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3/18/2015 1 New Approaches to Functional Restoration in the 21 st Century Randolph J. Nudo, PhD Professor and Vice Chair of Research Dept Rehabilitation Medicine Director, Landon Center on Aging Marion Merrell Dow Distinguished Professor in Aging University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Grand Rounds 19 March 2015 Landon Center on Aging Theories of recovery after brain injury Reversal of diaschisis Behavioral compensation Adaptive plasticity Synaptogenesis LTP, LTD Axonal sprouting Vicarious functioning in spared areas Stroke: Acute Intervention IV tPA Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) 4.5 hour window

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3/18/2015

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New Approaches to Functional Restoration in the 21st Century

Randolph J. Nudo, PhDProfessor and Vice Chair of Research

Dept Rehabilitation MedicineDirector, Landon Center on Aging

Marion Merrell Dow Distinguished Professor in AgingUniversity of Kansas Medical Center

Kansas City, KS

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Grand Rounds19 March 2015

Landon Center on Aging

Theories of recovery after brain injury

Reversal of diaschisis Behavioral compensation Adaptive plasticitySynaptogenesisLTP, LTDAxonal sproutingVicarious functioning in spared areas

Stroke: Acute Intervention

IV tPA

Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral

Ischemia (MERCI)4.5 hour window

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Promising treatments from basic research

• calcium channel antagonists• NMDA receptor antagonists • CDP-choline• free radical scavengers• GABA agonists• Sodium channel antagonists• glycine site of NMDA receptor

Improvement in clinical outcome: 0No improvement: 115+

Neuroprotective agents reaching phase III efficacy trials:

Therapeutic windows after stroke

Acute phase Chronic phase

Pharmacotherapy Physiotherapy

neurotrophins, stem cells, modulators (D-amphetamine), genomic approaches, electrophysiologicmodulation,etc.

Post‐Injury Experience Promotes Plasticity in Peri‐Infarct Motor Cortex

Nudo et al., Science, 1996; CI Therapy photo courtesy E. Taub

Animation courtesy NHK, Japan

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Remodeling Of Motor Cortex (M1): Use and Disuse

Nudo et al., J Neurosci, 16:785, 1996; Milliken et al., 109(5):1268-82, 2013

Effects of Brain Injury on Functional and Structural Organization of Cerebral Cortex

Frost et al., J Neurophysiol, 2003; Dancause et al., J Neurophysiol, 2006; Dancause et al., 2005

Potent effect of behavioral experience

Behavior

Neuronal structure/functionCNS injury

Stimulation modalities

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Mature neuroprosthetic applications

Deep Brain Stimulation Cochlear Implant

Invasive brain‐machine interface approaches

Neural signals recorded from the brain as input commands to control external environment

CyberkineticsBrainGate

Hochberg et al., 2012, Nature, 485:372.

TDCS

Open‐loop neuromodulationafter stroke: non‐invasive approaches

rTMS

Stimulation + behavioral experience

epidural stimulation

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Induction of plasticity in motor topography by intracortical microstimulation

Nudo, et al., 1990

Forelimb area

Vibrissa area

+ +

-

Jacobs & Donoghue, 1991

Closed‐loop neuromodulation

Combines neural recording, signal processing and microstimulation in a single device for closed‐loop operation

NeuroPace RNS system

EEG-driven stimulation

NeuroPace Pivotal Trial: Responsive Stimulation

Heck et al., Epilepsia 2014

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Adaptive DBS: the next wave of treatment?

Ann Neurol, 74(3):449‐57, 2013

Un

ifie

d P

ark

inso

n's

Dis

ea

seR

atin

g S

cale

N = 8

LFP-driven stimulation

Adaptive DBS

Little et al., Ann Neurol, 2013

• Power savings (44%)• Beta bursts less frequent

Rationale for closed‐loop neuroprosthetic systems to restore function after 

brain injury

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Neurophysiology of Prehension

Modified from Gardner E P et al. J Neurophysiol 2007;97:1656‐1670

Functional Importance of S1‐M1 Connectivity

M1 HAND AREAanterior posterior

Friel et al., J Neurophysiol, 94:1312, 2005.

Examining remote plasticity in rats after motor cortex injury

Nudo, Ch 28 In: Evolution of Nervous Systems, 2007.

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Activity‐Dependent Plasticity: Theoretical Basis

“When one cell repeatedly assists in firing another, the axon of the first cell develops synaptic knobs … in contact with the soma of the second cell.”

‐‐ Donald Hebb, 1949 The Organization of Behavior

“Cells that fire together wire together.”‐‐Modern maxim (Carla Shatz)

Collaboration with Pedram Mohseni, PhD, Dept. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve 

University

Development of ASIC for spike‐driven stimulation in rats

P. Mohseni & colleagues, IEEE J. Solid‐State Circuits (JSSC), April 2011

Miniaturized System Assembly

Azin et al., IEEE Trans Biomed Engin. 2011Pedram Mohseni, PhD

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Next steps

• Mechanisms (physiology, anatomy)• Non‐human primate model

Proof‐of‐concept study in rat traumatic brain injury model

1. Create TBI in motor cortex (CFA) using CCI model.2. Implant microdevice; record spikes in RFA, stimulate S1 forelimb area.3. Spike‐driven (activity‐dependent) ICMS 24 hrs/day (7.5 ms; 28 ms).4. No behavioral training; periodic behavioral testing.5. Compare to “no stimulation”, “open‐loop stimulation”.

Guggenmos et al., PNAS, 2013

David Guggenmos, PhD

Effects of Injury on Motor Performance 8 Days Post‐injury

Guggenmos et al., PNAS, 2013

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Effects of Injury on Motor Performance 8 Days Post‐injury

Guggenmos et al., PNAS, 2013

Evidence for enhanced functional connectivity after ADS

S1 RFA

?

Van Acker, et al., under review

Rapid facilitation in anesthetized rats

S1 RFA

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Geschwind's Disconnection Syndromes

Catani M , ffytche D H Brain 2005;128:2224-2239

© The Author (2005). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected]

The study of corticocorticaldisconnections has a long tradition in behavioral neurology.

Neuroprosthetics for spinal cord repair

Shawn Frost, PhD

Characterizing spike activity after spinal cord injury

Frost et al., J Neurosurg Spine, 2013; Frost et al., under review

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Neuronal firing in S1 after spinal cord injury

Frost et al., under review

Daly & Wolpaw, Lancet Neurology, 2008

Challenges to Translation

Rehabilitation Medicine Research at KUMC

• Create a top 10 integrated, translational Rehabilitation Research program at KUMC

• Partner with Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute at KUMC, with an emphasis on functional restoration and post‐acute care period

• Build Primary areas of excellence in (1) the Neurosciences and (2) Outcomes research

Mission: To advance excellence in rehabilitation care through exceptional basic and applied research 

Strategic Plan

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Rehabilitation MedicneResearch at KUMC: Focus Areas

Rehabilitation

Research

Neuroscience; Stem Cells

Outcomes Research

Musculo‐skeletal; 

Sports; Gait; Osteoarthritis

Oncology Pain and 

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation Engineering; Robotics; Orthotics; 

Telemedicine

Cortical Plasticity Laboratory 2015

Scott Barbay, PhDJordan Borrell, BSDavid Bundy, PhD (July 2015)Caleb Dunham, BSShawn Frost, PhDDavid Guggenmos, PhDHeather Hudson, PhDMax Murphy, BSAndrea Pack, BSKelly Rodriguez, BSEdward Urban III, MD, PhDHongyu Zhang, MD, PhDNeurosurgery residentsSummer students

Pedram Mohseni, PhD Case Western Reserve U

Michela Chiappalone, PhD Alberto Alverna

Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaBrian Andrews, MD

KUMC Plastic SurgeryStacey Dejong, PT, PhD

University of IowaDavid McNeal, PhD

Oregon Health Science CenterGustaf Van Acker, MD, PhD

Case Western Reserve U

NIHDept. DefenseRonald D. Deffenbaugh Foundation