ).

    ,

    -

    ( ., 2011).

    3.3.2

    .

    Yalom (2006) 11

    .

    ( ., 2011).

    . ,

    .

  • 67

    .

    : , ,

    , , ,

    , ,

    , , .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    , , . ,

    .

    ,

    (Yalom, 2006. ., 2011).

    .

    ,

    (. , , ..)

    .

    .

    ,

    . ,

    (Yalom, 2006. Brown, 2011).

  • 68

    .

    , ,

    . ,

    .

    , .

    . , ,

    (Yalom, 2006. ., 2011).

    .

    ,

    ,

    , .

    (Yalom, 2006).

    ()

    .

    / , / ,

    , , ,

    .

    (Yalom, 2006).

  • 69

    ( ., 2011).

    .

    . ,

    (Yalom, 2006).

    .

    .

    ,

    (modeling)

    . ,

    .

    (Yalom, 2006).

    .

    . ,

    . ,

    ( ., 2011).

  • 70

    , Yalom (2006),

    .

    . ,

    ,

    ( ., 2011).

    .

    .

    .

    (. )

    ( ., 2011).

    , ,

    ..

    .

    (Yalom, 2006. .,

    2011).

    3.3.3

    ,

    , .

    ,

  • 71

    ,

    .

    1-2

    ( ., 2011). , ,

    (. )

    .

    .

    ,

    ( ., 2011).

    , , .

    (Yalom, 2006).

    .

    (Corey,

    2008 .. . ., 2011). , ,

    , ,

    .

    (Johnson et al., 1998).

    .

    .

    Geldard & Geldard (2001 .. . .,

    2011).

  • 72

    .

    .

    . ,

    (Yalom, 2006).

    . ,

    .

    , ,

    , ,

    , , .

    ( & , 2003). , ,

    ( ., 2011).

    ,

    ( ) .

    Lampel (1985)

    ,

    (Van Velsor, 2004 .. .

    ., 2011).

    (2003) ,

    .

    .

  • 73

    ( ., 2011).

    , ,

    , ,

    ,

    . , ,

    , (Johnson et al., 1998). ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , .

    - ( ., 2011).

    .

    (Yalom, 2006).

    (Brown, 2004 .. .

    ., 2011).

    .

    ,

    (Geldard & Geldard, 2001 . . .

    ., 2011).

  • 74

    (Geldard &

    Geldard, 2001 . . . ., 2011).

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    ( ., 2011).

    ,

    (Johnson et al., 1998).

    .

    .

    , , ,

    (Geldard & Geldard, 2001. Smead, 1995

    .. . ., 2011).

    ,

    .

    ( ., 2011).

    .

    ( ., 2011).

    (

  • 75

    ., 2011).

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    , (Delucia-

    Waack, 2006 .. . ., 2011).

    ,

    ( & , 2003).

    .

    ( ., 2011).

    .

    (Van Velsor, 2004 .. .

    ., 2011).

    - .

    (Jones & Robinson, 2000

    .. . ., 2011).

    (Johnson et al.,

    1998).

  • 76

    3.3.4

    ,

    ( ., 2011).

    .

    .

    .

    , , .. ,

    ,

    (Trounson, 1996 .. . ., 2011).

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    , .

  • 77

    ,

    (Geldard & Geldard, 2001. Trounson, 1996 .. .

    ., 2011).

    ,

    .

    .

    , ,

    .

    .

    . , ,

    .

    ,

    (

    ., 2011).

    ,

    .

    6-8

    ,

    (Dies, 1996 .. . ., 2011. Delucia-Waack,

    2000).

    .

  • 78

    .

    ,

    .

    (Yalom, 2006).

    , Geldard & Geldard, 2001. Riva &Haub,

    2004. Smead, 1995. Soo, 1991. Swanson, 1996 (.. .

    ., 2011), :

    .

    .

    2-3

    (Geldard & Geldard, 2001. Smead, 1995.

    Swanson, 1996 .. . ., 2011).

  • 79

    ,

    .

    ,

    (Yalom, 2006).

    .

    .

    .

    (Smead, 1995 .. . .,

    2011).

    .

    .

    .

    , , /

    . ,

    ,

    .

    ( ., 2011).

    .

  • 80

    4

    :

    ,

    .

    4.1

    .

    ,

    ( )

    ( )

    .

    4.2

    .

  • 81

    3:

    1

    .

    .

    2

    .

    .

    .

    3

    .

    .

    4

    / .

    /.

    5

    ()

    .

    .

    6

    ()

    .

    7

    .

    .

    8

    .

    .

  • 82

    4.3

    ,

    :

    (, ,

    )

    .

    .

    .

    4.4

    4.4.1 -

    ( )

    .

    1

    12/ .

    (30) 11

    12 . 15 .

    ,

    15 6 9

    9 6 .

  • 83

    , , 26 11

    15. 13

    13 , 11

    12 .

    , , ,

    .

    .

    4.4.2 -

    (

    ) ():

    CTAS

    (the Childrens Test Anxiety Scale, Wren & Benson, 2004).

    30 Likert :

    1 ( ), 2 ( ), 3 ( ), 4 ( ).

    : ,

    .

    Wren & Benson (2004) 30 13 ,

    9 8 .

    , ,

    25

    . ,

    11

    7 .

    25 .

  • 84

    BFNE (Brief Fear

    of Negative Evaluation Scale, Leary, 1983).

    .

    Likert. 0 (

    ) 4 ( ).

    CDI (Children Depression

    Inventory, Kovacs, 1992). ,

    (1=

    , 2= , 3= )

    .

    ,

    Critical Incident Questionnaire (CIQ)

    Brookfield, S. D. (1995).

    , , (8) (6)

    (2)

    / .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    .

  • 85

    4:

    Cronbachs alpha

    CTAS

    Pre- tests 0.84

    Post- tests 0.89

    Follow up 0.90

    BFNE

    Pre- tests 0.83

    Post- tests 0.91

    Follow up 0.93

    CDI

    Pre- tests 0.73

    Post- tests 0.73

    Follow up 0.76

    4.4.3

    ,

    , .

    ,

    40 (1 ). ,

    ,

    , , .

    , .

    .

  • 86

    4.4.4

    2 1

    .

    .

    ,

    , ,

    ()

    . ,

    .

    4.5

    .

  • 87

    1 :

    .

    1: (10)

    .

    ,

    . . ,

    .

    (5)

    ;

    ;

    2: (15)

    , , 4 . ,

    1, 2, 3, 4

    .

    .

    .(

    , 1, 2 3 4 4 3).

    4 .

    .

    , .

    .

    .

    - (5)

    ;

  • 88

    ;

    ;

    ;

    (5)

    .

    .

    , .. .

    : 14 , 4 4,

  • 89

    2 :

    .

    .

    .

    1: (5)

    .

    . .

    2: (15)

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    (

    ) .

    .

    3: (15)

    . 4 3-4 .

    .

    ...

  • 90

    .

    - (4)

    / ;

    ; ;

    (1)

    .

    , .

  • 91

    3 : !

    .

    .

    1: (15)

    , . -

    , .

    .

    1-10. -

    (1),

    (5) (10).

    (5)

    ;

    ;

    ; ;

    ;

    ;

    2: . (13)

    ,

    .

    .

    .

  • 92

    - (5)

    ;

    ;

    ;

    (2)

    .

    , .

  • 93

    10 .

    .

    i. / .

    ()

    1.

    ii. / . () 2.

    iii. . () 3.

    iv. . () 4.

    v. . () 5.

    vi. . ( ) 6.

    vii. .

    ()

    7.

    viii. . () 8.

    ix. . () 9.

    x. . () 10.

  • 94

    ...

    :...

    ;

    (

    ;)

    ;

    ( ;)

    ;

    ( ;)

    ;

    ( ;)

    /;

    (/

    ;)

    ;

    ( ;)

  • 95

    4 :

    -

    .

    -

    1: ; (25)

    -

    .

    1. ,

    2. ,

    3. ,

    4.

    ,

    . -

    .

    .

    - (5)

    - ,

    ;

    ;

    2: ; (8)

    . (. ,

    ).

  • 96

    ,

    .

    (2)

    , .

    .

    .

    ..

  • 97

    5 : !

    .

    .

    (2)

    .

    4 .

    1: (8)

    .

    2 ,

    .

    .

    - (8)

    .

    ,

    ; ;

    ;

    2: (17)

    4

  • 98

    .

    .

    - (3)

    ;

    ;

    ;

    (2)

    .

  • 99

    6 : , !

    .

    1: (22)

    .

    , ,

    :

    .

    2: ; (15)

    , ,

    .

    (3)

    , .

  • 100

    .

    . .

    . .

    . :

    45 .

    .

    .

    .

    . !!

    .

    . , .

    :

    ..

  • 101

  • 102

    7 :

    .

    .

    1 : , ! (30 )

    ,

    .

    , , .. ;

    . ,

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    (

    2

    ).

    2: (5 )

    .

    :

  • 103

    .

    .

    , .

    , . 8-12

    ( ) .

    (3)

    ; ;

    (2 )

    .

  • 104

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    , .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

  • 105

    8 : !

    .

    .

    1: (10)

    . .

    2: (10)

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    . ,

    .

    .

  • 106

    5

    :

    - -

    ,

    .

    5.1

    , ,

    (pre-assessment post-assessment).

    ( , )

    (FNE), (CDI),

    . ,

    , ,

    (off-task behaviors), t(54) = 2.27, p=.02,

    . , , ,

    , .

    .

    (ANOVA)

    ( , )

    (, ) (between-subjects

    factor) ( , )

    .

    , Fs <

    1.

  • 107

    (off-task behaviors)

    , F(1,

    52) = 3.35, p=.07, partial 2= 0.06.

    , .

    t (paired samples)

    , t < 1,

    , t(25) = 1.79, p=.08.

    ( ,

    follow-up) .

    (autonomic reactions) F(1,

    52) = 4.86, p=.03, partial 2= 0.09,

    , F(1, 52) = 3.36, p=.07, partial

    2= 0.06. ,

    . t (paired samples)

    , t

    < 1,

    , t(29) = 3.17, p=.004.

  • 108

    1: ( follow up)

    (off-task behaviors)

    , F(1, 52)

    = 4.88, p=.03, partial 2= 0.08. t (paired samples)

    , t (25) = 1.2, ..,

    , t(29) = 1.77, p=.08.

  • 109

    2:

    ( follow up)

    ,

    , F(1, 52) = 5.23, p=.03, partial 2= 0.09.

    t (paired samples)

    , t < 1, ,

    , t(25) = 2.92, p=.007.

    , F(1, 52) = 4.09, p=.04, partial

    2= 0.07,

    .

    , F(1, 52) = 7.37, p=.009, partial 2= 0.12,

  • 110

    , t(24) = 2.01, p=.04.

    /

    (FNE), .

    (ANOVA)

    ( , ) (, )

    (between-subjects factor) (

    , ) .

    , F(1, 52) = .44, ..

    , F(1, 52) = 6.30, p=.01, partial

    2 = 0.1. , t

    , t(24) = 2.00, p=.05.

    ( ,

    follow-up) . ,

    , F(1, 52) = .16, ..

    , F(1, 52) = 6.50, p=.01, partial 2 = 0.11. ,

    .

    (CDI),

    .

    ,

  • 111

    , F < 1.

    , Fs < 3.

    (follow-up),

    , F(1, 52) = 4.65, p=.03, partial 2 = 0.08,

    .

    , ps > 0.05.

    5:

    FOLLOW UP FOLLOW UP

    M.O T.A M.O T.A M.O T.A M.O T.A M.O T.A M.O T.A

    25.63 7.49 25.73 7.82 26.16 8.03 27.30 5.45 26.30 7.40 24.42 6.70

    13.50 4.25 12.80 3.95 11.16 3.27 12.42 3.11 12.57 3.91 12.07 4.26

    14.50 4.08 14.13 4.26 13.33 4.27 12.00 4.13 13.30 5.01 12.96 4.33

    20.43 10.99 20.86 13.21 22.33 13.97 20.61 8.13 21.96 10.69 21.00 11.19

    13.23 3.02 13.56 3.69 12.66 3.09 13.61 3.15 13.61 2.60 12.65 2.60

  • 112

    .

    ( : r(56) = 0.44,

    p < 0.001), ( ), r(56) =

    0.61, p < 0.001). ,

    .

    ,

    ( )

    , r (56) = 0.34, p = 0.01,

    , r (56) = 0.46, p < 0.01.

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    (8) ,

    (6) (2)

    / .

    :

  • 113

    1 : ,

    ; ;

    .

    :

    (2 )

    (7 )

    ; (4 )

    (2 )

    (3 )

    (5 )

    , (7 ).

    ,

    (3) .

    ,

    .

    . ,

    , :

    ,

    , .

    ,

    : ,

    ,

    ,

  • 114

    : ,

    , ,

    , .

    2 : ,

    / ; ;

    . ,

    , :

    2 :

    3 :

    4 : ; ;

    5 :

    6 : ;

    7 : ,

    .

    : ,

    ,

    , ,

    , ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , :

    ,

  • 115

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    3 : ;

    . :

    , ,

    , ,

    ,

    .

    .

    4 : ; /

    (27) () (3)

    ().

    5

    :

    ; /

    30 , (25)

    ,

    (5)

    .

    6 : , ,

    ;

    (29) (30)

    (1) .

  • 116

    : ,

    , ,

    , ,

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    .

    7 : ;

    , ,

    ,

    , , ,

    .

    8 : .

    ( )

    , .

    ,

    :

    , ,

    , 2 , ,

    .

    ;

  • 117

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    ;

    , ,

    .

    5.2 -

    ) , )

    / )

    .

    ,

    - ,

    , /

    .

    ,

    (post- test).

    ,

    .

    post- test

    .

  • 118

    .

    (follow- up)

    ,

    .

    -

    .

    .

    .

    .

    . , ,

    post test,

    . , ,

    .

    , ,

    . , ,

    .

    ,

    . ,

  • 119

    . , ,

    . ,

    .

    ,

    , .

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    . , ,

    .

    , , 4 1

    ,

    . , ,

    .

    ,

    (Yalom, 2006). ,

    ,

    .

    .

  • 120

    , ,

    . , ,

    .,

    .,

    .

    ,

    CTAS ( )

    CDI () 30 10 .

    SASC-R (Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised, La Greca & Stone,

    1993)

    CTAS. , ,

    .

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    . ,

    . ,

    ,

    . ,

    , ,

    . ,

    .

  • 121

    , ,

    - .

    5.3

    .

    /

    . Robson (2007)

    , .

    (Orne, . . Robson, 2007).

    ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    .

    , ,

    .

    , ,

  • 122

    .

    , ,

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

  • 123

    , . (2001).

    . . , . & .

    (.), , (. 145- 162). :

    .

    , ., & , . (2003). 205

    , , (7 .). :

    .

    , ., , ., & , . (2011).

    . . : .

    Beck, S.J. (2013). (7 .). (. , .

    , . , . , . , . , .

    ., & . , ., . , .). :

    Brown, W.N. (2011). Psychoeducational groups: Process and practice (3rd ed.). N.Y:

    Routledge.

    Delucia- Waack, J.L. (2006). Leading psychoeducational groups for children and

    adolescents. Thousand oaks, CA: Sage publications.

    , & , . (2010). .

    , (12), 79- 94.

    , . (1998). .

    . . : .

    , . (1998). . : .

    , . , ., & , . . (1989).

    (, 1 . 61- 64). :

    .

    Douglas, T. (1997). . .

    (. , ., . , .). : .

    , . (2013). . : .

  • 124

    Fontana, D. (1996). (3 .). (. , ., .

    , .) : .

    Greenberger, D. & Padesky, C.A. (2007). , :

    (.

    , . ., & . , ., . , .).

    : .. .

    Johnson, C.V., Riester, A.E., Corbett, D., Huffaker, L., Levich, K., & Pena, E. (1998).

    Group activities for children and adolescents: An activity group therapy approach.

    Journal of child and adolescent group therapy, 8, 71-88.

    , . & , . (2006). . :

    - . .

    , . (2013). : .

    16 , 2014,

    http://ibrt.gr/edu/sites/default/files/Anxiety%20and%20Panic%20-

    %20Thomas%20Kalpakoglou_0.pdf

    , . (2007).

    . , (8), 105-

    115.

    , . (2013).

    : ;

    ;. (. , .). : - .

    Kulic, K.R., Home, A.M., & Dagley, J.C. (2004). A comprehensive review of

    prevention groups for children and adolescents. Group dynamics: Theory, research

    and practice, 8 (2), 139- 151.

    Kusz, L.M., (2009). Stress in elementary children. Submitted in partial fulfilllment of

    the requirements for the degree of master of arts in guidance and counseling,

    Northern Michigan University

    - , . (1995). . :

    http://ibrt.gr/edu/sites/default/files/Anxiety%20and%20Panic%20-%20Thomas%20Kalpakoglou_0.pdfhttp://ibrt.gr/edu/sites/default/files/Anxiety%20and%20Panic%20-%20Thomas%20Kalpakoglou_0.pdf

  • 125

    Lawrence, P & Oliver, J. (2001). :

    .(. & . , .). :

    .

    Levin. K.A. Torsheim, T. Vollebergh, W. Richter, M. Davies, C., & Schnohr, C

    (2010). National income and income inequality, family affluence and life

    satisfaction among 13 year old boys and girls: A multilevel study in 35 countries.

    Social Indicators Research, 104:179- 194.

    , . (1985). . : University

    Studio Press.

    , . (1997). . : University

    Studio Press.

    , .. (2000). . :

    .

    McLeod, J. (2003). . : .

    , . , . , ., & , . (2013). :

    . , 6(1), 21-27.

    16 , 2014, http://magazine.enne.gr/wp-

    content/uploads/2013/11/tomos6_teyxos1.pdf

    , .. (1998). . :

    .

    (2003).

    (), 303/13-3-2003, .

    , . (2009). :

    . , (15), 047-061.

    , & , . (2005). . .

    (.), . :

    .

    Robson, C. (2007). :

    (2 .) (, . & , .

    .). : Gutenberg

    http://magazine.enne.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/tomos6_teyxos1.pdfhttp://magazine.enne.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/tomos6_teyxos1.pdf

  • 126

    Stallard, P. (2011). : -

    (. , & . , .,

    . , .). : - . .

    , . (2012). . 20 , 2014,

    https://psy4you.wordpress.com

    . (2006, 11). 20 , 2014,

    http://www.psynet.gr/index.php/anoia/2014-12-30-23-05-21/98-2014/42-42

    , ., , ., & Chimieti, G. (2001). ,

    . . , . & .

    (.), , (. 127- 141).

    : .

    Yalom, I.D. (2006). (. & .

    , .). : .

    , .. (2004). (5 .). :

    .

    , . (.). (2004).

    . . : - .

    .

    , ., , ., , ., & , .

    (2009). :

    . , 16(3), 381- 401.

    https://psy4you.wordpress.com/http://www.psynet.gr/index.php/anoia/2014-12-30-23-05-21/98-2014/42-42

  • 127

  • 128

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    8 .

    (40 ) .

    .

    , . .

    .

    /: ..

    .

    .

    ...

  • 129

    1. CTAS

    2. BFNE

    3. CDI

    4.

  • 130

    : : : ............. : ...

    ,

    .

    -

    1. . 1 2 3 4

    2. . 1 2 3 4

    3. . 1 2 3 4

    4. . 1 2 3 4

    5. . 1 2 3 4

    6. . 1 2 3 4

    7. . 1 2 3 4

    8. . 1 2 3 4

    9. . 1 2 3 4

    10. . 1 2 3 4

    11. . 1 2 3 4

    12. . 1 2 3 4

    13. . 1 2 3 4

    14. 1 2 3 4

    15. . 1 2 3 4

    16. . 1 2 3 4

    17. . 1 2 3 4

    18. . 1 2 3 4

    19. . 1 2 3 4

    20. . 1 2 3 4

    21. . 1 2 3 4

    22. . 1 2 3 4

    23. . 1 2 3 4

    24. . 1 2 3 4

    25. . 1 2 3 4

    26. . 1 2 3 4

    27. . 1 2 3 4

    28. . 1 2 3 4

    29. . 1 2 3 4

    30. / . 1 2 3 4

  • 131

    .

    , 0 4

    .

    1. , .

    0 1 2 3 4

    2. . 0 1 2 3 4

    3. .

    0 1 2 3 4

    4. .

    0 1 2 3 4

    5. . 0 1 2 3 4

    6. .

    0 1 2 3 4

    7. .

    0 1 2 3 4

    8. , .

    0 1 2 3 4

    9. .

    0 1 2 3 4

    10. , .

    0 1 2 3 4

    11.

    0 1 2 3 4

    12. .

    0 1 2 3 4

  • 132

    .

    . .

    :

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    () ()

    ()

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    ()

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    / /

    /

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    ()

    ()

  • 133

    :

    , ; ;

    , / ; ;

    ;

  • 134

    ;

    ;

    , , ;

    ;

    ,

    ( );

    ;

    ;