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‘H "B Q0 \+& B <7 4K 2& !8 7 ;2& " ; 5 B ; 2 ! & <= . 8 ;23 2%& & = a07 ;B 67 MN7 P32 ; IJ 0= U1 " 8 <7 6:Ia 6435 K< X02J 8 " B IJ Q0 . ;5 63b <= D2& !8 " IJ 0= U1 . 1 . [email protected] Email:

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Page 1: مایلی - خانجانیjournals.ut.ac.ir/article_65178_556819752dc2beef83192cc...127 1384 ˛K 1376 ˚ˆ

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Page 2: مایلی - خانجانیjournals.ut.ac.ir/article_65178_556819752dc2beef83192cc...127 1384 ˛K 1376 ˚ˆ

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�!�" # �$%1 !& '( )��* �+,-� �./ � 0)1 ���&)234 5,)/ 6 �78 �9& :,�&);� . <�7=&��;#�= -�+ >���(��!�" ),� � >6 �7 >3��& )+ �9& #�,$?� # �$%

#9&);� #.&�@�;)" = >+ �9/ >6 �7 &/ >�A�% )� >+ B9�# C�5 )+# �& .>D�E FG&= #9&);� = # �$% ),@ HIJ� K!=) & �9&_ # �$� /�%& �� �L= �.2

_ CMNB� 234 5,)/ = O,P Q�&)4 >+ �@ �I� � R� )+�. >; �9& # !A #%�$B7& /�? = )B�+

-E S6G �� -&�I >+ �&)T,L #9&);� !& UP&�* >��5 K��4& # ��;: » �W�.# >;�� /)+&)+ !&�X,P >+ >6 �7 <#�$G Y)4 *�& -E>; �+ #I�)Z >+ -&��=)(4

= #9�,9 �� & � ���+',$�� �9 *,�[ C�\�& /&)+ #.&� � & ��4�+ >B4& ��?" = �L�@ /!�4&�� �7= �4�+ >B4& �7= ���+ #9�,9 ��B@�9 � >; #N$%« )<R� )+�. 26:1390(.

6 �78 >+ ��)_ -&)�&150 >; �9& ��9 >+ >��5 &/ -� M$. = /!�9�� ���&) ),5� /�7 `a� �./�9& -�,9&M,�&);� /&)+ #%�$B7& .-��)7 >+ >; #N -�,9&M,��� Bb58 @�� � <-

�Nc�8 = Q�&)4 <�9& K�+ 0)1 -E !& UP = # a9& daI�& �� �,Z=)X daI�& #B�9 /�.��B@�96 �78 0�19 � &� C) = >6 �7 eG= = K& ),,f� /��! �" �� &� -&)�&

</��B_& -a; #%�$B7&W�.) =#�9& >B@�9 ��JB . g&),,f� *�& >+���+ �4� h@�4 2��9= `)B�5 <�,6$7 #�&�7 </&�9�+ <#�,X�)(4 <-�4 #B6�c -�D$. #��.

<�.)(4 >+ K)B�5 g)7�( <#6$7 Y�T��& `)B�5*,+ = #N@& g�Z�T��& g�ITZ �4� <#NN$L&�9 *�& !& /�&� = /��B_& = #W�.) Q9�B &� M,�=M& )-�, �.&)+E< 1378 :534- 524 = 661 –

654l #6,+�<1380 :73 – 65(. :� T�78 ���X� )m& � �,6$7 �@�9 � ),,f� <g&),,f� *�& !& !��+ � -E /A�+ �4� n)���9 �./�9& K�+ # a9& daI�& !& UP . <#N /�.�� E ��B9& >+

>. >9 >+ :�M� ��Z � ��X; �,6$7)1355 �� 1390( '_� !& = K�4 )+&)+ >9 o�T�)I� <7/33N, =�" >+ )b� -�,80�9& K�,9� )b� -�,N, . #B,6$7 ��J� � >D�E� ��X; =

>BTL& = -��&�7 '(9 <�& Kp�= �,$.& -E !& 2c�" #W�.) gA�J��J�,2 K); �. �;)�,��9& #N �,6$7 .L�"�# >; ��9 � 1345 <7/28 &� -&)�& �,6$7 2; !& �c�

# 2,3X� -&&�9�+ K& *�& <��& ��9 � � '_�1375 >+ 5/79 �c� )<#6,+� 127:1380( = ���9 1390 >+ =�"7/84�9& K�,9� �,6$7 �c� .3 d�B4)P ��=� )W� /�9 !&

Public Sphere 1. 2.�(�E >[ �&)5M;)$� #%�� >; #�=�J &� -&��=)(4 /)WX�; �!�" = K); �\�& &� g��_ � #>B@�9 q��$ �� >[ = ��&

�(�E�K!�" �,L�6 /&)+ C!A /�.)B�+ >; # '.&) &� # �$% /�.);K ��&.

3 .M;) �� E -&)�& #9�)+ /��=� -&M, /&�9�+ �,6$7 6 >L�9 = )BX,+.

Page 3: مایلی - خانجانیjournals.ut.ac.ir/article_65178_556819752dc2beef83192cc...127 1384 ˛K 1376 ˚ˆ

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�+ ),@& ��9 ��[ � >; ��X; � #L�% ga,�J�869��K�WX�& #BL=),r = #BL= /�. �4� � &� �@ ��mE <>B)5 g�4ITZ8 Q9�B �7���4&s5 9& �.

�s5 �+ !& t�7�X. >L�9 >+ =�= = �=� � /��B_& /!�9���=� #$4�. �L= � #T�� g�Tm �\�& = #��\����!�" �\ �4� �.�4 <��B_& ITZ8 ���7 Q9�B =#P �

0)Z -E ��X; #9�,9 = #%�$B7& ��)�� � )BX,+ �;��X �(7 � # ) g�TL�1 ',B�. .= HIJ� �+ >N�� *�& SNBu g�ITZ )BX,+ >[). �;��X �7� g�"ac& �L

+> v��@ITZ8 � ���7 Q9�B c)%8 �4 # �$% . *B)5 g��_g�%�T1 �(�E q��� = < 234 5,)/ 2bJ �. = w���P �.</�&M5)+ = #�&)�u9 g��N7 �b5 =�.�5/#.�WX�& < !&

>N$7 �=�B9A�> �./ SNBu ITZ8 Q9�B 7J -&�= *�& � ��� d�� # �4 . ��T *�& )+N�� 8 >; �9& *�& >L�I *�& #Nc& � ��=>6L�1 �� mx�,�&s5)/ ITZ8

= �L= Ou+ !& y��@ #%�$B7& /�.�? ',3J� = *��3� � ���7 Q9�B �!�" #c��@ >;-E !& -&��% �+ �!�" �� # �$% # �;,'<�9& *,,T� 2+�_ >��W[ .

�� ���� � ���� ����� �

*,,T� >6 �7 B@��4# mx�,) bLz 8 8ITZ Q9�B ���7 )+ �4� = 869�� �!�" # �$% � -&)�& )�= �1384_1376(< �� !�,� :� d�[��[ /){� �9& >; -&�B+ �9�P = #B�&=� /&)+ �&z9

H,IJ� >|&�& );. �� ��!�" *�& !& >; �& �7= #N; ��,.� >9 # �$% .�,�� �. �+ *�=��%���L �1<e� � ���,7 ��I7�2� �� # �;,' .

?�� ���B� �� �!�" >+ # �$% �,4� ���! :,�&);� _�Nr& -�B9�+ -���� �_ )+ C�{� /��T >N�N9 ��&) �& K��4& >6 �7 .��& � !& -�Za& = �19�&�L= )(4 #5��! =

�9��T *�& )+ <#c��@. -�Za& �19�& = >6 �7 &� >+ Ou+ = =�L )(41 = #5��! #c��@2 ',�I� # ��); )<-�B�NP�; 95:1382(. �L= � �.)(4/ #����� �!�" polis >; *,+ -&��=)(4 &!E })BX �+< !& �!�" oikos oa �; &�7 �+ )<R� )+�. 18:1390(. � *�& :,3b� ).

) '�)" v�@ �@ &� �4& = � & #5��! # �$% � �&!�+ -��)7 # ���. ��� ���B� �� >+ ���7 w�I" = �, �$% /��T )+ >6 �7 >3��& *$GOu+ �./

:,3b� = ',�I� #bNBu # �4 S�)6� <-�� )�/ !& M,� �!�" >|&�& # �$% # )5 :» � !& S�)6� *�&�!�"IN" >+ # �$% 8 -�, ����& �!�" #c��@ =�!�"K��4& #9�,9

1. City-state 2. Private life

Page 4: مایلی - خانجانیjournals.ut.ac.ir/article_65178_556819752dc2beef83192cc...127 1384 ˛K 1376 ˚ˆ

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# �4 «)</�&�$N% 249:1380(. � 2+�_ U;�� = 2W. <���; ��mE � >; ��6 *�&��7 =�9�7< �!�" C�(b �+ # �$% 6 �78 #���$. #�� # ��+� .

�� ���B� >; <R� )+�. <���E <* �,9 <M��,5 <�+��+ -�L�; *+ = K��4& -&�+ �,T" # ���; <�!�" ){� � #��3 & = Q�&)4 <�,6G= &� # �$% # 5,��) >; <-E HIJ� g��c �

&)& # ���&���b5 = ~J+ �� &� -E = ���; >7�� # �$% ) & >+ >�"�T = K);&s �+ = = �5��. �&)_ �IB�& ) <�����)545:2010( . ��_ &� �(�E �,6G= *�& # !�9 � ��98 = K=&) *,�[

&� �@ #B�. <#%�$B7& 2 �6�>+ -&��%Xu+ HIJ� #%�$B7& /)��% �� =K=a% ���&) )+ -E )+ <M,� �L= g��_ ��$%&mx�,�&)# .�5E# K��.���&s5 #_�+ #�aI% = .

R� )+�. '. >+ *�& :,3b� � -&�= -�� K��4& # ��; = �IB6 �9& >; *�& :,3b� !& Ou+ # �9 !& #5��! ���3" �& >; !& #@)+ >T�7 �. )�&) !& ga �6� ��&� � Ou+ �L= = 5��!# #c��@ �9&l *��+ �6 � >; -���& �. >+ #5��! # �9 y��@ !& *�& = K!�" HN6� ���& = -E #5��! # �$% �9& )<R� )+�. 1390 :18( .

R�9&)+ ){� �� >; C�9 }� = ��,.� >L�I *�& �,M�9& < �!�" �,6G= :� # �$% = �9& -�3 & ���Nr& �@ >+ M,� /�(� K�7= # 5,) .�&)+��+ *�!�" # �$% K=a% >3��& )+

# ��&�� S,Z � K)B�5 &/ ���� >+ #%�$B7& /�.�? !& K�(_ >��@ �. <*L�9 �./ <)���� -�3 �./ <#T.s 2bJ �. <w���P �. <*$\�& �._g��c � �./)����7 _>�; < �;# ��4

*,�D$. <�4�+ >B4& -��)7 # ��&��</)9 <#�N% ���� #�=�bB /�.�WL& <#NbJ <#L&=����;),W+ �@ >+ M,� #BL= = /��+� #B" = #L�B,\� . �+ � g��c *�& ��!�" # �$%

�(�E ��(� /�.�WL& = ��c g=�b� >; ',(7&� # ��&�� �J� mx�,) >N$7 !& /�6B /�.),fB 1+&�8 >6 �7 �+ �L= 2+�IB < �,L�68ITZQ9�B #W�.) )c��% = �4�+.

v��@ �� ),m� 8ITZ � Q9�B 234 5,)/= `)B�5�!�" # �$% 8�){� #NIB� q�$\ � � & <�&�� �7= �+ QT�) /){� g�,+&8ITZ = Q9�B mx�,g&)&� -E # -&�� = >+

B98 #N; ',�I�); l <>B9 :�����/ �./ >; ��B�. # -&�� -&��% �+ �(�E !& ����/ �./ !& :,9a;8ITZ�=� = Q9�B OI� = /��+)X_ C�{� !& �/M��\� = *���\�. )38ITZ Q9�B

)+ C�� . = �I� *$G >B9 *�& �9E,� 9��4# #�J+ -� M$. <#9&);� #���; /�.�WL& = #u�����,9E OI� !& >��9��48ITZ � >6 �7 � Q9�B 869�� = �L= *,+ 2|�" /�?

�!�"#c��@ >|&�& # ���; l � R� )+�. = ���E �&)_ >B9 *�& # 5,��) )#N9=); = g)+&�1<

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Page 5: مایلی - خانجانیjournals.ut.ac.ir/article_65178_556819752dc2beef83192cc...127 1384 ˛K 1376 ˚ˆ

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��,.� *�&oA�$6 � /!�9�� !& #4�� gA�J� 2,NJ� /&)+ 0)Z #+)r),r /�.��X;= �9& K�4 oA�$6 #1@ /�.�WL& !& #T,;)� r =,1@)# � -�,9&M,�&);� = /!�9�� !&

�+ >���I �.��X;/�P=�& � #>+ >B� ��;�9& .�,.� *�& -&�+ ��T9 q�G� 0)Z ��!�" *�& � /�9 :� � >; �9& 0)1 # �$%){��> �. �+ K&)$. 869�� �4� </��B_& 8ITZ

�4� <Q9�B .�5E# �./ <#%�$B7& 234 5,)/ L�6,� �./ �4� = >��TNZ=& K!�" �./ # �$% )W� /�9 !& = �9& >B)5 �&)_ ){�� :,�&);� =< �+ ;x�,� C=ML )+ 234 5,)/ /�.)B�+

/!�9�� ���&) � �;��X #%�$B7&;x�,� # �4 )<-�BW�,B��. 1384(. ��,.� *�& � _�7= �+ g=�b� �./�7� /){� _ # -&�� >+ 8� & K)B�5 &/ !&

){��> �./ SNBu >|&�& K�4�B9=� Q9�� 1���,L <2< ��� ��& <-�BW�,B��.3 = #NW,. <M�,L <-��)+4); K��4& . ��& �+ -�BW�,B��. � #9�,9 �;��X /�G�I� K=)5 �./ # �;�� = ���7 #%�$B7&

q�G� *�& >+ �;��X �N7 /&)+ �.)B�+ �\�& � g��_ /�.��B@�9 # !&)P /!�9�� >; >+ &� #B�9 /�.��B@�9 !& #?6+ � #4�P=) <�@ K&)$.>+ K&)$. # �=E . e� ��. �+ =&

���,L g�I,IJ� h_&��< /)����7 /�.),fB K=a% bLz )+8 >�G& /)+&)+ = g=)m # ��; . -E !& #W�.) )B�+ = #7��@ 2 �% <#%�$B7& �@�9>N$7 ��& .-�BW�,B��. ){� !& » ).�7

#%�$B7& �,�+ = #9�,9 #.�5E e�)9 869�� <daI�& #9�,9K=)5 �./ -=� >+ ���P�� �!�" �9& #9�,9</�.�(� >; #+�B4 -��[ �+ #9�,9 ]<d&M"& �!�"# �$% [ �7� $�# ���&�� -E

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:���IJU�1� -&��% �J� 8ITZ &=���+ # ��& � >; 234 5,)/ K!�" �./ = # �$% �N7 #%�$B7& /�.)B�+ #%�$B7& �;��X z��)m .�IB%& >+=& ). K!&��& >; >ITZ *�& '\"

K=)5 2 �4 >)" /�. # #b�c /�.�3���9 = #b�N <#T.s <#Nf4 = /& >+ <�4�+ )BX,+ <�4 >�, ! -&M, -�$. >+ /�. # '.&) M,� #9�,9 #9&);� -� E �7= �4 .�IB%& >+ -�BW�,B��.

+ #9)B9 �+ >ITZ *�& /�.�&M+& >��9�8 # <)3 �,L�� = #6$7 Q9&= �" ���&�� )�!�" # �$% (K�� -�, #T9�� # ) /�.-�$;�" = 2IB� -�$;�" >+ &� -��E g�TL�1 �� ��4�+

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1. Rustow 2. Seymour Martin Lipset 3. Larry Diamond 4. Higley and Berton

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�9& #�� .=& �L= !& >6 �7 #T�� �aIB9& !& /��B@�9 Y=)4 *�& �< >T��L�+ #9)B9 C�� #����_ ���$" = �L= >+ 2IB� # )+ .1+&� d�[��[ 2�� �� 8 = >6 �7 �+ �L=

��&�� = HIJ� /&)+ =& ){� !& /��B@�9 Y=)4� #6 �78 �9& #�� .

��){�8 SX; ���,L1+&�8 = #9&);� 869���9& ){� �� /��B_& . !&�){�8 ���,L&�* >��5 # -&�� >; ); Y�T�B9& 9,�9� �./ 869��g=)m O�&M& !& #4�� /��B_& <

`!� E `)B�5 !,>� �./ '.&) &� #9&);� # �=E .8ITZ �4� ���&) *�& �+ >; Q9�B # ��;< �$6 oA# #9�,9 ga,3X� >+ >��TNZ=& >+ = ���,P g��_ �+ t��$. #�=),� -&��%

-!&�� � �L= �&)_ # 5,)>��9� /&)+ #T9�� e7) = K& ���� � #6$7 /�. /�.# #IN� /��B_& = #9�,9 K�5�� #B" l�4 /�.U36� �4�>��9� *�& � >ITZ *�& &)& �.

g��( >+ 9�,9 /�.# )\� -��E #9�,9 �;��X O�&M& = -&��=)(4 # �4 . ���,L ){� !& -�;=� =)1983 ( !& &� >6 �7 /�. ��34 !& #@)+ ��&�� # # �$% K!�" ��?" = �7=

��; 2" &� -� &),P M;) ��34 >N$7 . >�, ! *�& � ���,L #Nc& 0)Z /���5 2�� �� �9&.

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����/ �.�# >; �4� = 869�� "�!� # �$% &� >B�+&= = �&� &= >+ 8ITZ Q9�B # ���&< >+ ��Z K�5E�@�� ���IB6 >; g�Tm = /�&���P = ',3J� �!�" # �$% >+ ��?" = ��6 -�+ 8ITZ

Q9�B � >6 �7 >B�+&= �9& .�(�E >; *�& 1+&�8 :� 1@# &� # +,���< 2; *�& ���&) &� � �a@ ~JT /!�9�� �� 9&M,�&);� -�, 0)Z # ���; >; �@ ��[ ��34& #9�9& l�& �=& >3��& #Xu+ !& *�& ����/ �. �+ K���� *B)5 OI� )��9 2 &�% �(�� �+ >B�7)+ *B@�9 2,NJ�

#��ITZ >+ 2,NJ� �,6G= �!�" # �$% # ��=� >; *�& �@ #%�� 2,NI� &)5�# d��J # �4 .8ITZ �� ){� � *�& ��,.�_ A�+ �� B Q9�_ �� K!&��& &/ # ��&�� � 234 5,)/

�.)B�+/ K!�" �./ # �$% )mz �4�+ .� & *�& >1+&� o� &ML& >1+&� &/ #1@ *,+ 234 5,)/ 8ITZ Q9�B = �!�" # �$% = � >\,B� >1+&� &/ # �I = )@xB / ��,�l +> v��@ �+ >�G&

-�4 Q�&)4 #+)\� #%�$B7& � #@)+ e &�7 !& >N$7 -&)�& ;> /&)+ ��� !& -E �+ -&��% 6 �78 <��34)P K��P��[< <-�W$.�� <>N$L&),�; #3,�&!� = >3T4 &/ C�� K)+ # �4< q�G�

P,D,5�# �./ v�@ �@ &� �.&�@ �4& .C= >3��& #Xu+ !& K!�" �./ # �$% = g�,N\� -E >+ /�.�(� )�&) !& �.�WL&/ #��ITZ >B�+&=�9& >; ���+ � NJ�,2 �./ mx�,) 8ITZ Q9�B

K�� �4 .C�9 >3��& ��+ QT�) /�. >�){� ���&) <-�,9&M,�&);� #6�&� �7=)+ >N$7 !& #9�,9 �@�9+) )9 K&� 234 5,)/ �!�" # �$% �9& K�4 �,;��. *�&)+��+ >+ #BL�" C�I� =

)@x�/ 234 5,)/ �!�" # �$% Y�� >+ 234 5,)/ 6 �78 #9&);� �) K�4 �9&< L�"�# >; #9&);� � d)r U3%)+ !& � �!�" # �$% K� E)+ �9& .

������ ���� �����

)+ /��T +& �=) ,g� /){� = gAA�B9& 0)1 K�4 = *,�D$. N�� 8 O.=pP< # -&�� /�WL& 2�� &� >+ -&��% �� /){� *�& O.=pP >+ 234 2�� >L� ) ); .�+ -�%�& >+ C�$� K�9 !�9/ �.�# >; � q&��& �� �. = /�.�WL& /){� )#$,9)� >+ 234 #9��. (�7= <�&

�&�$� 2�� 0)Z #N; !& mx�,) 8ITZ Q9�B )+ 869�� �!�" # �$% >|&�& �.&�@ & .

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� *�& �WL& #69 K�4 �9& *3$ �" �� !& 2,NI� &)5�# M,.)P �4 .K=a% )+ -E � *�& �WL& Q+&=� #N+�IB K�� # �4 >; !�7&� *,�[ 2,NI� &)5�# &� M,� $�# �. .*,�D$. /�WL&

��;s :� /�WL& # �(b S16� #IN� # �4 >; !& :� �9 Q+&=� *,+ 8ITZ Q9�B =�!�" # �$% &� � ��T_ 234 5,)/ K!�" �./ # �$% -�X� # �. >� )BX,+ = !& /�9 )W�<

S16� -�+ *�& �WL& -�3 & /)BX,+ &� /&)+ �&)$B9& ��L�� *,+ �.&�4 = ��&�>X �. � �a@ 2,NJ� = S,c�� �,6G= �!�" # �$% � �=� �� >6L�1 '.&) # ��; .� & � q�$\ /�WL& ��;s ���3" !& *�& �& >; 234 5,)/< >69�� = C=&�� �!�" # �$% )+&��� 1+&�8 2+�IB �L= = >6 �7 �+ ��JL gA�J� #��ITZ = #N &) �9& .*�&)+��+ ���[3> !& 234 A�+

)+# E��< �4� = 869�� �!�" # �$% �J� mx�,) OI� 8ITZ Q9�B \,B�8 #T,;)� !& 2 &�% = Q�&)4 ��;s )>BTL& >+ g�7� -�5���5 (�9&: � 8ITZ)+ �@ >; ���7 Q9�B &�9& /!�9�� !& /���< � Q�&)4) -�4 �@�9)+

/��L�|��&C�\��& Ou+)\���.&�@){��#_<#T.s r,T.s )#_ 0ac& TNZ# = .&�@�\�# ( +';�" -�WTu� ��34 +>+ �7= ';�"),r -�WTu� -� E + = #��(7 g�Z�T��&234 5,)/

�L=K&�@�\� ( `)B�5 = �4��!�"# �$% &� #P ��& . � ,G)8 1 : )5&8ITZ�4�+ >B4& �7= ���7 Q9�B < Y)4 �+ ��?" &)4�Q )SL& (

9��86 �!�" n� # �$% # �..

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*,,T� >6 �7 B@��4# mx�,) 8ITZ Q9�B )+ �4� = 869�� �!�" # �$% � �=� 1376�� 1384 >6L�1 &/ �9& #u���� = -� ! �� l *��+ 6 �� >; �)I �9& gA�J� �!�" # �$% � 6 �78 #�&)�& &� � :� �=� #�� ! <v�@ � )&/��� #u���� �J� x�m,) 8ITZ Q9�B #9�)+ ',�;. /&)+ #+��!�& #N% g�6L�1 #u���� >9 q�� /p�&)B9& NJ�,2 �+ =��%�* /p�&)B9& <#$9& #T,�)�

= 2,NJ� /�. -=� /�� �7= �& )<#��.� 2003 :343-339(. � *�& )m& 2,NJ� #u���� &� )+ /p�&)B9& 2,NJ� /�. -=� /�� K); �&�B9& &�' .*�& `=� �+ ��. �)Z)+ *B@�9

=�J �� �./ `=� /�. /�� ��[ )/�� -#61I (#"&)Z K�4 = 2 �4 >9 :,�3� �$%� H,T1� <�WL& #+��� �.���&) = ��&=� #N% �9&. � g��7 �0��� ��� >; Q9�� ��91) 1996 (C�� /�&s5 K�4 <�9& #WB9�,P /�. *,+

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K),\�! /& !& e��_= = ���B� >��5&�7 � *,+ �.�� 2��T� = ��TB%& �(�E #+��!�& # �4 .*�& :,�3� #�BT )+ ��&=� #u���� �9& = �+ 2,NJ� ��B@�9->6_&= � :� ��&=� #u����

#.�WB9 '.&) # �;� >; !& H�)Z -�X5!�+ = >+ '. *B9�,P _=e�� ��!�9� ��B@�9 >+ :� ),�b� #N% )\� # �4. ���� A�+7 & ��* >L�I �=� #�� ! = ��X; �9& .� *�&

<O.=pP ��+ )+ *�& �9& �� gA�J� = ��5)5# �./ �!�" # �$% � -&)�& �=� g�"ac& >6L�1 �4.

h0�1� R�9&)+ #3� !& NJ�,2 �.< daI�& # a9& -&)�&) 1357 (#X�;&= >+ �=� #�A�Z ���&) d�B4)P /!�9�� = -�,9&M,��� >���&)5M;)$� d��J # �4l /���&) >; K=a% )+ ),,f� �

!��@�9) �./ 6 �78 -&)�& /�.��+=� <#W�.) �.��B��& = `)W� �. &� ��[ g&),,f� #9�9& ); .*�& ���&) >; !& >. �./ *,X,P >+ g��c >B�.E &/ q=)4 K�4 �+ = �+ e�&� #%�$B7&

K&)$. <�+ !�rE /�7 -E !& 234 5,)/ �L= /�N(P '_� ��@ = >+ ),T6� -�, �.&)+E *�& K�= #%� Vi� Q0�� #%�$B7& �+ )<-�, �.&)+E 124:1377(. ��&� #Nc& = /M;) 1 ���&) "-�,9&M,���

>���&)5M;)$�" � *�& K�= *�& >; �+ !& ){� <K�4 -����+� = #Xu+ !& /�.=),� #7��@ sb�B � 6 �78 -&)�& )/�.�(� <#%�$B7& /��B_& = #9�,9( >+) )� !& �L= K�4 ��& .*�& >N�� �� �7#� �9& >; �+ �WL&�# !& �K�� j<e /<��=� ;�C ',(7&� = *�& !& :� �9

�� 8 S,6?� �L= >B4&��P K�4 = !& /�9 )W�< #6�� � HIJ� > ��)+ �./ /!�9�� &�$N_ # 4� . `a� = �u,�5 '. !& &� #%�$B7& �7� /�.�(� = g�T9�� # a9& daI�&); �+

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K!�" .�/&� /��B_& _ d��J #c��@ -E !& 2T_ �� >; # ���4_ !�rE); � =Nc�8 = e���c !& #5�M+ Ou+ #;��&>��@��; �. = K�W�+ �./); Ca%& #N &� ��M+ /��\� . /&)+

��M+ e���c -); #N 0)Z >+ -�,Xu+ �,$9�_ �@ >;mx�,g&) K)B�5 &/ ��B@�9 )+ �4&s5 #��ITZ_ #+aI�& ';�J = -�WB�+&= <H+�9 '��� -&�&M5��; �&� & # a9&)mz �* &�

K��� ); �� -E �_�6B =K=)5 �.//� &� �@ >; #%�$B7& SNBu # a9& daI�& -�6b� # ��B��&< `a� ); �� C�{� � &� �@ �,6G= #BL= ga,(�� !& K�bB9& �+>N�N9 #T�&)

��. �I��& >6 �7. � ��9 �./,L=& 8 ��)+ -&�I daI�&8 '{� !& H,_ S�)6� *B4&�� = *4=�

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�=���9 �� daI�& !& �6+ gA�J� 1376&� # -&�� = >+ =� /��B_& gA�J�>B9 ��+/ );l6 �7 #��ITZ ��B@�9 )+ >; #�A�J� 8 -&)�& mx�,g&) K)B�5 &/ = �4&s5

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" S�)6�); >7= >;>�uX `& �,L�� � ),5&) = K)B�5 �aB@& = �9& >�� )9 �4�T�& .\,B�8 �7� /���&) *,�[

����BL=)P-�4 #��I. </)(4 ��B_& #�&! = /!�=�X;&M&�OW$X[ ,) �,L�6 #�� �@ /�.:[�; I ,R� #� �4 )<#��$6� 18:1389(.

= #N,$J� t�7)J��' �./ +,* NN$L&# �J� -&)�& � &� /��B_& = #%�$B7& g�T9�� mx�,)���&) �=) >+ = & �&)_ < U3% -��)7-=� >+ #+��M,W�&� �9!�+ = /!!�9&!E/

g�T9�� �\ /�,"& �, & >+ /��B_&&!E �&!�+ ��B_& >�� )9 ���&) *�& >; �4 �&)_)+ >�&�& &�-=)+ #+�� # ���&�@ )-�$.( .�uX 8�= � -&�= *�& ��4 q=)4 #��\��� #$4�. .

g�T9�� �\ /�,"& </��B_& !�+ /�.� /�&)_)+>�� )9 �(� /!�9!�+ <>�&�& �&!�+ /�.-�I. = ���; /=),�� -��4 #�����BL=)P <>�� )9 #�&! !& ��B_& 2��6� ���(� � = �B9=�

�+ /��B_& . �7� '(� g&),,f� *�&>+�7 �7�# �.�# g�;)J� = #%�$B7& /�.)X_ � �4 #%�$B7& g�ITZ � #L=M� = /�6cl�c) >6 �7 !& #Xu+ /&)�+ �,6_� = �. /�.

#9�,9/��B_& = - %�$B7&#�P K!�� ���=E l@)+#L�6 ,� �./ #�� �@ = /��B_& `)B�5�����4 e$7 )W� #@)+ = . �,6_�� e�!�� )+ g&),,f� *�& = C�I� = K�W��7 <#Nf�4 /�.

�LM� >6 �7 /�?%&6_� =,� �./�4&s5 )m& #Nf�4 .

� �! ���"# � $%� &%�' (��)� �* ��*� 1376� 1384

8ITZ Q9�B� X�)(�4,* +> v��@ Ou+ �./�J� ,2 K); $.,>X � 6��,,* ���7 �9,9� #>6 �7 �,=) /K�IL�+ 5�M+#K�+ ��& = $��,' &�* ITZ> �T # )+ �;)4 � g�+�uB�& ;�" #!& C�%�W[���3# ��3& �$% #= ��/ -�5��. ��+�� ���;��9�.&� )<#��9&)@ 104:1377( .-�$. >��5 >; K��4& �4< �+ &�@� C= &)@ = e��_= O,P !& -E !& >N$7 `)B�5 ga �6�

١. �����3L& >; /),T6� >+ -�L�5 -���& <�M�&= R��4 � <#W�.) 1936�4& ){� � .

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<#��(7 ���I� X���&8 �\��TNZ){��#< ��34 -�WTu� �,$;�" = !& >$. '( )� �4� g�%�T1 #N@& �!�" # �$% >+ -&��% )B�+ = Q�&)4 &!E �b5 =�5#� ���I� 4� .� 8�, ! �,6G= �!�" # �$% � *�& -&�= &)& #bNBu ){�/�. #��5���5 K& ��&< � & #W$.

HbB ��IL& &�� >; �!�" # �$% � *�& -&�= ���I� K�4 �9& .)+ *�& ��T # �&��,' )+ K& �./ !�� � *�& >�, ! K��4& ',�;.

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�L�1 <�(�E /&!E ~J+ �./ # �$% = huX -); =)$N_ R�I = f�,,sP��)�) !& >D�E <#�� #%�$B7& = f�,,sP)�) # �� ��_ `)B�5 ��B��. #$��@ >+ -&��% |�,U ��($7 Z #���u9 #� ��9 �=& ���9� ��($7 /v��@ � &!E /�b5 :

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�&)+�'.1 � ��9 �./ �=& 1376 >+ �6+ &!E /��%�T1 #T�� #� ��X; 234 �)5 = &)+ /L=&,*

��+ UP !& -�B�+�� 1360 @)+ #�,�.=) /!�P&��,-� ��B��&�� )X���� #��[ K);� � �A�I #� �IB�& !& )3N$% g� �I L�%# >T�� )XB� ���; .&�* &!E /T�� #= f�,,) � C) = �BJ & /

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#%�$B7& = C) '. ���+ = '. # ���&�� OI� '( = # =&� � ),�b� #T.s = /!�9�� >B4& ��4�+ .�+ >7�� >+ >3��& Ca9& = +)\�8 Ca9& hBu >+ �=� )T �,P �9&< � d�,r )T �,P )3bB &- <-�$N� -&�� )�.< &)64 = ... # ���&�� >+ g��c /)$B� �.s &� /!�9!�+ ���; = !& H�)Z /)W�!�+ !& K�W��7 �@ � g&),,f� #%�$B7&< #9�,9 ',(9 ��4�+ )<`=)9

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��&�>X �./ -��E ��� / # ����9� = �(�E &� >+ �9/��. �./ �$�.&� C�N6 #� # �;��. *$\�& �./ $N�% #>+ �L= >B�+&= �,��B� = !& �� !�9 ){�# = 3X�,�a #���9z # 2IB� & ��

>; R�9&)+ > ��9�9& = Q9���� �-&) �uB�� �?�%&/ �@ K�&& # ���4. `)B�5 *$\�& �. � ). ��X;/ +,)W�� �4� $;# = ;,b#� ,�.=)/ h�uB = �&�B_& O.=pP � > ��)+ �./ >69�� = �=��� /-E >6 ��7 = .&� #&)+ /K)(+ 5,) /!& )@ 6$7 #d��J

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O4�P g�&!= <C�N�% IJ�,g�I = �=��� /��")+ K=)5 �. /��u� #� ��9 1383 #� #9��( 30 <�c�+,* >B4� &/ 29#����& C�N% <�c� 22<�c� /!�=�X; 11�c� = C�N%

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g�&!= K�= � >; #��(+�B;'Bb. �L= !& 2T_ �4�& *�& � <��B4&�� �\ ��[ K!�7& ���,9� ��[ >+ #c�@ 23X �,. -=�+ K�=

.�W� #>+ �9)( ;d�B �./ &�* !�"K -�X� # �. >; �4� =��%�* d�B; �.#� �+ &�* g�%�G� �+,�� !�� �+ .� &�* K�= =��)3 �7/ & /�,M >+ d�B; �./ ����u #g��c

�)5 >; ��$�8 H� -E = d�B; N% #�$�.�) 5��! #)B; )4�B6# (= R�T% ,�a #)5��! #�.�&� (�9&. ��!�" -��&�7 �� E = &Zag�% -�X� # �. >; B;�d /�. K�4)XB� =

*,�D$. 869�� >��u+�B; �. ��,�+ �4� );K �9& . � &�6� >��u+�B; �. /��X; !& ��9 1376 �� 1383 >+ �)�,� g��T% �9& !& :1149< 1263< 1304< 1381< 1502< 1574< 1563< = 1569 �%.

� &�6� d�B; �. />��u+�B; �. /��X; !& ��9 1376 �� 1383 >+ �)�,� g��T% �9& !& :7148827< 7878416< 8841568< 9710550< 13337464< 12357225< 13102743< =

14572623 �%

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��6 -�4 -���; �./ W�.) #)�. /�I� d�B; = )X��g� �!�" d�B; � ��9 �./ �P��� #.8 �Bb. = �+ `)B�5 L��,g&� d�B; � >c)% �./ SNBu )3 /= W�.)#< @)+ #&)& =

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>; � &�* ��9 �. >+ N34 #�7 />+ )6 #d�B; �./ M5)+�K� � K!�" �./ SNBu ��B@&)P .K=a% )+ &�<* ��X� �./ �I� = 9�)+ #d�B; �,M � Y�I� SNBu <��X; >+ v��@ <-&)(� �&M5)+ �4 >; '( )��* = H� )��* &�* ��X� �. &� �+�� � >N�N9 > ��)+ �.#� �� >; !&

�9 /d�B; K� +&,g� = >b�N �&M5)+ K�4�9& .�L= �$J $��@ #� )+&)+ L�6,� &�* -���; �./ W�.) #= )�. /6�� #&��\ <)3� � ��9 �./ �P��� #�L= �$J $��@ #��=� =

=��)3 >+ d�B; �. � g�%�T1 = �&M5)T@/ �. �,M �4� = �=M #�)5. �8� ��)5

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t�.) = t�.) -&!�9 = �,M &��\ J ,Q �./ X.=pP #= �IB�& /�+ ��. L��,� <)3 !& &�B+& /��9 1374 "&)Z #= >+ ����� 7&&) #��4 = � ��9 1375 >+ �Tm 9�,� .�.��J /�$%� L�6,� &�* �9z 8 C�% >6b�$L& = r,%�bB�&)# >; !�) ){� .,gx �� & K�&& # <�4 � &�B+&

)+ L�6,� �./ �E)_ #� HZ�� SNBu <��X; &��\ K�W4=) �./ \�!,K) &/ &)+ /G)%8 d�B; = �)W gA��J W�.) #= 4!� E#< &M5)+� /�$��K�WX �./ ��u� #<d�B; K�5��; �.<

�&)�u9# �. = �$.)5#� �./ W�.) #= $N% #= >$7)� = ��XB�& B;�d /�. K��!�& � !,�8 <>b�N +&,g� = C�N% ����&#< M;)$B �+. � & )(4 d�B;) � &��\� �Nr& )(4 d�B; M;) /-&)(� ){�� �9& (o�)c .�W4=) #

&)+ /�&= <-�4 �@��9& d�B; !& K��4=) = )@��&� /-); -E �,�� .� & O�; )@��&� /d�B; &)��� /+,O !& C�� -)+< *B@&)P ��P = *B)5 d�B; �9& .�� : �? /d�N1 W�.)#< )@��&� �+�� K!�7& >B4& �4�+ !& �4�$� /�.�N7< �.)B9�P< ga\ = =��> -�. /

0�L �./ K)X gsL )T+l �+�� �c) >B4& �4�+ d�B; &� � �9 W+,)l �)+ �./ -E &� U$L ��;l �XP �N7 -E &� ��&�u+l !& �$�.&� /`=) ��+�� ���K��� �9 =�) ��mE =& O9)P ��; = �+ �-&)W ��+�� -E �b5 =�5 ��;l =& �+�� -�3 & >B4& �4�+ &=E /9� ,I # &�>; � �?

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� & � �!�" # �$% =)5K /�. /)W� !& 8ITZ Q9�B ���7 ��6 ���+ >; !& >N$7 # -&��>+ -��! K��4& );. &M&�O ��$4 &�9�+ -��! � ���Z > ��)+ �. /�=& = e9�� C= <:&�6� 2;

��� �JBL&,-a K�= �. /�?(� !� E&�9/ � ��9 1365< 425118 )b� K��+ = -���! 24/73 <��c� �6�# 31196 )b� !& -�WB@� E&�9 &� 3X�,2 K& ��&. &�* �c� K�&�$. �T��

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<K�c� 6�20� �� ���"� !8�� �<�7 � �0�= U�1� ��IJ� ���� 1376 �K� 1384 139

��� >+ �JBL&,-a ) +,)BX K�+ ��9&: ��� �J�BL&,-a -! � K�= �./�?(� !� E&�9 /� ��9 �./ 1370<1371<1372<1373 =1374 >+ �)�,� 77 <�c� 8/78 <�c� 2/80 <�c� 3/83 �c� = 4/85 �c� 2; &�9 -�WB@�� E &� 3X��,2 K& ��&. ��$4 -���! &�9�+ >; �

��9 1365 >� ,N,-� = ��BX. = 9# = ��P �&M. )b�� �6 #12/41 �c� 2; 6$7,� &�9�+ <��+ � ���9 1375 >+ 9/45 �c� 2; 6$7,� &�9�+� �6 #K!�� ,N,-� =� ��3 =

K�\. �&M. )b� 9�,�. &M&�O ��$4 -��! sP�>B) K�4 � `!� E g��9z L��% #�BL= #= r,BL=)# � ��9 �J�,N# 71-1370< ,-&M sP�>B) -�5�4 -! � K�WX�& �. = g��9z

L�% `!� E# )r,) !& K�WX�& &!E( �T�� >+ 2; sP�>B) -�5�4< 9/28 ��c� K��+ l�9& L�"�# >; � ��9 �J�,N #76-1375 &�* '_� >+ 6/42 �c� 2; sP�>B) -�5�4 &M&�O

�>B�� ��9&. !& �)Z �<)W 40/8 �c� !& sP�>B) -�5�4� K�WX��& &!E � �J� ��9,N# 76-1375< -! K�+ ��&.

=�= -��! �+ N�� 8 S�)6�!�+ d�\" �7/ )� �4l q�G� S�)6�!�+ d�\" >; >+ >��5 &/ r,IB� ),' >+ S�)6� �\ <*� OI� *� = =�J� -E � �!�" #c��@ =

# �$% )\� # �4 .*�& ) & � M;&) /)(4 = -a; �.)(4 = Q9�� K=)5 �./ SNBu >; �P�K�W �./ SNBu #W�.) = #%�$B7& ���&< �� >�a5 = ���34 �+ .q=)4 *�& >N�N9

~"�T � > ��!=� �./ -&)�& >+ ��9 1379 )+# )5 >; > ��!=� �. >N�N9 A�I #� �v��@ Du����8 ~J+ #����_ d�\" /��T7& � &�-&) )XB� ��); .*�& ) & >+ %�$\ 8

#N�b !& ~"�T /�IB�& >6 �7 = B@��4# � ��!=�8 <Y�X� >; �(�� O��%�G� )�J� >+ ) & d�\" �T� = � 2|�� /)W� !& >N$7 &�7�# *� !& �L= = /�.!) <*� =)$N_

# �$% = #c��@ # �@&)P< 0)Z �4. ~J+ #Nc& � *�& >�, ! >; � K!�" �./ # �$% 0)Z # �4< >N�� *�& �+ >; � �3" ���+ -�, C)7 = K��5 M��$� 2|�_ �4. K��5 )>+ ���� N�� 8 #+�\"�+ d�\" = (q�G� #T.s �9& >+ ���� :� eG� #c��@< � & C)7 :�

q�G� # �$% �9& .�? �/ &!E >��9� �./ #P�[ >;UP !& &�@� C= &)@ = g�+�uB�& �9��� /��($7 �\�& �4< *�& 2|�� ~J+ QN� ga\ /)3b�4=� = > ��!=� �. �+ .� &

� �!�" # �$% = >��9� �.< *� �(�� q�G� ~J+ �T� = ~"�T )W� #9�,9 !& >N$7 /&!E -�,+ = ',�I� g��_ � � �3" = K),r !& N$78 ~J+ �. ���+ ./��,�+ !& #���; >;

*�& ~J+ �. &� 0)1 # ��);< �@ #T.s ���+ B" =# #@)+ !& K)([ �./ mx�,�&s5) � *�& >�, ! -�4�@ #��"=� ���+ >; !& `!� E �./ #T.s = r,T.s )# �&��@)+ K�4 ���+ ./&)+ ��� # -&�� >+ *�J ����; K��4& ); >; �@ #��"=� �+ = &��!#� �4.

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�4� �!�" # �$% = 869�� `!�& �./ 8ITZ Q9�B ���7 � Nc�8 ��9 �./ 1376�� 1384 N�� 8 �4� C�$% = �!�" # �$% � &� >+ ~J+ 6 �78 #�� � -&)�& = �4� 8ITZ

Q9�B /)(4 :�M� # ��; .C�\. #��(5�� ~J+ �./ 6 �78 #�� !& ){� #N9�� = #L�$; �+ �.�WL&/ #u���� @)+�� -&)�& �+ B,��� 8 #+)r 2+�_ ,T�,* ��,� )#N9��< 1382l #L�$;< 1378(. *�&

���J <Kp�= !& 2, = >_a% � *,+ -&)3b�4=�< > ��!=� -&��W� = -�,9�,9 = 0ac& -�TNZ 8ITZ Q9�B ���7 /)(4 `!� E ��� /)(4 = >+ g��c Kp�= -��&�7 = -��! �9& .

q=)4 *�& >N�� -�$. >��5 ;> K��4& �4< �+ /=� ��; -� E �L= #$4�. 0)Z �4 = �+ ���; *B� ��98 t�7 = /!�9�� /��B_& =�J �� �./ t�7 >B4&)+ �4 = gA��J

SNBu #7��@ !& K); = *P&� >B)5 �� R�TL �./ �P=�&�# K&� �@ &� K��+= >+ �&!�+ -&)�& !�+ ��);. *�& -� M$. �4 �+ �4&)+ )$m� � )9�> �&s5/ �L= �./ *,X,P � ) & `!� E =

`�=)P = ga,�J� #L�% = *,�D$. 869�� �B9=�#� .*�& `a� �. 2 �4 -)+ A�+ �.�&���B9&/ #5��! � �.�B9=� = `!� E = `�=)P 2+�_ #9)B9 >+ &)& )BX,+ !& >N$7=

!& >$. '( )� /&)+ -��! �+ )#��6 <��P 146:1383( .*�& `a� �. +> ��(� :� 8ITZ *,X�)(4 = �J�,2 K); >; !& 2T_ X��8 /!�=�X; ��B4& <)\� �4 )U$4 {%&�L&,*< 16:1379(. >+ =!/ *�& 2�� !& �J�,2 -�5); )-&) = -��! (�Jc8 )(4 = �B9=� &� 234 ��& .� &

�,. �7 )m& = g��_ *�& gA�J� 2+�_ K�.�X )� = �� &�,: )� !& g��_ = /=),� -��! �T�. -��! o�T�)I� 70 �c� 9);# �./ #.�WX�& &� �)�� ��); = �+ >7�� >+ `�&M5 :� )4��<

-�5������ = -��&)5��; -! � *�& K�= 400 �c� O�&M& >B4& ��& )���5 <!�,� 1386 :10( .`a� ��)_ >+ w�b�& *�& 2�� `a� /&)+ �T(+ �,6G= /��B_& � >T�7 �./ /) = #6$7 = `)B�5 &!E/ �./ #%�$B7& �+ ./M,[ >; /&)+ #@)+ >{�J -&��; ���� # �4

>; *�MW��7 ��;&�/ �. = WB4s5�@!&# �./ �=� daI�& = �6+ !& -E �4 .*�&)+��+ *�& 2�� � �!�" <# �$% #5��! K) !=� &� >+ :� OT�7 2��T� K); ���+ ./&)+ 8ITZ Q9�B ���7 = �J�,2 );� /)(4< �.s #$9� �$� CM7 ��&�X# ���� # �4 .*�& :T9 !& �.s �+

Q�&)4 /!=) & #�&�u$. �4&�� .�,%��$ #$9� � �9= �+�#< R�TL = �.�;/ #c�@ /&)+ <R�TL �.�;/ #_a@& <v�@ =�J �� �./ #c�@ >; /&)+ #I,9� >B4&s5 # �4 =

�,%��$ K�&�.� . >[)5& ),I = #�r � >+ �_g� -�,9� #$��@ OI� ��B4&< � )TX,P -�$Bb5 6 �78

#�� >+ =�Kp � >��9� �./ #P�[ = #L�B,\� �+ 8ITZ Q9�B = �J�,2 );� /)(4 �+ >; >+ -E 8ITZ Q9�B ���7 C�� # ��(�. !& *�& ){� 869�� #9�,9 � -&)�& �.�T4 /��,�+ �+ >D�E � d)r �P=�& �+ = R� )+�. !& -E �+ %-&�� �!�" # �$% /!&=���+ K��4& # ��;< �&.

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>+ ). �,�)� g&),,f� = d�B4 #��(5�� ~"�T K!�" # �$% � -&)�& QT�) �9& �+ Q�&)4 !& O,P *,,6� K�4 >; >N,9�+ -�5)3N,�J� �+ K�4 0)1 . *�& >ITZ � 234 -&

>+ K!�" # �$% ��" >��9� /�. #L�B,\� = #P�[ ���+ M;)$B . � �=� #$��@ +> v��@ � *,L=& K�= �.�4 �4� +# >I+�9 &/ !& ��XB�& > ��!=� = -�5���&�@ ',B�. �� �7#� >; !& *�&

-&�= �+ -&��% ��(+ g�%�T1 �� # �4 .#$��@ = OBL= o���_ �IB6 ���+ >; �,T�� 6 �78 #�� *3$ ��,� )W >3��& >��9� �./ #NIB� >B4& ',4�+ >; >+ -&��% -&)��� C) )+

)3N$% �L= 2$% ���; .R�9&)+ `�&M5 )�!= �4�& �_= #3� !& *�)BX,+ � )9�> �&s5/ �. � *�& K�= !& /�9 &)& � )9�> �&s5 Ou+ #c��@ � �!�" g�%�T1 = > ��!=� �. �+ .

QI R�9&)+ :� eT� &�6� > ��!=� �. !& 2 �� 3 > ��!=� �&�)Z 6 �78 #�� � ��9 1376 >+ =�" 24 > ��!=� � ��9 1380 �,9� .6L�1 8 >��9� �./ e&� 6 �78 #�� � �!�"

# �$% 1+&�8 >T��7= &/ �+ .!& :� �9 �L�1 >|&�& �4K >+ -�5���&�@ U36� ���;� �L�1 = >B9&�@ �./ �L= = /�.=),� #%�$B7& �+ = !& /�9 )W�< �,L��!�+ `!�& �. = ��&/��L�|

8ITZ Q9�B � >6 �7 d��J # �4 .*�&)+��+ � *�& >�, ! B9&�@8 6 �78 #�� >+ -&��% B9&�@8 �=& 8ITZ Q9�B ���7 >+ �,�+ #6$7 ��" >B9&�@ �./ 8ITZ Q9�B /)(4 #(B�

�4l >B9&�@ �.�# >; K=a% )+ �9&�@� /&!E )BX,+ /&)+ �IB�& � �!�" # �$% >+ �9&�@� /&)+ /&!E � d�uB�& :T9 �./ #5��! �,M0)Z # �4 .

)+ *�& ��T B9&�@8 8ITZ Q9�B ���7 /)(4 ���&�� >+ -&��% B9&�@8 �L�r )+ )��9 �&�.& = /�.��64 )��9 g�ITZ #�� p. �+�� .*�& >N�� �,�+ #%�$B7& -� &),P ��64 6 �78 #�� = HIJ� �!�" # �$% >; ��64 #Nc& 8ITZ Q9�B �9&< ���4 &�* >��5 ),�b� �4 >;

ga3X /��B_& �L= #$4�. #��\��� = O�&M& n)� /A�+ /��3,+ = C��� �7� K�4 �9& >; 2" 2�= N�� 8 /��B_& = �L&�% /��B_& >+ -&��% N�� 8 #%) <�� !�,� /&!E #IN� �4 .� & OT�7 6 �78 #�� >; >+ 869�� �!�" # �$% �=�+ �4&< !& 2|�� ��;s q��B & ); .���4 -&�B+ q��B & !& 0)Z ~"�T �L&�% /��B_& &� � N�� 8 �;)" -���\X�&

>; & �Nr�M7 8ITZ Q9�B d��J # ���4< � #3� !& �.&�,�$#� /�. ��9 1378 �+ -&��% !& daI�& �� /&!E< -���\X�& > ��)+ ��M/ K); ���+ >; !& -&�, daI�& >+ �9/ -&�,

/&!E �;)" ���; .� & d�uB�& ��64 ,+)W�� :� C�,P �+ :>3��& /&!E :� ��. �9& >; !��. >+ �9 K� �,� �9& = ���+ >+ �9/ -E �;)" );. � *�& �.&�,�$#� /=� �.��;aP�# >B4��

K�4 �+ <-�� >��@< /&!E .>[)5& *�& ��64 �[ &)5�>�� = QT�) �+ K=)5 �./ �[ 2T_ !& daI�& �+< �+ :[�; *B4�� -�� = >��@ = Q@ -! �(�E ��64 /&!E �4� )� >B4�� K�4

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�+ .&�* >��5 P,C� �. �3"�� )5 `)B�5 ��&�>X �./ 8ITZ Q9�B � *�& K�= = mx�,�&s5)/ )+ -�$Bb5 �!�" # �$% �+ .

���< =>Ĥ� � @�� (����7

1. <-�, �.&)+E ��&=)�) 1386.( H��� �� Q& 6�20�`$7)� <8-&)(� <-&)W� = �� !=), '��; :M;) )X�.

2. >�),X+ <*,�" )1372(.!� E �� O��� S);2i� �� V�� ���I�( �C= �<-&)(� :�� K�W� )X�. 3. ld&)(9 <&�(+ ��$6� #<�.) )1389(. »�� &�= ?� �0��"1=� *��IJ �� �� 06�2«<N\ 8�WBb5 < ` 55.

4. ),P <����+) 1380.( 02i��O�5 <$7)�8 <�(�) #?�) ��W� = OI� g&��XB�&. 5. --------) 1382(. »0��2��0�= «< $7)�8�(�) #?�) <N\ 8/��B_& = #9�,9 g�%aZ& <'.�b. ��9 < ` 11 =

12.

6. >Bb.= ��8 )�% <� C�9 ��b9& 1373< ��9 <�=& ` 10. 7. �)� : [ L�� <M ; P� N � B -� )1382.( 7 ��0 n � � L , � < � 7) $ 8 7 �a L& �� * \ B T �/ y< 1< -&)(� :�& B X g&�� % N $ # = .) � W #. 8. #� z < �4) )1374.( ����#�IK�5 g0 ���2&� �<�7< -&)(� :�9z 8 g�I,IJ� /��B_& K�WX�& �,+)� R�� <

v 135 = 132. 9. #�,6 </�&�$N% )1380.(» ^��2&�B: � ����2� S21L3 !21L3���"�«< 8N\ <)T.&� `2.

10. -�9)b3 <9#.+# .)1379( .#9&);� #6_&= -�(7<$7)� 8#�&)(� /��6 #N% <-&)(� : >5E g&��XB�&.

11. R� )+�.<*5��� )1394( . ;��1D� ���323�!8�����"� < 8$7)� ��$7 /�$J <)4�� :��3&.

12. U$4 *,{%&�L& <�&��4� )1376(. ����B��6�5< ),� = &)@ 1376.

13. )b3,� <�G��$J )1389( .����D� 2�& ����� <��=� ����< -&)(�: �� G2J.

� (�B��>

14. James Mahoney Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences Cambridge University Press.

15. Jostein, Gripsurd, Hallvard Moe (2010).The idea of the public sphere, published by lexington books

16. Jostein, Gripsurd, Hallvard Moe (2010).The idea of the public sphere, published by lexington books.

17. Migdal, Joel S. (2004). “State in dociety Studying: how state and societies”, theory and siciety,Vol.29 (4):507-548

18. Bayatrizi, Zohreh: From Revolution to Freedom: the Discursive Mobilization of Civil Society in Iran, 1997-2001