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Νέες τεχνικές στην ακτινοθεραπεία του καρκίνου του πνεύμονα. Aκτινοχειρουργική με τη μέθοδο CyberKnife Κοσμάς Ε. Βερίγος Ακτινοθεραπευτής - Ογκολόγος Διευθυντής Ακτινοθεραπευτικού Ογκολογικού Τμήματος 401 ΓΣΝΑ Συνεργάτης Ακτινοθεραπευτικού Ογκολογικού Τμήματος ΙΑΣΩ

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Νέες τεχνικές στην ακτινοθεραπεία του καρκίνου του πνεύµονα.

Aκτινοχειρουργική µε τη µέθοδο CyberKnife

Κοσµάς Ε. Βερίγος Ακτινοθεραπευτής - Ογκολόγος

Διευθυντής Ακτινοθεραπευτικού – Ογκολογικού Τµήµατος 401 ΓΣΝΑ

Συνεργάτης Ακτινοθεραπευτικού – Ογκολογικού Τµήµατος ΙΑΣΩ

! "#$%$"&’ ( ) * ’ #$+: , - ". * $/ 0 1%2/ 2#$3* "’ 450* 2’ #6 7 * $48""240 #’ 2 9 * 3: / ’

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Ακτινοθεραπευτική Ογκολογία είναι η ιατρική ειδικότητα που χρησιµοποιεί ιονίζουζες

ακτινοβολίες εναντίον ζωντανών κυττάρων

(φυσιολογικών + παθολογικών)

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“Treating the tumor is easy Select a high enough dose to kill it

Unfortunately though, we never have the luxury of just treating tumor, as it is always surrounded by and mixed with normal tissue

It is the normal tissue which is the challenge”

Prof. Basil Hillaris

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87 yo WF, T2 lesion RUL, bx=adenoCA, PET SUV=16.92 at lesion, medically inoperable EBRT 70 Gy/35fx

 Pre-RT CT 28/4/04 Post-RT scan of 7/4/10

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From: Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology, 4th edition, C. Perez, L. Brady, E. Halperin and R Schmidt-Ullrich, editors, 2004

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Conventional Radiotherapy

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3D conformal radiation therapy

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Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)

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Pulmonary Vein Bronchus

Esophagus

Cord Skin

Chestwall

Lung

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Local Progression-Free Survival Is a Function of Dose

~ 84 Gy would be needed for ~ 50% local progression- free survival in 30 months

Mehta M, Manon R. Sem Oncol. 2005;(Suppl 3):s25–s34.

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Stage I NSCLC: Spectrum of Health

Medically Operable

“High risk” Operable

Medically Inoperable

Lobectomy SBRT

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3-5 Year Survival in Early Stage Lung Cancer

Rx Modality % alive  Stage I Surgery 60-80%

Stage I* Radiotherapy (RT) 15-45%

 Stage II Surgery 30-50% Stage II* RT 10-30%

*clinically staged and mostly medically inoperable RT generally 60 Gy delivered in 6 weeks

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Ορισµoί εννοιών •  Στερεοτακτική Ακτινοχειρουργική είναι η εξειδικευµένη ιατρική πράξη µε την οποία κατευθύ-νουµε ακτίνες φωτονίων προς ένα στερεοτακτικά προσδιορισµένο στόχο και τον καταστρέφουµε αν-αίµακτα.

•  Απεικονιστική Καθοδήγηση είναι η καθοδή-γηση των δεσµών ακτινοβολίας προς το στόχο και η επιβεβαίωση της ακρίβειάς τους, βάσει ψηφιακής εικόνας του στόχου.

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•  1 ; <=! 7%3$/ 8#50µ’ •  Η δυνατότητα συγκεντρώσεως πολύ

µεγάλης δόσεως ακτινοβολίας (κυτταροκτώνο

δόση) σε µία συγκεκριµένη περιοχή – στόχο, µε προστασία των ιστών και οργάνων που γειτνιάζουν

Αποτέλεσµα

η καταστροφή των κυττάρων του στόχου, µε ελάχιστη επιβάρυνση των υγειών οργάνων & ιστών

Ακτινοχειρουργική (Radiosurgery)

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•  7%3$/ 3#56µ’ 5’  Μη χειρουργική µέθοδος (αναίµακτη πράξη)  Αποφυγή χειρουργικού τραύµατος, µεταγγίσεων,

µετεγχειρητικού πόνου, λοιµώξεων  Δεν απαιτεί γενική αναισθησία  Δεν απαιτεί νοσοκοµειακή φροντίδα (συνήθως)  Εναλλακτική µέθοδος προς την χειρουργική  Συµπληρωµατική της ακτινοθεραπείας  Είναι χαµηλής τοξικότητας  Κόστος µικρότερο του χειρουργείου και καθορισµένο

&  Βελτιώνει τη ποιότητα ζωής του ασθενούς

Ακτινοχειρουργική (Radiosurgery)

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Ακτινοχειρουργική (Radiosurgery)

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Τα κυκλοφορούντα Διεθνώς Συστήµατα Ακτινοχειρουργικής

  Gamma Knife (ELEKTA)

  X- Knife (Radionics)

  Novalis (Brain Lab , VARIAN)

  Synergy – Axesse (ELEKTA)

 Trilogy – RapidArc – TrueBeam (VARIAN)

 Cyber Knife (Accuray)

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Τα κυκλοφορούντα Διεθνώς Συστήµατα Ακτινοχειρουργικής

  Gamma Knife (ELEKTA)

  X- Knife (Radionics)

  Novalis (Brain Lab , VARIAN)

  Synergy – Axesse (ELEKTA)

 Trilogy – RapidArc – TrueBeam (VARIAN)

 Cyber Knife (Accuray)

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γ - Knife (Gamma Knife)

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Μονάδα γ-Knife

(Gamma Knife)

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Θεραπεία µε γ-Knife (Gamma Knife)

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Θεραπεία µε γ-Knife (Gamma Knife)

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Τα κυκλοφορούντα Διεθνώς Συστήµατα Ακτινοχειρουργικής

  Gamma Knife (ELEKTA)

  X- Knife (Radionics)   Novalis (Brain Lab , VARIAN)

  Synergy – Axesse (ELEKTA)

 Trilogy – RapidArc – TrueBeam (VARIAN)

 Cyber Knife (Accuray)

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X- Knife

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ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΚΤΙΝΟΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ µε X-Knife

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ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΚΤΙΝΟΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ µε X-Knife

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ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΚΤΙΝΟΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ µε X-Knife

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ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΚΤΙΝΟΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ µε X-Knife

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ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΚΤΙΝΟΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ µε X-Knife

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ΑΠΑΡΑΙΤΗΤΟΣ ΕΞΟΠΛΙΣΜΟΣ ΓΙΑ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΚΤΙΝΟΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ µε X-

Knife

SRS#So%ware##

Ειδικό#λογισμικό#για#σχεδιασμό#τεχνικής#ακτινοβόλησης#

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ΔΙΑΔΙΚΑΣΙΑ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗΣ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΚΤΙΝΟΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ µε X-Knife

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ΕΝΑΛΑΚΤΙΚΑ ΓΙΑ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΗ ΣΤΕΡΕΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΚΤΙΝΟΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑΣ µε X-

Knife

• Πλαίσιο στήριξης κεφαλής ασθενούς µε Οδοντικό αποτύπωµα

• Θερµοπλαστική µάσκα (προαιρετική)

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Ακινητοποίηση Κεφαλής

για θεραπεία µε Χ – Knife

Κατασκευή οδοντικού αποτυπώµατος

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Ακινητοποίηση Κεφαλής

για θεραπεία µε Χ – Knife

Λήψη Αξονικής + Μαγνητικής Τοµογραφίας

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Χ-Knife

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FRAME BASED SPINE RADIOSURGERY

Feb. 1995

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Motion observations •  Lung tumor motion varies

widely (0 – 50 mm)

•  Lung: hysteresis in half of the patients (1 to 5 mm separation of trajectories)

•  Abdominal (liver, kidney, diaphragm) 35 – 101 mm (deep breathing)

•  No general patterns of respiratory behavior that can be assumed for a particular patient prior to observation and treatment.

Seppenwoolde et al. IJROBP 53 (2002)

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How do we deal with tumor motion?

  Solutions (is there just one??)   Tumor factors

 Stop the tumor from moving..somehow  Follow the tumor as it is moving and treat as it

moves   Patient factors

 Stop the patient from breathing (!)  Control the patient’s breathing

  Machine factors  Turn on machine only when it “sees” tumor

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> 3?8%2?0 450/ 53. / $%$"&’ 450/ : @0* 34&’ 50+ 2’ 5* 2#6+

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SBRT : Immobilization/Repositioning

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Respiratory Tracking

Η δέσµη ακτινοβολίας ενεργοποιείται όσο ο όγκος - στόχος είναι εντός του (σταθερού) πεδίου θεραπείας

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Τα κυκλοφορούντα Διεθνώς Συστήµατα Ακτινοχειρουργικής

  Gamma Knife (ELEKTA)

  X- Knife (Radionics)

  Novalis (Brain Lab , VARIAN)

  Synergy – Axesse (ELEKTA)

 Trilogy – RapidArc – TrueBeam (VARIAN)

 Cyber Knife (Accuray)

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NOVALIS

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Θεραπεία µε ‘Novalis’

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Varian Trilogy – RapidArc - TrueBeam

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Elekta Synergy & ΑXESSE

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Proton Beam Radiation Therapy (PBRT)

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Proton Beam Radiation Therapy (PBRT)

•  The technique of conformal proton beam radiation therapy is similar to that of 3D-conformal radiation therapy. The proton is a subatomic particle, not a wave like the photon. Protons deposit their energy into tissue only as they begin to slow down after being produced by the linear accelerator. A radiation oncologist can therefore determine to which speed to accelerate the protons, resulting in maximum amount of energy being deposited into the prostate tumor. The proton can be aimed with extreme precision and is often used for delicate surgeries such as those involving the eye or spine. Conformal proton beam radiation therapy is the most expensive type of radiotherapy, and is usually used in conjunction with another type of EBRT.

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Proton Beam Radiation Therapy (PBRT)

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Τα κυκλοφορούντα Διεθνώς Συστήµατα Ακτινοχειρουργικής

  Gamma Knife (ELEKTA)

  X- Knife (Radionics)

  Novalis (Brain Lab , VARIAN)

  Synergy – Axesse (ELEKTA)

 Trilogy – RapidArc – TrueBeam (VARIAN)

 Cyber Knife (Accuray)

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 Cyber Knife (Accuray)

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CyberKnife® Απεικονιστικώς Καθοδηγούµενη Ροµποτική Ακτινοχειρουργική

•  Σύστηµα στερεοτακτικής ακτινοχειρουργικής µε ροµποτική νοηµοσύνη και τεχνολογία (FDA approval, Αύγουστος 2001)

•  Καθ’ όλη τη διάρκεια της θεραπείας. ανιχνεύει κι εντοπίζει τις κινήσεις του ασθενούς και του στόχου και αυτοδιορθώνεται

•  Κλινική ακρίβεια < 1 mm για βλάβες σε ολόκληρο το σώµα

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Peer to Peer

Synchrony®!camera

Γραµµικός Επιταχυντής

Ψηφιακοί αισθητήρες

Λυχνίες ακτίνων Χ

Κρεβάτι θεραπείας

Σύστηµα Οδήγησης Ροµποτικού Βραχίονα

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CyberKnife® Treatment

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•  Κλινικές Εφαρµογές –  Ενδοκρανιακές εστίες –  Εξωκρανιακές //

•  Σπονδυλική Στήλη •  Πνεύµονες •  Ήπαρ •  Πάγκρεας •  Προστάτης •  Διάφορα

•  Δυνατότητα πολλάπλών συνεδριών (fractionated radiosurgery)

Photo courtesy of St.Joseph’s Hospital

Ροµποτική Ακτινοχειρουργική µε CyberKnife®

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CyberKnife® Image Guided Robotic Radiosurgery System

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Σύστηµα ελέγχου αναπνοής Synchrony™ Ελέγχει και καταγράφει τις αναπνευστικές κινήσεις του

ασθενούς Synchrony™ Respiratory Tracking System

•  Synchrony camera •  Synchrony LED markers - ειδικοί αισθητήρες που τοποθε-τούνται στο θώρακα κι εκπέµπουν υπέρυθρες ακτίνες που ανιχνεύονται από την synchrony camera καθ’ όλη τη διάρκεια της θεραπείας

•  Fiducial markers - που εµφυτεύονται µέσα & κοντά στον όγκο

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CyberKnife® Θεραπεία µε Synchrony

Με το σύστηµα Synchrony επιτυγχάνουµε: •  Ο ασθενής αναπνέει κανονικά σε ολόκληρη τη θεραπεία •  Συλλέγονται πληροφορίες

–  Από τους ειδικούς αισθητήρες στο θώρακα (δηµιουργία µοντέλου αναπνοής)

–  από διαδοχικές ψηφιακές εικόνες του TLS οι οποίες καταγράφουν τη θέση των fiducials

•  Το CyberKnife συσχετίζει τη θέση των fiducials µέσα στο µοντέλο της αναπνοής, διορθώνει δυναµικά τη θέση του και «παρακολουθεί» τον κινούµενο όγκο κατά τη διάρκεια της θεραπείας

•  Ακρίβεια εντοπισµού όγκου < mm * •  Ελάχιστη δυνατή ακτινοβόληση υγιών ιστών

*Reference: Dieterich S, Taylor D, Chuang C, Wong K, Tang J, Kilby W, Main W. The CyberKnife Synchrony Respiratory Tracking System: Evaluation of Systematic Targeting Uncertainty

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CyberKnife® - Θεραπεία µε Synchrony

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Xsight™ Lung

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3 A

pr. 2

007

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•  Όγκος χαµηλού σταδίου (T1 – 2{3 περιφερικός} N0 M0) ανεγχείρητος •  Πνευµονοπάθεια και κίνδυνος από ακτινική πνευµονίτιδα •  Ο ασθενής δεν µπορεί ή δεν θέλει να χειρουργηθεί •  Υποτροπή µετά από προηγηθείσα ακτινοθεραπεία •  Εστία κοντά σε ακτινοευαίσθητα όργανα •  Τοπική Υποτροπή χειρουργηθέντων εστιών •  Πνευµονικές µεταστάσεις

A/ B3&?32+ C#52/ $. 32* $: * "2#6+ 43 Μη µικροκυτταρικό Καρκίνο Πνεύµονος (NSCLC)

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RADIATION THERAPY ONCOLOGY GROUP (RTOG) 0236: A Phase II Trial of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) in the Treatment of Patients with Medically Inoperable Stage I/II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

•  PI: Robert Timmerman, MD •  Eligilibity

–  Patients with T1, T2 (≤ 5 cm), T3 (≤ 5 cm), N0, M0 medically inoperable non-small cell lung cancer;

–  Patients with T3 tumors chest wall primary tumors only

–  No patients with tumors of any T-stage in the zone of the proximal bronchial tree*.

•  SBRT dose: 20 Gy x 3 fractions

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Song D, Blomgren H, Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Lung Tumors in Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy; Kavanagh D., Timmerman R.; Ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA 2005; p. 101.

Author Dose Biologic

Equivalent Dose (DAD)

Standard radiotherapy 2 Gy x 30 fx 60 Gy

Hara (58) 30 Gy x 1 fx 120 Gy

Nagata (50) 12 Gy x 4 fx 105 Gy

Timmerman (51) 20 Gy x 3 fx 180 Gy

Ραδιοβιολογικά Ισοδύναµα Δόσεων Ακτινοβολίας

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♀72 y.o. NSCLC 3.1 cm., Fev1 : 0.80, CT/PET (-) : Stage IB (T2N0M0)

Cyberknife (60 Gy to 85% ISD in 3 fractions)

Πρό θεραπείας 6 Μήνες µετά

T2N0M0

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Ασθενής(72(ετών(με(NSCLC(μετά(από(χημειοθεραπεία

6000cGy/ 3 fr (75%)

9(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

12(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

20(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

31(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

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Ασθενής(56(ετών(NSCLC(Τ3Ν0Μ0

Σχεδιασμός#–#Πλάνο#θεραπείας#

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Ασθενής(54(ετών(NSCLC(με(υποτροπή(μετά(από(χει/κή(αφαίρεση

Σχεδιασμός#–#Πλάνο#θεραπείας#

FU(12(μήνες(μετά(από(CyberKnife

PET/CT(36(μήνες(μετά(από(CyberKnife

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Ασθενής(58(ετών(με(υποτροπή(NSCLC(μετά(από(ακτινοXχημειοθεραπεία.

Σχεδιασμός#–#Πλάνο#θεραπείας#

FU#6#μήνες#μετά#από#CyberKnife FU#14#μήνες#μετά#από#

CyberKnife

FU(36(μήνες(μετά(από(CyberKnife

FU(48(μήνες(μετά(από(CyberKnife

FU(52(μήνες(μετά(από(CyberKnife

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Ασθενής(66(ετών(με(‘μέτα’(εστία(θωρακικού(τοιχώματος(από(NSCLC(μετά(

από(ακτινοXχημειοθεραπεία

1800 cGy/ 1 fr (70%)

FU(2(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

FU(5(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

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��� ����

6 ����� ����

Ca ��������� - ���π�� �� CyberKnife

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Ασθενής(79(ετών(με(2(μεταστάσεις(στον(πνεύμονα(από(Ca(ωοθηκών

6000 cGy/ 3 fr (70%)

3000 cGy/ 1 fr (70%)

FU(14(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

FU(20(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

FU(44(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

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Ασθενής(74(ετών(με(μετάσταση(στον(πνεύμονα(από(Ca(παχέως(εντέρου

FU(3(μήνες(μετά(από(CyberKnife FU(6(μήνες(μετά(από(CyberKnife

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Ασθενής(64(ετών(με(παρασπονδυλική(μάζα(ΘΜΣΣ(από(λέμφωμα(μετά(από((

ακτινοXχημειοθεραπεία 2400 cGy/ 2 fr (70%)

FU(11(μήνες(μετά((από(CK

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����� � �������� �� 60 ���� ���� PET-CT / FDG F-18

Ca ��������� - �����������������

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PET/CT και σχεδιασµός θεραπείας

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LITERATURE Lung SBRT

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SRS Cox JD, Azarnia N, Byhardt RW, et al. A randomized phase I/II trial of hyperfractionated radiation therapy with total doses of 60.0 Gy to 79.2 Gy: possible survival benefit with greater than or equal to 69.6 Gy in favorable patients with Radiation Therapy Oncology Group stage III non-small cell lung carcinoma: report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 83-11. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8:1543–1555.

Blomgren H, Lax I, Naslund I, et al. Stereotactic high dose fraction radiation therapy of extracranial tumors using an accelerator. Clinical experience of the fi rst thirty-one patients. Acta Oncol 1995; 34:861–870.

Lax I, Blomgren H, Naslund I, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy of malignancies in the abdomen. Methodological aspects. Acta Oncol 1994; 33:677–683. McGarry RC, Papiez L, Williams M, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy of early-stage non-small-cell lung carcinoma: phase I study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63:1010–1015.

Timmerman R, Papiez L, McGarry R, et al. Extracranial stereotactic radioablation: results of a phase I study in medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2003; 124:1946–1955.

Bradley J. A review of radiation dose escalation trials for non-small cell lung cancer within the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Semin Oncol 2005; 32:S111–113. Wulf J, Baier K, Mueller G, et al. Dose-response in stereotactic irradiation of lung tumors. Radiother Oncol 2005; 77:83–87.

Uematsu M, Shioda A, Suda A, et al. Computed tomography-guided frameless stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a 5-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51:666–670. Fukumoto S, Shirato H, Shimzu S, et al. Small-volume image-guided radiotherapy using hypofractionated, coplanar, and noncoplanar multiple fields for patients with inoperable Stage I non small cell lung carcinomas. Cancer 2002; 95:1546–1553. Hiraoka M, Nagata Y. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: the Japanese experience. Int J Clin Oncol 2004; 9:352–355.

Timmerman R, McGarry R, Yiannoutsos C, et al. Excessive toxicity when treating central tumors in a phase II study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for medically inoperable early-stage lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:4833–4839.

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CYBERKNIFE Fractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy in the treatment of primary, recurrent, and metastatic lung

tumors: the role of positron emission tomography/computed tomography-based treatment planning. Coon et al. 2008. University of Pittsburgh researchers treated a variety of patients with primary lung cancer, metastatic lung tumors, or recurrent cancer. Using the CyberKnife System they delivered 3 fractions of 20 Gy and concluded it was an effective treatment for patients with medically inoperable recurrent or metastatic lung cancer.

CyberKnife radiosurgery for stage I lung cancer: results at 36 months. Brown et al. 2007. Miami researchers show that image-guided robotic stereotactic radiosurgery of lung tumors with the CyberKnife System in medically inoperable patients with early non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) achieves excellent local disease control with limited toxicity to surrounding tissues and, in many cases, might be curative for patients for whom surgery is not an option.

Radical stereotactic radiosurgery with real-time tumor motion tracking in the treatment of small peripheral lung tumors. Collins et al. 2007. Georgetown researchers used the CyberKnife System to deliver 45-60 Gy in 3 fractions to small tumors (including some metastatic tumors) in the outer lung, resulting in 83% local control and 84% overall survival at 12 months.

Radical CyberKnife radiosurgery with tumor tracking: an effective treatment for inoperable small peripheral stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Collins et al. 2009. Georgetown researchers treated 20 patients with inoperable clinical stage I NSCLC with the CyberKnife System, delivering doses of 42-60 Gy in three equal fractions. At a median follow-up of 25 months for surviving patients, Kaplan-Meier overall survival at two years was 87%.

Stereotactic radiotherapy with real-time tumor tracking for non-small cell lung cancer: Clinical outcome. van der Voort van Zyp et al., 2009. Clinicians from Rotterdam, the Netherlands, used the CyberKnife System to treat 70 surgically or medically inoperable patients with peripheral Stage I NSCLC with 45-60 Gy in 3 fractions. Authors report overall low toxicity and local tumor control at 2 years of 98% in the high-dose (60 Gy) patients.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy using real-time tumor tracking in octogenarians with non-small cell lung cancer. van der Voort van Zyp et al. 2010. Rotterdam researchers show that CyberKnife radiosurgery can be an effective treatment approach, with low rates of toxicity, for elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Quality of life after stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. van der Voort van Zyp et al. 2010. Researchers from Rotterdam, The Netherlands, report on quality of life of 39 lung cancer patients in the first year after treatment with the CyberKnife System. In addition to a high tumor control rate and acceptable overall survival, the researchers observed no deterioration in global health status and respiratory symptoms, and a significant improvement in emotional functioning.

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ACTIVE CLINICAL STUDY

Medically inoperable patients with early stage NSCLC STAGE I: STAGE II: T1 N0 M0 T3 N0 M0 (Chest wall invasion only, Size 5 cm) T2 N0 M0 (Size 5 cm)

Primary treatment of solitary lung tumors by CyberKnife radiosurgery Peripheral Lesions: 20 Gy x 3 fractions Central Lesions: 12 Gy x 4 fractions University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (Principal Investigator Site) Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC Stanford University, CA St. Joseph’s/Barrow Neurological Institute, AZ Fresno Community Regional Medical Center, CA Baylor University Medical Center, TX St. Catherine Hospital, IN St. Anthony Hospital, OK North Florida Regional Medical Center, FL Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD St. Luke’s/Aurora Medical Center, WI Naples Community Hospital, FL

Presently Enrolling Medically Inoperable NSCLC Patients

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Nyman et al, Sahlgrenka Univ Hosp (Sweden): Stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung

cancer—Mature results for medically inoperable patients Lung Cancer 51: 97-103 (2006)

•  SELECTION: Stg IA & IB, tumors < 5cm and noncentral, any PFTs •  PATIENT MIX: 45 pts, 40% IA, med age 74, med KPS 80%,

20% without histology •  STAGING: CT staging only •  EQUIPMENT: Linac-based, body frame, abdominal compression

for motion compensation •  PTV MARGIN: 5mm axial, 10mm craniocaudal •  DOSE: 45Gy in 3 Fx (BED 112.5), Dmax approx 140%,

100% PTV coverage •  ACUTE TOXICITY: 40% Grade 1, 9% Grade 2 (skin, cough, LRI) •  LATE TOXICITY: 11% (rib fx, Atx/fibrosis) •  OUTCOMES: Med F/U 43 mo, LC 80%, FFDM 80%

OS 1/2/3/5 yr = 80/71/55/30% Med OS 39 mo

•  NOTES: RCT underway--SBRT vs standard Fx EBRT

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Lagerwaard et al, VU Univ Med Ctr (Amsterdam): Outcomes of risk-adapted fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I

non-small cell lung cancer IJROBP 70(3): 685-692 (2008)

•  SELECTION: Stg IA & IB, tumors < 6cm, any PFTs •  PATIENT MIX: 206 pts, 59% IA, med age 73, 69% without

histology •  STAGING: PET staging •  EQUIPMENT: Linac-based, 4DCT for motion compensation •  PTV MARGIN: ITV + 3mm •  DOSE: Risk-adapted: 3 x 20Gy (BED 180), 5 x 12Gy (132)

or 8 x 7.5Gy (105) based on potential for toxicity •  ACUTE TOXICITY: 49%, most Grade 1 (fatigue, nausea, SOB, cough,

CW pain) •  LATE TOXICITY: 7% (symptomatic RP, rib fx, thoracic pain) •  OUTCOMES: Med F/U 12 mo, LC 97%, FFDM 85%

OS 1/2 yr = 81/64%, med OS 34 mo DFS 1/2 yr = 83/68% (signif correl with T stage)

•  NOTES: Longer F/U needed

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Van Zyp et al, Erasmus Med Ctr (Rotterdam): Stereotactic radiotherapy with real-time tumor tracking for non-small cell

lung cancer: Clinical outcome Radiother and Oncol 91: 296-300 (2009)

•  SELECTION: Stg IA & IB, noncentral tumors, any PFTs •  PATIENT MIX: 70 pts, 56% IA, med age 76, 49% without

histology •  STAGING: PET staging •  EQUIPMENT: CyberKnife (real-time tracking for motion comp.) •  PTV MARGIN: 5mm •  DOSE: Most 3 x 20Gy (BED 180), early pts 3 x 15Gy

(112.5) •  ACUTE TOXICITY: 46% Grade 1-2 (fatigue, SOB, cough) •  LATE TOXICITY: 10% Grade 3 (symptomatic RP, CW pain) •  OUTCOMES: Med F/U 15 mo, crude FFDM 90%

2yr LC 96% (60Gy) vs. 78% (45Gy) OS 1/2 yr = 83/62%, DSS 94/86%

•  NOTES: Confirms dose response; no diff in outcomes with/without pathology

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Fakiris et al (Timmerman group): Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung carcinoma:

Four-year results of a prospective phase II study IJROBP 75(3): 677-682 (2009)

•  SELECTION: Stg IA & IB, <7cm, any location, medically inoperable •  PATIENT MIX: 70 pts, 49% IA, med age 76, all with histology •  STAGING: PET staging •  EQUIPMENT: Linac-based, body frame immobilization,

abdominal compression for motion compensation

•  PTV MARGIN: 5mm axial, 10mm craniocaudal •  DOSE: 3 x 20Gy (T1), 3 x 22Gy (T2) •  GR 3-5 TOXICITY: 20% (pna, effusion, hemoptysis, decr PFTs, resp failure)

Diff in tox for peripheral vs central tumors NS •  OUTCOMES: Med F/U 50 mo, median OS 32 mo (signif correl to T stg)

3yr LC 88%, FFDM 87% 3yr OS = 43%, DSS = 82%

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Inoue et al (Japan): Clinical outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy for small lung lesions clinically diagnosed

as primary lung cancer on radiologic examination IJROBP 75(3): 683-687 (2009)

•  SELECTION: Stg I, lesion with increasing CT size or PET + •  PATIENT MIX: 115 pts, 81% IA, med age 77, none with histology •  STAGING: Either CT alone or PETCT •  EQUIPMENT: Linac-based, abdominal compression and/or gating •  PTV MARGIN: “Appropriate” •  DOSE: Varies, 30-70 Gy in 2-10 fx •  GR 3-5 TOXICITY: 0% for <2cm, 7% for >2cm (RP, CW pain, rib fx) •  OUTCOMES: Med F/U 14 mo

3/5yr OS = 90/90% for <2cm vs. 61/53% for >2cm •  NOTES: Non-prospective, multi institutions & regimens

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Preliminary FROG results for Stg I NSCLC 2009

•  SELECTION: Stg I, any PFTs, medically inoperable (6 pts refused surgery)

118 pts treated, 74 with at least 6mo F/U and adequate data

•  PATIENT MIX: Of those 74 pts: 88% IA, med age 74 3 with “suspicious” rather than definitive pathology

•  STAGING: PETCT, a few with mediastinoscopy/EBUS •  EQUIPMENT: CyberKnife with real-time tracking

32% treated without fiducial markers With percutaneous marker placement, 10% Ptx rate

•  DOSE: 4 x 12-12.5Gy (central, some pleural-based) 3 x 20Gy (IA), 3 x 22Gy (IB) for parenchymal lesions

•  GR 1-2 TOXICITY: 5% (fatigue, cough) •  GR 3-5 TOXICITY: 4% (sub-acute RP, persistent late CW pain/fibrosis) •  OUTCOMES: Med F/U 15 mo

2yr LC = 93%, 2yr = FFDM 90% 2yr OS = 74%, 2yr = DFS 94% (NS)

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Study Pt #/ % IAs/ Med F/U

Margins BED (Gy)

LC OS DFS

Sweden 45 40% IA 43mo

5mm axial 10mm cc

112 80% crude 2yr 71% 3yr 55%

Amster-dam

206 59% IA 12mo

ITV + 3mm 106-180 97% crude 2yr 64%

2yr 68%

Rotterdam 70 56% IA 15mo

5mm 112-180 2yr 96/78% Hi/lo BED

2yr 62%

2yr 86%

Timmer-man

70 49% IA 50mo

5mm axial 10mm cc

180-212 3yr 88%

3yr 43%

3yr 82%

Japan (no path)

115 81% IA 14mo

“Appro-priate”

95-180 3yr 90% <2cm 61% >2cm

FROG CK 74 88% IA 15mo

Custom, histology based

106-212 2yr 93%

2yr 74%

2yr 94% (NS)

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Comparisons of SBRT and Surgery

•  Reports of SBRT for “medically operable” pts? –  Retrospective

•  Uematsu, et al (IJROBP 2001) •  Onishi, et al (JTO 2007; IJROBP 2010) •  Amsterdam (Senan et al, ASCO 2011)

–  Prospective (final results pending) •  JCOG 0403

–  Stage IA NSCLC. Phase II (n=65), 48 Gy /4 fx. •  RTOG 0618

–  Stage I/II NSCLC. Phase II (n=33), 60 Gy/ 3 fx.

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Comparisons of SBRT and Surgery

Uematsu, IJROBP 2001 –  50 pts w/T1 (n=24) or T2 (n=26) N0 NSCLC tx’d w/SBRT

(10/94-06/99) •  29 pts were medically operable but refused surgery

–  Mix of SBRT doses, prior radiation, etc. All 50 29 medically operable

3y LC 94% CSS 88% OS 66% 3y OS 86%

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Comparisons of SBRT and Surgery

•  Lagerwaard, IJROBP, July 2011 –  177 pts w/medically operable, T1 (n=60%) or T2 (n=40%) N0 NSCLC tx’d w/

SBRT from 2003-2010 in the Netherlands. –  SBRT delivered using “risk adapted” scheme (60 Gy in 3, 5, or 8 fractions) –  Median age 76 –  Median F/U 32 mo –  3-year LC 93% –  3-year OS 84.7%, median OS 61.5 mo

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Συµπεράσµατα

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•  Εφαπαξ ή κλασµατοποιηµένη ακτινοχειρουργική –  1-5 συνεδρίες –  Μεγάλες βλάβες (αρκετά cm) –  Βλάβες που είναι κοντά σε κρίσιµα όργανα

•  Βελτιωµένη ποιότητα ζωής ασθενούς –  Συντοµότερη διάρκεια θεραπείας:

1-5 days Radiosurgery vs. 6-8 wks Radiotherapy –  Αναίµακτη – µη επεµβατική µέθοδος –  Χωρίς γενική αναισθησία

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High dose High precision High efficiency

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