If you can't read please download the document
Upload
doannhi
View
224
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
. 290
: , . ... /
, 2015
1
.
, .
,
.
.
, . .
.
.
.
( )
. , 1
12/
.
,
.
2
, , . 4
5
ABSTRACT 7
8
1
10
1.1 10
1.2 11
1.2.1 12
1.2.1.1 14
1.2.1.2 20
1.2.2 21
1.2.3 22
1.2.4 23
1.2.5 Spielberger 23
1.3 24
1.4 29
1.4.1 29
1.4.2 31
1.4.3 34
1.5 36
1.5.1 36
1.5.2 - 38
1.5.3 39
1.5.4 42
2
43
2.1 43
2.2 45
2.3 47
2.4 49
2.4.1 50
2.4.2 54
2.4.3 - 55
2.5 57
3
3
59
3.1 60
3.2 63
3.3 64
3.3.1 65
3.3.2 66
3.3.3 70
3.3.4 76
4
80
4.1 80
4.2 80
4.3 82
4.4 82
4.4.1 - 82
4.4.2 - 83
4.4.3 85
4.4.4 86
4.5 86
5
- - 106
5.1 106
5.2 - 117
5.3 121
123
127
129
4
1
. 25
2 26
3
81
4 85
5
111
1 . 12
1 . 108
2
109
5
,
.
/ .
1
12/
.
56 . (30)
, 15 15 ,
15 . 26
(11 15 ) .
(
/ ),
, 2014-
2014.
.
,
. ,
/
.
,
- (
)
- ()
6
. ,
.
- : , , ,
7
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was the creation of a psychoeducational programme for
the prevention and reduction of test anxiety among students in the fifth and sixth year
of Primary School. This programme would offer teachers the opportunity to apply it
in class with their students.
The complete and designed programme was conducted and checked on an
experimental basis according to certain suppositions in order for this research to lead
to the evaluation of the programme and its efficiency for the prevention of test anxiety
The sample of the research were students of the fifth and sixth year of the 1st Primary
School in Skala, Lakonia. The number of the participants in the psychoeducational
group is totally 56 students. Thirty (30) students of whom 15 were boys and 15 were
girls, were divided into two subgroups according to their class. As a result two
experimental groups were created the group of the fifth year and with group of the
sixth year with 15 members each. The remaining 26 students (11 boys and 15 girls)
formed the checking group.
The members of the experimental group took part in eight meetings (one meeting per
week) based on specific topics and specific goals each, the time being February 2014
to April 2014. For the data collection suitable measurement tools and scales of
evaluation were used.
According to the research suppositions, the members of the group would show less
test anxiety after the end of psychoeducation compared to the checking team.
Moreover, the members of the group would show less fear of negative evaluation
compared to the checking group after the end of the programme and they would show
less symptoms of depression compared with the checking group.
As for the test anxiety, it was found that the members of the group showed a tendency
of reduction into two sub-scales (autonomic reactions and off- task behaviors) up to
one month after the end of the psychoeducational programme while no significant
differences were found statistically in the sub-scale (thoughts). Finally concerning the
fear of negative evaluation and the symptoms of depression suppositions were not
confirmed.
Key words: test anxiety, prevention, psychoeducational group, Primary school
8
.
..
.
. /:
(. ), (.
) /
(. ).
/ . ,
()
.
,
.
:
, / ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
9
,
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
/ ,
.
10
1
:
.
.
,
.
,
(Fontana, 1996).
1.1
, .
, .
(,
2013).
, , & - (1989)
.
. .
(1998),
: ( , , ...)
( ),
( ,
(..
).
(1997)
,
.
11
(, 1985).
(. ).
. ,
,
( & , 2006).
( ), ,
, , ,
(,
, & , 2013).
, , : )
, ) , )
, )
)
( & , 2006. , 2013).
,
( &
, 2006).
1.2
.
12
1.2.1
:
,
(McLeod, 2003).
Beck (1976)
.
.
,
. ,
.
(Beck, 2013).
Greenberger & Padesky (2007) .
1:
(, , )
(Greenberger & Padesky, 2007. Beck, 2013).
13
,
.
(Beck, 2013).
(. ),
(. ) (
).
, .
(. ),
(. ) (.
) (Stallard, 2006).
.
, (
) ,
(, 2013).
(Beck, 2013).
. ()
. ,
.
(. ), (.
) (. )
(Beck, 2013. Greenberger & Padesky,
2007. Stallard, 2006).
, .
.
,
(. , ,
14
) (.
, ).
(Beck, 2013). .
, ,
(Greenberger & Padesky, 2007).
,
, .
, (Beck, 2013).
(Rosen, 1998 .. . Beck, 2013).
, ,
.
(Greenberger & Padesky, 2007).
(McLeod, 2003).
1.2.1.1
.
. , ,
(Stallard, 2006. Beck, 2013).
:
15
- .
(Beck, 2013. , 2013. Stallard, 2006).
(, 2013).
:
.
.
(Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).
:
.
, .
,
(Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).
:
,
16
.
.
,
(Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).
:
,
.
(Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).
Stallard (2006)
.
:
,
.
.
.
. ,
17
(Beck, 2013. , 2013. Stallard, 2006).
:
.
(Beck, 2013.
, 2013).
(, 2013).
:
/
.
(Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).
18
:
. Stallard (2006)
.
(Beck,
2013. , 2013. Stallard, 2006).
:
.
.
(Beck, 2013. , 2013.
Stallard, 2006).
:
19
.
(Beck, 2013).
.
: ,
(Stallard, 2006).
:
. ,
(Beck, 2013).
:
.
,
.
(, 2013). :
,
20
1.2.1.2
(2013)
.
Beck
.
.
,
.
Clark Beck (1998)
. ,
,
.
. , ,
,
(, 2013).
Blackburn Davidson (1990)
: , .
.
.
Ingram Kendall
(1987) .
(), ( ),
( ) (
) (, 2013).
(Clark & Beck, 1989
.. . , 2013).
21
, .
,
.
: )
)
(, 2013).
, Ellis (1988)
: ) ,
, ) ,
, ) , )
,
(, 2013).
1.2.2
Freud(1894)
. ,
(
)
(
., 1989).
O May (1950)
Syllivan (1953)
( ., 1989).
.
( ., 2013).
(-
, 1995).
22
1.2.3
Rogers
(, 2004).
: )
,
, ,
(Lawrence &
Oliver, 2001).
(, 1999).
,
( .,
2013).
) .
.
, ,
. ,
. , ,
,
(McLeod, 2003).
( ., 2013).
, ,
, ,
.
23
1.2.4
. (2013),
, Hans Selye
.
.
Selye (General Adaptation
Syndrome- GAS) .
, : )
, ) ) .
(),
()
() (Fontana, 1996).
.
.
, ,
(Fontana, 1996).
1.2.5 Spielberger
,
,
(Spielberger
& Smith, 1972 . . & , 2005).
:
(1) (state anxiety).
,
,
( ., 2013). ,
.
24
(2) (trait anxiety). /
, ,
/
. ()
( & , 2005).
( ., 2013).
1.3
. ,
, ,
, .
, (,
2012). ,
, .
, .
, ,
.
/. :
25
1:
(, 2012).
(, 2013. , 2003 . . .,
2013):
26
2:
,
, , (, 2012).
Frank (2003, .. . Kusz, 2009) ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
27
,
, , ,
(, 2012).
.
Fontana (1996) (2012),
:
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
( ),
,
.
.
.
, , , , -
28
, (, 2012. Frank, 2003
.. . Kusz, 2009).
.
- ,
,
(Kendall & Treadwell, 1996 ..
. & , 2006).
, ,
.
, , ,
, , ,
,
(, 2012. Frank, 2003 .. . Kusz, 2009).
.
.
.
(Fontana, 1996).
,
(, 2012),
( ;,
)
(Fontana, 1996).
29
(, )
(, 2012). ,
,
.
(Fontana, 1996).
(2012) ,
, , ,
, ,
.
. ,
, .
1.4
,
( ., 1989).
Ebel (1979)
,
(, 1998).
1.4.1
1950
( & , 2005).
.
30
( ., 1989). , ,
,
, .
(, 1998).
(
., 1989). (2012)
.
(, , &
Chimieti, 2001)
: ) .
, )
.
, )
, )
)
.
(, 1998).
.
( ., 2001).
-
.
31
.
.
,
(, 1998).
, ,
.
.
1.4.2
, ,
.
.
.
(, )
( & , 2010).
,
(, 2012). ,
.
.
,
(,
2012).
32
, ,
(Allen & Klein, 1996
.. . Kusz, 2009).
.
. . , ,
, (, 2012).
.
,
(, 2012).
(.
)
(,
2012).
, ,
.
.
.
(, ,
) .
.
,
(, 1998).
.
,
.
.
33
. , ,
, ,
( ., 1989).
. ,
,
.
,
(, 1998).
,
.
.
.
(, 2001).
. ,
. ,
,
(Spielbeger & Smith, 1972 . .
& , 2005).
.
34
( , 2006).
, , , , ,
/ ,
.
/ (, 2012).
. (2001) .
. , ,
.
.
.
1.4.3
, ,
.
.
;
Tobias (1985, 1986)
.
,
. :
35
1) - : .
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
, ,
.
2) - :
.
.
Schachter (1987) .
.
(. )
(.
- ).
(, 2001).
3) :
.
,
.
.
.
. ,
36
.
(, 2001).
,
,
.
,
, , .
1.5 -
,
- , ,
.
1.5.1
.
-
( & , 2006).
- .
79% 10 ,
7
, ,
, . (Stallard, 2006).
-
Kendall
Hollon (1979)
37
(Stallard, 2006).
-
. Kendall (1991, .. . Stallard, 2006)
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
(, 2013. & , 2006.
Stallard, 2006).
-
/
.
(Stallard, 2006):
) ,
.
)
, .
) ,
.
)
.
) ,
.
38
1.5.2 -
, ,
,
.
.
. ,
(Stallard, 2006).
.
, ,
, .
.
, (Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).
.
16 .
(Beck, 2013). ,
(Stallard,
2006).
.
.
, , ,
.
. ,
(Stallard, 2006).
,
(Beck, 2013).
. ,
39
.
(Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).
-.
.
, ,
(Beck, 2013. Stallard, 2006).
.
.
.
(Stallard, 2006).
1.5.3
Stallard (2006)
:
.
,
.
. ,
.
.
40
.
.
.
, .
.
,
, ..
.
(.
, , ). ,
(. , )
.
.
,
.
.
.
(. )
.
.
.
, .
.
.
,
41
.
: )
, )
)
,
(Greenberger Padesky, 2007).
.
.
.
.
,
.
, .
,
,
. ,
,
.
.
. -
(. ) (.
) (.
)
.
42
1.5.4
.
: ) , )
, )
) ,
(Stallard, 2006).
,
(Stallard, 2006). ,
.
. Weisz (1995)
,
(Stallard, 2006).
,
.
,
.
,
(Stallard, 2006).
43
2
:
,
,
, .
20%
.
, , ,
(, 2013).
.
,
,
(, 2004).
2.1
,
,
(Levin A. et al. 2010).
(Weare & Gray, 2000 .. .
, 2013). ,
.
, ) - )
- .
44
) ,
.
.
(, 2013).
,
(. , , ).
S. Blake, J. Bird & L. Gerlach (2007 .. . , 2013)
:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
,
(Blake, Bird & Gerlach, 2007 .. . , 2013).
) , W. & R. Johnson (1989),
,
45
.
(, 2013).
(Weare & Gray, 2000 ..
. , 2013).
2.2
(, 2004).
,
, , (, 2013).
10-20%
.
(,
2004). , , 2007,
58% , 53% ,
52% , 32% 62% . 1 5
20%
.
;
.
,
46
. ,
, ,
.
.
, Durlak (1995)
.
(. ), (. ),
(. ), ( )
(, 2004).
, .
(2012), Garber (2006) & Rudolph et al. (2000)
(, 2013).
, ,
, ,
(Werner, 1989 .. .
, 2004).
, ,
. , Durlak
(1995),
.
(Durlak, 1998 .. .
, 2004). , (
47
), , ( -
) ( ).
, ,
.
(Albee, 1982 .. . , 2004).
2.3
. , ,
(
., 2009. , 2013).
. ,
, .
(, 2013). ,
.
48
,
, (Meyers &
Meyers, 2003 .. . ., 2009).
,
.
(Masten, 2001, 2007 .. . ., 2009).
,
,
.
,
.
.
(, 2004. Battistisch et al., 1997. Frymier,
1992 .. . , 2004).
,
.
, -
( 303/ 13-3-2003)
,
. , ,
49
(, , 2011). , ,
:
-
-
- , ,
,
(, , 2011).
,
,
.
2.4
.
.
(, 2013).
,
.
50
2.4.1
, ,
, , , ,
, (Weissberg R.,
Kumpfer K. & Seligman M. 2003 .. . , 2013).
J. A. Bury (2001), , ,
.
.
,
,
(, 2009).
(Institute of Medicine), 1994,
(, 2013).
,
(Institute of Medicine) 1994 :
o
.
(Weissberg R., Kumpfer K. & Seligman M. 2003. Durlak J. & Wells
A. 1997. Durlak J. 1995 .. . , 2013).
,
, ,
( ., 2007.
., 2009).
51
,
(Durlak J. & Wells A., 1997. .. . , 2013).
,
-
-
, , ,
.
, ,
,
(. )
, (Durlak J., 1995.
Durlak J. & Wells A., 1997. .. . , 2013).
,
- .
(universal/ global/ all population)
/ (. ).
.
, ,
(..
, )
(, 2013. , 2004).
.
(transition/ milestone) -
(, 2013).
52
,
/
.
o
(, 2007).
(, 2013. ,
2004).
.
( ., 2009. , 2004).
,
, ,
(, 2004 .. . , 2004).
,
.
o
,
,
(Durlak J. & Wells A., 1997. Durlak J., 1995. .. .
, 2013).
.
53
,
( ., 2009). (2007)
, ,
.
.
(2004 .. . ., 2009)
,
.
,
. ,
(Haynes & Comer, 1996.
Holtzman, 1992 .. . ., 2009).
: (universal)
, (selective)
(targeted)
(indicated)
(, 2013).
.
.
54
2.4.2
(Durlak J., 1995
.. . , 2013).
,
,
.
( . & . 2001 .. .
, 2013).
:
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
, (, 2013).
(universal)
(targeted). (.
)
,
.
55
,
.
, (selected),
.
.
-
(, 2013).
Allensworth D. (1997.. . , 2013)
.
2.4.3 -
- ,
, . , Greenberg,
-
, ,
,
.
J. Zins
,
.
,
, ,
(, 2013).
.
-
, ,
56
,
.
-
, , ,
. , ,
(,
2013).
, ,
- (CASEL),
:
- / (self- awareness).
, ,
.
- (self- management).
,
..
- (social awareness).
,
,
.
- (relationship skills).
, ,
,
.
- (responsible decision making).
.
,
57
(,
2013).
,
.
2.5
,
.
,
(2004) :
i. .
.
ii.
iii. .
,
, , ,
.
iv. .
, (. , , )
.
58
v. .
,
(. , , )
.
vi. . : )
,
, ) ,
) )
.
59
3
:
,
, - .
Tom Douglas (1997),
,
.
(, & , 2011).
. ,
,
( & , 2003)
.
(Kulic, Horne & Dagley, 2004).
, , ,
. ,
.
(Association for Specialists in Group
Work, 2000 .. . , & , 2011),
,
: ) (task/ work groups), ) (counseling
groups), ) (therapy groups), ) /
(psychoeducational/ guidance groups).
60
.
3.1
.
(2000)
/
,
( ., 2011).
(Correy & Correy, 2006 .. .
., 2011).
,
(. ) ,
,
.
( ., 2011).
, )
/ (education), ) (skills
training) ) (self-knowledge)
-
61
.
, Delucia-Waack (2006), :
.
. (2011)
- .
.
. -
.
Yalom (2006)
. ,
,
.
.
(Brown, 2011).
, 15-20
, ,
.
.
62
. 30-
45 . , , (. 20 ) (. 75
)
( ., 2011).
,
100 . ,
, .
, ,
20-25
( ., 2011).
2
. 10-12
,
( &
, 2003). , ,
(Brown, 2011).
,
, ,
,
. , .
. ,
,
( ., 2011).
, ,
/, ,
(, 2010).
63
/ .
( ., 2011).
3.2
.
(, , , , ..)
(, , , ,
, , ..).
, . (2011) :
/ (Educational/learning groups):
, .
, .
, , .
(Skills training groups):
. ,
, , ,
, ..
(Team building and training):
.
64
.
(Personal development groups):
,
.
(Psychoeducational
group therapy and support groups):
, , , ..
.
(. )
. .
(Life- transitions groups):
,
.
.
3.3
()
, .
,
65
, , .
(Brown, 2011).
3.3.1
. Thompson Randolph (1983, .. . Brown,
2011) :
(Common problem groups):
(.
).
. ,
.
(Case- centered groups):
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
66
(ORourke & Worzbyt, 1996, .. .
., 2011).
(Human potential groups):
.
.
(Skill development groups):
, ,
.
(.
, ,
, , .. ).
,
-
( ., 2011).
3.3.2
.
Yalom (2006) 11
.
( ., 2011).
. ,
.
67
.
: , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , .
.
.
.
.
, , . ,
.
,
(Yalom, 2006. ., 2011).
.
,
(. , , ..)
.
.
,
. ,
(Yalom, 2006. Brown, 2011).
68
.
, ,
. ,
.
, .
. , ,
(Yalom, 2006. ., 2011).
.
,
,
, .
(Yalom, 2006).
()
.
/ , / ,
, , ,
.
(Yalom, 2006).
69
( ., 2011).
.
. ,
(Yalom, 2006).
.
.
,
(modeling)
. ,
.
(Yalom, 2006).
.
. ,
. ,
( ., 2011).
70
, Yalom (2006),
.
. ,
,
( ., 2011).
.
.
.
(. )
( ., 2011).
, ,
..
.
(Yalom, 2006. .,
2011).
3.3.3
,
, .
,
71
,
.
1-2
( ., 2011). , ,
(. )
.
.
,
( ., 2011).
, , .
(Yalom, 2006).
.
(Corey,
2008 .. . ., 2011). , ,
, ,
.
(Johnson et al., 1998).
.
.
Geldard & Geldard (2001 .. . .,
2011).
72
.
.
. ,
(Yalom, 2006).
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
, , .
( & , 2003). , ,
( ., 2011).
,
( ) .
Lampel (1985)
,
(Van Velsor, 2004 .. .
., 2011).
(2003) ,
.
.
73
( ., 2011).
, ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, (Johnson et al., 1998). ,
,
.
,
, .
- ( ., 2011).
.
(Yalom, 2006).
(Brown, 2004 .. .
., 2011).
.
,
(Geldard & Geldard, 2001 . . .
., 2011).
74
(Geldard &
Geldard, 2001 . . . ., 2011).
,
.
,
,
( ., 2011).
,
(Johnson et al., 1998).
.
.
, , ,
(Geldard & Geldard, 2001. Smead, 1995
.. . ., 2011).
,
.
( ., 2011).
.
( ., 2011).
(
75
., 2011).
,
.
,
.
,
, (Delucia-
Waack, 2006 .. . ., 2011).
,
( & , 2003).
.
( ., 2011).
.
(Van Velsor, 2004 .. .
., 2011).
- .
(Jones & Robinson, 2000
.. . ., 2011).
(Johnson et al.,
1998).
76
3.3.4
,
( ., 2011).
.
.
.
, , .. ,
,
(Trounson, 1996 .. . ., 2011).
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
, .
77
,
(Geldard & Geldard, 2001. Trounson, 1996 .. .
., 2011).
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
. , ,
.
,
(
., 2011).
,
.
6-8
,
(Dies, 1996 .. . ., 2011. Delucia-Waack,
2000).
.
78
.
,
.
(Yalom, 2006).
, Geldard & Geldard, 2001. Riva &Haub,
2004. Smead, 1995. Soo, 1991. Swanson, 1996 (.. .
., 2011), :
.
.
2-3
(Geldard & Geldard, 2001. Smead, 1995.
Swanson, 1996 .. . ., 2011).
79
,
.
,
(Yalom, 2006).
.
.
.
(Smead, 1995 .. . .,
2011).
.
.
.
, , /
. ,
,
.
( ., 2011).
.
80
4
:
,
.
4.1
.
,
( )
( )
.
4.2
.
81
3:
1
.
.
2
.
.
.
3
.
.
4
/ .
/.
5
()
.
.
6
()
.
7
.
.
8
.
.
82
4.3
,
:
(, ,
)
.
.
.
4.4
4.4.1 -
( )
.
1
12/ .
(30) 11
12 . 15 .
,
15 6 9
9 6 .
83
, , 26 11
15. 13
13 , 11
12 .
, , ,
.
.
4.4.2 -
(
) ():
CTAS
(the Childrens Test Anxiety Scale, Wren & Benson, 2004).
30 Likert :
1 ( ), 2 ( ), 3 ( ), 4 ( ).
: ,
.
Wren & Benson (2004) 30 13 ,
9 8 .
, ,
25
. ,
11
7 .
25 .
84
BFNE (Brief Fear
of Negative Evaluation Scale, Leary, 1983).
.
Likert. 0 (
) 4 ( ).
CDI (Children Depression
Inventory, Kovacs, 1992). ,
(1=
, 2= , 3= )
.
,
Critical Incident Questionnaire (CIQ)
Brookfield, S. D. (1995).
, , (8) (6)
(2)
/ .
,
,
,
.
.
85
4:
Cronbachs alpha
CTAS
Pre- tests 0.84
Post- tests 0.89
Follow up 0.90
BFNE
Pre- tests 0.83
Post- tests 0.91
Follow up 0.93
CDI
Pre- tests 0.73
Post- tests 0.73
Follow up 0.76
4.4.3
,
, .
,
40 (1 ). ,
,
, , .
, .
.
86
4.4.4
2 1
.
.
,
, ,
()
. ,
.
4.5
.
87
1 :
.
1: (10)
.
,
. . ,
.
(5)
;
;
2: (15)
, , 4 . ,
1, 2, 3, 4
.
.
.(
, 1, 2 3 4 4 3).
4 .
.
, .
.
.
- (5)
;
88
;
;
;
(5)
.
.
, .. .
: 14 , 4 4,
89
2 :
.
.
.
1: (5)
.
. .
2: (15)
.
.
.
.
.
(
) .
.
3: (15)
. 4 3-4 .
.
...
90
.
- (4)
/ ;
; ;
(1)
.
, .
91
3 : !
.
.
1: (15)
, . -
, .
.
1-10. -
(1),
(5) (10).
(5)
;
;
; ;
;
;
2: . (13)
,
.
.
.
92
- (5)
;
;
;
(2)
.
, .
93
10 .
.
i. / .
()
1.
ii. / . () 2.
iii. . () 3.
iv. . () 4.
v. . () 5.
vi. . ( ) 6.
vii. .
()
7.
viii. . () 8.
ix. . () 9.
x. . () 10.
94
...
:...
;
(
;)
;
( ;)
;
( ;)
;
( ;)
/;
(/
;)
;
( ;)
95
4 :
-
.
-
1: ; (25)
-
.
1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4.
,
. -
.
.
- (5)
- ,
;
;
2: ; (8)
. (. ,
).
96
,
.
(2)
, .
.
.
..
97
5 : !
.
.
(2)
.
4 .
1: (8)
.
2 ,
.
.
- (8)
.
,
; ;
;
2: (17)
4
98
.
.
- (3)
;
;
;
(2)
.
99
6 : , !
.
1: (22)
.
, ,
:
.
2: ; (15)
, ,
.
(3)
, .
100
.
. .
. .
. :
45 .
.
.
.
. !!
.
. , .
:
..
101
102
7 :
.
.
1 : , ! (30 )
,
.
, , .. ;
. ,
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
(
2
).
2: (5 )
.
:
103
.
.
, .
, . 8-12
( ) .
(3)
; ;
(2 )
.
104
.
.
.
.
.
.
, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
105
8 : !
.
.
1: (10)
. .
2: (10)
.
.
.
,
. ,
.
.
106
5
:
- -
,
.
5.1
, ,
(pre-assessment post-assessment).
( , )
(FNE), (CDI),
. ,
, ,
(off-task behaviors), t(54) = 2.27, p=.02,
. , , ,
, .
.
(ANOVA)
( , )
(, ) (between-subjects
factor) ( , )
.
, Fs <
1.
107
(off-task behaviors)
, F(1,
52) = 3.35, p=.07, partial 2= 0.06.
, .
t (paired samples)
, t < 1,
, t(25) = 1.79, p=.08.
( ,
follow-up) .
(autonomic reactions) F(1,
52) = 4.86, p=.03, partial 2= 0.09,
, F(1, 52) = 3.36, p=.07, partial
2= 0.06. ,
. t (paired samples)
, t
< 1,
, t(29) = 3.17, p=.004.
108
1: ( follow up)
(off-task behaviors)
, F(1, 52)
= 4.88, p=.03, partial 2= 0.08. t (paired samples)
, t (25) = 1.2, ..,
, t(29) = 1.77, p=.08.
109
2:
( follow up)
,
, F(1, 52) = 5.23, p=.03, partial 2= 0.09.
t (paired samples)
, t < 1, ,
, t(25) = 2.92, p=.007.
, F(1, 52) = 4.09, p=.04, partial
2= 0.07,
.
, F(1, 52) = 7.37, p=.009, partial 2= 0.12,
110
, t(24) = 2.01, p=.04.
/
(FNE), .
(ANOVA)
( , ) (, )
(between-subjects factor) (
, ) .
, F(1, 52) = .44, ..
, F(1, 52) = 6.30, p=.01, partial
2 = 0.1. , t
, t(24) = 2.00, p=.05.
( ,
follow-up) . ,
, F(1, 52) = .16, ..
, F(1, 52) = 6.50, p=.01, partial 2 = 0.11. ,
.
(CDI),
.
,
111
, F < 1.
, Fs < 3.
(follow-up),
, F(1, 52) = 4.65, p=.03, partial 2 = 0.08,
.
, ps > 0.05.
5:
FOLLOW UP FOLLOW UP
M.O T.A M.O T.A M.O T.A M.O T.A M.O T.A M.O T.A
25.63 7.49 25.73 7.82 26.16 8.03 27.30 5.45 26.30 7.40 24.42 6.70
13.50 4.25 12.80 3.95 11.16 3.27 12.42 3.11 12.57 3.91 12.07 4.26
14.50 4.08 14.13 4.26 13.33 4.27 12.00 4.13 13.30 5.01 12.96 4.33
20.43 10.99 20.86 13.21 22.33 13.97 20.61 8.13 21.96 10.69 21.00 11.19
13.23 3.02 13.56 3.69 12.66 3.09 13.61 3.15 13.61 2.60 12.65 2.60
112
.
( : r(56) = 0.44,
p < 0.001), ( ), r(56) =
0.61, p < 0.001). ,
.
,
( )
, r (56) = 0.34, p = 0.01,
, r (56) = 0.46, p < 0.01.
,
,
.
,
,
.
(8) ,
(6) (2)
/ .
:
113
1 : ,
; ;
.
:
(2 )
(7 )
; (4 )
(2 )
(3 )
(5 )
, (7 ).
,
(3) .
,
.
. ,
, :
,
, .
,
: ,
,
,
114
: ,
, ,
, .
2 : ,
/ ; ;
. ,
, :
2 :
3 :
4 : ; ;
5 :
6 : ;
7 : ,
.
: ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
, :
,
115
, ,
, ,
.
3 : ;
. :
, ,
, ,
,
.
.
4 : ; /
(27) () (3)
().
5
:
; /
30 , (25)
,
(5)
.
6 : , ,
;
(29) (30)
(1) .
116
: ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
7 : ;
, ,
,
, , ,
.
8 : .
( )
, .
,
:
, ,
, 2 , ,
.
;
117
.
,
,
.
;
, ,
.
5.2 -
) , )
/ )
.
,
- ,
, /
.
,
(post- test).
,
.
post- test
.
118
.
(follow- up)
,
.
-
.
.
.
.
. , ,
post test,
. , ,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
. ,
119
. , ,
. ,
.
,
, .
,
.
.
,
. , ,
.
, , 4 1
,
. , ,
.
,
(Yalom, 2006). ,
,
.
.
120
, ,
. , ,
.,
.,
.
,
CTAS ( )
CDI () 30 10 .
SASC-R (Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised, La Greca & Stone,
1993)
CTAS. , ,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
121
, ,
- .
5.3
.
/
. Robson (2007)
, .
(Orne, . . Robson, 2007).
,
.
, ,
,
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
122
.
, ,
.
.
,
.
,
.
123
, . (2001).
. . , . & .
(.), , (. 145- 162). :
.
, ., & , . (2003). 205
, , (7 .). :
.
, ., , ., & , . (2011).
. . : .
Beck, S.J. (2013). (7 .). (. , .
, . , . , . , . , .
., & . , ., . , .). :
Brown, W.N. (2011). Psychoeducational groups: Process and practice (3rd ed.). N.Y:
Routledge.
Delucia- Waack, J.L. (2006). Leading psychoeducational groups for children and
adolescents. Thousand oaks, CA: Sage publications.
, & , . (2010). .
, (12), 79- 94.
, . (1998). .
. . : .
, . (1998). . : .
, . , ., & , . . (1989).
(, 1 . 61- 64). :
.
Douglas, T. (1997). . .
(. , ., . , .). : .
, . (2013). . : .
124
Fontana, D. (1996). (3 .). (. , ., .
, .) : .
Greenberger, D. & Padesky, C.A. (2007). , :
(.
, . ., & . , ., . , .).
: .. .
Johnson, C.V., Riester, A.E., Corbett, D., Huffaker, L., Levich, K., & Pena, E. (1998).
Group activities for children and adolescents: An activity group therapy approach.
Journal of child and adolescent group therapy, 8, 71-88.
, . & , . (2006). . :
- . .
, . (2013). : .
16 , 2014,
http://ibrt.gr/edu/sites/default/files/Anxiety%20and%20Panic%20-
%20Thomas%20Kalpakoglou_0.pdf
, . (2007).
. , (8), 105-
115.
, . (2013).
: ;
;. (. , .). : - .
Kulic, K.R., Home, A.M., & Dagley, J.C. (2004). A comprehensive review of
prevention groups for children and adolescents. Group dynamics: Theory, research
and practice, 8 (2), 139- 151.
Kusz, L.M., (2009). Stress in elementary children. Submitted in partial fulfilllment of
the requirements for the degree of master of arts in guidance and counseling,
Northern Michigan University
- , . (1995). . :
http://ibrt.gr/edu/sites/default/files/Anxiety%20and%20Panic%20-%20Thomas%20Kalpakoglou_0.pdfhttp://ibrt.gr/edu/sites/default/files/Anxiety%20and%20Panic%20-%20Thomas%20Kalpakoglou_0.pdf
125
Lawrence, P & Oliver, J. (2001). :
.(. & . , .). :
.
Levin. K.A. Torsheim, T. Vollebergh, W. Richter, M. Davies, C., & Schnohr, C
(2010). National income and income inequality, family affluence and life
satisfaction among 13 year old boys and girls: A multilevel study in 35 countries.
Social Indicators Research, 104:179- 194.
, . (1985). . : University
Studio Press.
, . (1997). . : University
Studio Press.
, .. (2000). . :
.
McLeod, J. (2003). . : .
, . , . , ., & , . (2013). :
. , 6(1), 21-27.
16 , 2014, http://magazine.enne.gr/wp-
content/uploads/2013/11/tomos6_teyxos1.pdf
, .. (1998). . :
.
(2003).
(), 303/13-3-2003, .
, . (2009). :
. , (15), 047-061.
, & , . (2005). . .
(.), . :
.
Robson, C. (2007). :
(2 .) (, . & , .
.). : Gutenberg
http://magazine.enne.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/tomos6_teyxos1.pdfhttp://magazine.enne.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/tomos6_teyxos1.pdf
126
Stallard, P. (2011). : -
(. , & . , .,
. , .). : - . .
, . (2012). . 20 , 2014,
https://psy4you.wordpress.com
. (2006, 11). 20 , 2014,
http://www.psynet.gr/index.php/anoia/2014-12-30-23-05-21/98-2014/42-42
, ., , ., & Chimieti, G. (2001). ,
. . , . & .
(.), , (. 127- 141).
: .
Yalom, I.D. (2006). (. & .
, .). : .
, .. (2004). (5 .). :
.
, . (.). (2004).
. . : - .
.
, ., , ., , ., & , .
(2009). :
. , 16(3), 381- 401.
https://psy4you.wordpress.com/http://www.psynet.gr/index.php/anoia/2014-12-30-23-05-21/98-2014/42-42
127
128
,
,
,
.
,
.
8 .
(40 ) .
.
, . .
.
/: ..
.
.
...
129
1. CTAS
2. BFNE
3. CDI
4.
130
: : : ............. : ...
,
.
-
1. . 1 2 3 4
2. . 1 2 3 4
3. . 1 2 3 4
4. . 1 2 3 4
5. . 1 2 3 4
6. . 1 2 3 4
7. . 1 2 3 4
8. . 1 2 3 4
9. . 1 2 3 4
10. . 1 2 3 4
11. . 1 2 3 4
12. . 1 2 3 4
13. . 1 2 3 4
14. 1 2 3 4
15. . 1 2 3 4
16. . 1 2 3 4
17. . 1 2 3 4
18. . 1 2 3 4
19. . 1 2 3 4
20. . 1 2 3 4
21. . 1 2 3 4
22. . 1 2 3 4
23. . 1 2 3 4
24. . 1 2 3 4
25. . 1 2 3 4
26. . 1 2 3 4
27. . 1 2 3 4
28. . 1 2 3 4
29. . 1 2 3 4
30. / . 1 2 3 4
131
.
, 0 4
.
1. , .
0 1 2 3 4
2. . 0 1 2 3 4
3. .
0 1 2 3 4
4. .
0 1 2 3 4
5. . 0 1 2 3 4
6. .
0 1 2 3 4
7. .
0 1 2 3 4
8. , .
0 1 2 3 4
9. .
0 1 2 3 4
10. , .
0 1 2 3 4
11.
0 1 2 3 4
12. .
0 1 2 3 4
132
.
. .
:
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
() ()
()
------------------------------------------------------------------
()
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
/ /
/
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
()
()
133
:
, ; ;
, / ; ;
;
134
;
;
, , ;
;
,
( );
;
;