Name the four elements that make up the majority of living
matter Identify cell regions Identify organelles and their
functions Describe structure of the plasma membrane and various
transport processes Describe DNA replication and the process of
mitosis Describe the roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis
Identify cell types and relate structure to function Discuss cell
junctions and cell membrane structure
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Cell Organelles and cell structures (ribosome, nucleoli,
cytoskeleton, cell membrane, mitochondrion, vaculoles, endoplasmic
reticulum, chromatin, cytoplasm (cytosol), centrioles, golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, microtubules, microfilaments,
nucleus) Selective permeability Diffusion (facilitated diffusion
and osmosis) Active transport Passive transport Solute pumping
Exocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis Hypertonic Hypotonic
Isotonic
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Proteins =enzymes, receptors for hormones, binding sites,
involved in transport functions Glycoproteins= sugar-proteins
determine blood type, receptors for viruses, bacteria, and toxins,
involved in cell communication
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Cytoplasm is comprised of three major parts 1. Cytosol-
semitransparent fluid that suspends the other parts (it consists of
water and dissolved nutrients and other solutes) 2. Organelles 3.
Inclusions- non functioning units, chemical substances such as
stored nutrients or cell products. Ex) lipid droplets, glycogen
granules, pigments, mucus, and various kinds of crystals
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After protein is synthesized on the ribosome, it migrates into
the rough ER, short sugar chain attach to the protien (forming
glycoproteins), the protein is packed in a transport vesicle and
travels to the Golgi apparatus where its contents are secreted via
various pathways
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Peroxisomes- membranous sacs that contain powerful oxidase
enzymes (found in liver and kidney cells) peroxisomes use oxygen to
detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances including
alcohol and formaldehyde. Disarm dangerous free radicals Free
radicals- are highly reactive chemical with unpaired electrons that
can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids.
Peroxisomes convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2
Enzyme catalase then converts excess H 2 O 2 to water
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1. cells that connect body parts: fibroblasts and erythrocytes
2. cells that cover and line body organs: epithelial 3. cells that
move organs and body parts: skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
4. cells that store nutrients: fat cells 5. cells that fight
disease: macrophages (a phagocytic cell) 6. cells that gather/send
information: neuron 7. cells of reproduction: oocyte and sperm
(gametes)
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Passive Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated diffusion
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Examples of active trnasport Solute pumping uses ATP to
energize its protein carriere (solute pumps) move against
concentration or electrical gradients (examino acids, sugars, and
ions) Sodium-potassium pump
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Endocytosis aka phagocytosis cell eating/ pinocytosis cell
drinking Can be receptor mediated Exocytosis out of the cell
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Semi-conservative replication
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M
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Transcription
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Transcription DNA mRNA DNA mRNA In Nucleus CAT GUA Triplet
codon TranslationIn Ribosome mRNA tRNA amino acids polypeptide
phenotype Codon anticodon monomer protein trait mRNA tRNA GUA
CAU
