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Asthma? Eosinophilia? Yazeed Toukan, MD Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Ruth Rappaport Children`s Hospital October 2018

מצגת של PowerPoint · Anti-IL5 therapies for asthma • The studies support the use of anti-IL-5 treatments as an adjunct to standard of care • Halve the rate of asthma exacerbations

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Asthma? Eosinophilia?

Yazeed Toukan, MD

Pediatric Pulmonary Institute,

Ruth Rappaport Children`s Hospital

October 2018

הצגת מקרה

כ"בריא בד, שנים13בן •

2016תסמינים נשימתיים עד יולי ללא •

שיעול וקושי נשימתי–שחיה במהלך קורס אז •

של חשיפה משמעותית לכלורארועללא •

זיהומים אחרים שהצריכו /אוזניים/ריאהללא דלקות •

אנטיביוטיקה

הצגת מקרה

: 6.4.17-באצלנו ראשונה ביקורת •

–FEV1 63%, CHG 28%

160/4.5סימביקורטמונע במשאף הוחל טיפול –

סינגולרהוסף גם טיפול ב ... נשנותהחמרותהמשיך עם •

ירידה , סטורציות-דה, קושי נשימתי: אשפוזים חוזרים•

בתפקודי נשימה

, פרידניזוןקורסים חוזרים של •

מהירהתגובה עם

טיפול בסטרואידיםתלוי •

Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma?

• Sweat test - Cl- 33, 31

• Nasal NO - 399

• Exhaled NO - 39

• Macloride x3/wk – failed

• Chest CT - Atelectasis LLL

• Bronchoscopy + BAL - Normal AW anatomy;– High leukocytes; “some” Eosinophils

• Echo - Normal

• Medication adherence & technique

• Smoking

05.201802.201810.201707.201711.2016

13,30010,20011,8809,3006,500WBC

950(7%)

816(8%)

10(0.08%)

300(3%)

1000(15%)

Eos.

Blood smear - Normal

Eosinophilia?

• ≥ 500/µL is abnormal in the vast majority of cases

– Mild - 500 -1500

– Moderate – 1500-5000

– Severe - >5000

• The primary stimuli for Eosinophil production: IL-3,

IL-5 & GM-CSF

Eosinophilia & Lungs?

Differential diagnosis of eosinophiliaC H I N A

C Connective tissue diseases

H Helminth infections

I Idiopathic HES

N Neoplasia

A Allergies

More tests…

• “Collagenogram”

– ANA levels – Normal; C3 & C4 levels – Normal

– ANCA – Neg.

– Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) levels – Normal

– Celiac serology – Neg.

• Immunologic

– IgA, IgG (+subclasses), IgM – Normal levels

– Immunophenotyping – Normal

• Allergic

– Allergy skin tests (twice) – Neg.

– Aspergillus skin test – Neg.

– IgE: 544 609

Hyper-Eosinophilic Syndromes (HES)

Definition

• Blood eosinophilia of ≥1500/µL, for > 6 mo

• No other apparent etiologies for eosinophilia

• Eosinophil-mediated end-organ dysfunction– Cardiac

– Pulmonary

– Myeloproliferative

– Lymphoproliferative

Hyper-Eosinophilic Syndromes (HES)

Etiology

• Idiopathic

• Myeloproliferative variant - FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusiongene

• Abnormal clones of T cells producing IL-5

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis [Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]

• Immunological reaction of the lung in response to repetitive inhalation of a sensitized allergen

• >300 antigens: Bacteria, Fungi, Animal proteins, Plant proteins,…

– In up to 60% of cases, a trigger is not identified

• The most commonly occupational exposures– Farmer's lung

– Bird or Pigeon fancier’s lung

– Hot tub lung [MAC?]

– Workers lung

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis [Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]

History and Physical

• Acute: fever, cough, and dyspnea within a few hours

• Subacute and chronic: prolonged exposure, cough is predominant

Evaluation

• ↑WBC, ↑↑ESR & CRP

• Serum precipitins IgG against potential organic antigens

• Skin testing has a limited value

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis [Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]

Spirometry: Restrictive pattern (also obstructive/mixed)

Bronchoscopy: BAL: lymphocytosis (> 50%)

CXR: Normal

Chest CT

• Heterogeneous appearance: areas of ground glass or nodular opacities (high attenuation), air trapping (low attenuation) and normal parenchyma “head cheese sign“

• Accuracy of diagnosis based on HRCT can be as high as 92%

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis [Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]

Treatment / Management

• Antigen Avoidance

• Glucocorticoids

• Alternative Agents

– Azathioprine; Mycophenolate mofetil; Rituximab

• Lung Transplantation

Our patient

בעדאוליהשיפור המהיר •

?האם קיים גורם סביבתי, אבל•

סביבה/אין חיות בבית–

ללא שינוי–שינוי מקום מגורים –

,בנוסף•

חסימתי –תפקודי נשימה –

פריפרית לא אופייניתאאוזינופיליה–

הדמיה לא תומכת–

ספיציפיIgGאין לנו •

Ulceration

Vasculitis

Necrosis

מלאנמקעםמלאההתכייבות-אפידרמיס•

(וסקוליטיס)גרעיניואבקנויטרופילים-דםכלידפנות•

רבגרעיניואבקנויטרופיליםעםכחלחלנקרוביוזיסשלאזורים-בדרמיסעמוק•פיבריןומשקעילוסקוליטיסחשדעם

Skin Biopsy

Skin Biopsy

לסיכום

•Acute necrotizing vasculitis

Wegener-לביטויגםלהיותשיכולה)– granulomatosisבעור).

,הביופסיהביצועבעתפרדניזוןבטיפולתחתהיההמטופל•(אאוזינופיליםהעדר)התסניןהרכבאתלשנותשיכול

Wegener granulomatosis?

!הפריחה חלפה מהר•

•ANCAשלילי

תקין-שתן כללית •

•CT סינוסים מלאים-סינוסים

(?ביופסיה)ג "בדיקה רופא אא•

–FO-מחיצה תקינה

שינויים מתאימים לווגנר/קרוסטותללא –

ביופסיההניתן לקחת ממנו ללא ממצא –

Other Vasculitis…

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis[Churg–Strauss syndrome]?

- CSS To begin with?

- Drug-induced (Singulair)?

Churg–Strauss syndrome

• A rare syndrome, affects small-medium-sized vessels

• Allergic dis. (asthma/allergic rhinitis) - 8-10 yrs before presentation

• Eosinophilic tissue infiltration

• Mean age (vasculitis) – 38-48 yr

• ↑ IgE, p-ANCA (pos/neg)

Churg–Strauss syndrome

• In 1990, the American College of Rheumatology – Asthma

– Eosinophilia > 10% in peripheral blood

– Paranasal sinusitis

– Pulmonary infiltrates (patch & transient)

– Histological proof of vasculitis with extravascular eosinophils

– Mononeuritis multiplex or polyneuropathy

• The presence of ≥ 4 criteria

– sensitivity 85% & specificity of 99.7%

Churg-Strauss syndrome &Montelukast therapy

• It is stated that CSS will occur in <0.01% of patients

• Former studies - the association is somewhat doubtful

• Most patients were also receiving other medications

• And, some patients had a decrease in the intake of steroids concomitantly

The disease could be masked by the use of steroids and the patient already had angiitis

Churg-Strauss syndrome &Montelukast therapy

• However, the symptoms disappeared in some patients after withdrawing Montelukast

This can be seen regarded as an argument for a causal relationship

Churg–Strauss syndrome

• Systemic glucocorticoids

• Stop Montelukast

• However, most patients remain dependent on glucocorticoid therapy, and relapses are common

• Given the side effects of glucocorticoids, there is a need for additional, more effective therapies

Churg–Strauss syndrome

• The cytokine IL-5 regulates eosinophil proliferation, maturation, and differentiation

• It is present at increased levels in these patients

→ The neutralization of IL-5 - a potential therapeutic option

Asthma - Eosinophilic Refractory?

vsChurg–Strauss syndrome?

• 13 studies on 6000 participants

– 4 – Mepolizumab

– 4 – Reslizumab

– 5 - Benralizumab

• 8 included children > 12yr

• People with severe eosinophilic asthma

Anti-IL5 therapies for asthma

• The studies support the use of anti-IL-5 treatments as an adjunct to standard of care

• Halve the rate of asthma exacerbations

• Limited evidence for improved HRQoL scores & lung function

• No safety concerns

Anti-IL5 therapies for asthma

• Further research is needed on biomarkers for

– assessing treatment response

– optimal duration and long-term effects of treatment

– risk of relapse on withdrawal

– non-eosinophilic patients

– children (particularly < 12yr)

Funded by GlaxoSmithKline and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Churg–Strauss syndrome

• In participants (>18yr), Mepolizumab resulted in

– significantly more weeks in remission

– allowing for reduced glucocorticoid use

• Even so, only ~1/2 the participants treated with mepolizumab had protocol-defined remission

Back to our patient

Back to our patient

רפרקטוריתאיזונופיליתאסתמה –קלינית •

סטרואידיםתלוי טיפול ב•

חלף אחר מספר ימים, בודד של פריחהארוע•

וסקוליטיסממצאים של –ביופסיה עורית •

הופסקסינגולרבטיפול •

ירידה/מחמיר בהפסקה... פרידניזוןבממשיך טיפול •

Anti-IL5 therapies

, שנים12מאושר בארץ מעל ]

[שנים12-18נתונים לגילאים אין מספיק אך

Anti-IL5 therapies

Anti-IL5 therapies

Back to our patient

Mepolizumab-הוחל טיפול ב•

יום כן יום לא, ג"מ5פרידניזון•

?מינון•

Asthma - Eosinophilic Refractory?

vsChurg–Strauss syndrome?

or

Other?