Helpan (Infinitive) - hulpon (Past Plural)

ge- yfel (bad) - wiersa – wierest bēon, wesan

A synthetic language: grammatical ending sound interchange grammatical prefixes suppletive formation

Gender Number Case

Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Instrumental

Nominative: se cyning Accusative: Æþelbald lufode þone

cyning "Æþelbald loved the king“ Genitive: þæs cyninges scip Dative: hringas þæm cyninge Instrumental: lifde sweorde - "he lived

by the sword"

Strong declension (Vocalic Strong declension (Vocalic stems)stems)

WeakWeakdecledeclensionnsion

Root-Root-stemsstems

Other Other minor minor stemsstems

r-, s-, r-, s-, nd-nd-

a-a-stemsstemsja-, ja-, wa-wa-stemsstems

ō-ō-stems stems jō-, jō-, wō-wō-stemsstems

i-i-stemsstems

u-u-stemsstems

n-n-stemsstems

MNMN FF MNFMNF MFMF MNFMNF MFMF MNFMNF

MascMasculineuline NeuterNeuter FeminineFeminine

Sg.Sg. PL.PL. Sg.Sg. PL.PL. Sg.Sg. PL.PL.

NomNom -- -as-as -- -u (-)-u (-) -- -a-a

GenGen es es -a -a -es -es a a -e -e -a -a

DatDat -e-e -um-um -e-e -um-um -e-e -um-um

AccAcc -- -as-as -- -u (-)-u (-) -e-e -a-a

NomNom stān stānasas

GenGen stāneses stānaa

DatDat stānee stānumum

AccAcc stān stānasas

Scip (Neuter) – ship Tale (Feminine) tale

scip Singular PluralAccusative (þæt) scip (þā) scipuGenitive (þæs) scipes (þāra) scipaDative (þæm) scipe (þæm)

scipumNominative

(þæt) scip (þā) scipu

Masculine:earm (an arm), eorl, hring (a ring), Neuter dor (a gate), hof (a courtyard), bearn (a child), dēor (an animal)

Sg.Sg. Pl.Pl.

NomNom -- -a-a

GenGen -a-a -a-a

DatDat -a-a -um-um

AccAcc -- -a-a

wita (a wizard), steorra (a star), heorteheorte (a heart), (a heart), sunnesunne (Sun), (Sun), tima, tima,

Sg. Pl.

N - -an

G -an -ena

D -an -um

A -an -an

The old case endings were added directly to the final consonant of the root (no stem suffix)

The i-mutation rule The root vowel is changed during the

declension Eg. fōt

hnutu gōs mūs tōþ bōc lūs

r-stems for family relatives :dohtor mōdor (e)s-stems for children and cubs:cild 'a child', cealf 'a calf‘lamb

nd –stems frēond, Hettend Hælend Wealend āgend

First person

Case Singul

ar

Dual Plural

Nom. ic wit wē

Gen. mīn uncer ūre,

ūser

Dat. mē unc ūs

Acc. mec,

mē

uncit ūsic, ūs

Second person

Case Singul

ar

Dual Plural

Nom. Þū git gē

Gen. Þīn incer ēower

Dat. Þē inc ēow

Acc. Þēc, Þē incit,

inc

ēowic,

ēow

Third person

Masc. Fem. Neuter Plural

Nom. hē hēo, hīo hit hīe,hī,

hēo

Gen. his hire,

hiere

his hira,heor

a,hiera,

hyra

Dat. him hire,

hiere

him him,

heom

Acc. hine hīe, hī, h hit hīe, hī,

hēo

1. sē, sēo, þæt

2. þēs, þēōs, þis

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative sē sēo Þæt Þā

Genitive Þæs Þǣre Þæs Þāra,

Þǣra

Dative Þǣm Þǣre Þǣm Þǣm,

Þām

Accusativ

e

Þone Þā Þæt Þā

Instrume

ntal

Þӯ, Þon — Þӯ, Þon —

hwā? (who?) and hwæt? (what?)

Nominativ

e

hwā hwæt

Accusative hwæs hwæs

Genitive hwǣm hw ǣm

Dative hwone hwæt

Instrument

al

— hwӯ, hwī

hwilc? (which)

1. gehwā (every) – declined as hwā;2. gehwilc (each), ǣgÞer (either), ǣlc

(each), swilc (such) 3. sē ilca – declined as a weak

adjective.

Indefinite pronounssum (some), ǣnig (any) Negativenān, nǣning (no) – declined as

strong adjectives.

I. 1. What kind of declension type of OE do

you remember?2. What type of declension did such nouns

as tooth, foot, man, goose, mouse belong to in OE?

II. 1. What kinds of pronouns existed in OE?2. Which pronouns had the dual number?

Strong Þā men sindon gōde gōd man sē gōda man, þy betstan

lēōde(with the best song).

sē gōda man, þy betstan lēōde(with the best

song).

weak Masculin

e

Neuter Feminine

Singular

Nominativ

e

blaca blace blace

Genitive blacan blacan blacan

Dative blacan blacan blacan

Accusative blacan blace blacan

Masculin

e

Neuter Feminine

Singular

Nominativ

e

blæc blæc blacu

Genitive blaces blaces blæcre

Dative blacum blacum blæcre

Accusative blæcne blæc blace

Positive

degree

Comparati

ve

degree

Superlativ

e degree

earm

(poor)

earmra earmost

blæc

(black)

blæcra blacost

Positive

degree

Comparati

ve

degree

Superlati

ve

degree

gōd (good) betera

sēlra

betst

sēlest

yfel (bad) wiersa wierest

micel

(large)

māra mǣst

lӯtel (little) lǣssa lǣst