CHAPTER 4Growth of the 13 Colonies

Today’s Objective

Explain how geography affected the economic development of the three colonial regions

Founding of the 13 colonies Colony Reasons

FoundedFounders

New England Colonies

Mass. Bay Colony Religious Freedom John Carver/John Winthrop

New Hampshire Profit From Trade John Mason

Rhode Island Religious Freedom Roger Williams

Connecticut Profit from Trade/Religious Freedom

Thomas Hooker

Middle Colonies

New York Expand Trade Dutch Settlers

Delaware Expand Trade Swedish Settlers

New Jersey Religious Freedom John Berkeley

Pennsylvania Religious Freedom William Penn

Southern Colonies

Virginia Expand Trade John Smith

Maryland Religious Freedom Cecil Calvert

N. Carolina Profit from trade Farmers from Virginia

S. Carolina Profit from Trade Farmers from Virginia

Georgia Religious Freedoms

James Oglethorpe

LIFE IN THE COLONIESCh. 4, Section 1

The New England Colonies

Farming was the main economic activity in all NE colonies Much smaller than southern farms Long winters, and thin, rocky soil made

large scale-farming difficult Practiced subsistence farming:

Produce just enough to meet their needs , with little left over to sell or exchange

Everyone in family worked

New England colonies

Commerce in New England Large # of small businesses Larger towns attracted skilled

craftspeople Blacksmiths, shoemakers, gunsmiths,

metal smiths, & printers Shipbuilding & Fishing = main industries

Lumber for ships came from nearby forests, and transported down rivers to shipyards

Fished for: crabs, halibut, oysters, and even whales

New England Colonies

Colonial Trade Northern coastal cities were the center of

shipping trade Trade helped link Northern & southern colonies &

America to other parts of the world Traded w/ colonies & islands in West Indies &

across the Atlantic with goods to trade with England & Europe

Many followed routes that came to be called the triangular trade, because the routes formed a triangle Sugar & molasses came from W.Indies to NE. Made

into rum. Rum then sent to W.Africa and traded for slaves.

New England Colonies

Colonial Trade Slavery was widely practiced in West

Africa Prisoners of war were enslaved after

defeat in war Some sold to Arab traders Some worked in gold mines or fields

European arrival in Africa, sparked the beginning of a long lasting slave trade to America in exchange for goods

New England Colonies

The Middle Passage The voyage of African slaves began with a

bounded, march to a European fort in West Africa. They would then be packed onto ships and

shipped to the West Indies on voyage known as the Middle Passage Chained together for more than a month, they were

given little food or water, and may who were sick or died were tossed overboard

Survivors would meet a greater terror Slave markets sold over 12 million Africans into

slavery as laborers in plantations all over the colonies, between 1400s and 1800s

http://reflectionsbyshirley.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/middle_passage.jpg

http://www.historyonthenet.com/Slave_Trade/images/slaveship.jpg

The Middle Colonies

Fertile soil & milder climates allowed for production of bigger harvests , than NE

NY & Penn, grew wheat and other cash crops Used by families & sold in colonial

markets NYC & Philadelphia became large port

cities, w/ large populations Industries

Large businesses: lumbering, mining, small-scale manufacturing

The Middle Colonies

German immigrants 100,000 came to North America during

colonial era Mostly in Pennsylvania, they were

farmers Dutch, Swedes, and other non-English

immigrants also came, creating tolerance for many cultural differences

The Southern Colonies & Slavery Rich soil and warm climate made the

South suitable for certain kinds of farming Produce large harvests of cash crops

Most people made their living from farming, leaving little room for industry or commerce

The Southern Colonies & Slavery Tobacco

Tobacco=principal, or most important, cash crop of Maryland & Virginia Most sold to Europe Required great deal of labor to produce,

which increased the need for African slaves Slaveholders w/large farms became

extremely wealthy However, a surplus, or extra amounts,

caused prices to fall and led to the growth of the corn & wheat industries

The Southern Colonies & Slavery Rice

Main cash crop in S. Carolina & Georgia Also extremely strenuous to produce

Increased slave labor two- fold Became more profitable than tobacco

industry By 1750s, S. Carolina & Georgia had the

fastest growing economies

The Southern Colonies & Slavery Tidewater

Southern plantations located in the Tidewater Region of low-lying plains along the seacoast

Plantations Self-contained community with fields stretching

around a cluster of buildings Owners wife in charge of main house and

household slaves Barns, slave houses, stables were also part of

plantions Larger plantations might have had own chapels

& school

Southern Colonies & Slavery Backcountry

Lied west of Tidewater, included hills and forests the stretched into the Appalachian Mountains

Families usually grew corn & tobacco, with larger farms owning one or two slaves Significantly smaller than plantations, yet the

number of small backcountry farms outnumbered large plantations

However, the wealth that came with the plantations caused the plantation owners to rule economic & political life of the region.

Southern Slavery

Most enslaved Africans lived on plantations some did household work, but many suffered

the cruelty of working in the fields 1705-the colony of Virginia created the

slave codes: Strict rules that governed the behavior &

punishment of enslaved Africans1) Did not permit slaves to leave plantation w/o

permission2) Illegal to teach slaves to read or write3) Illegal for slaves to move about freely or assemble in

large groups4) Allowed slaves to be whipped for minor offenses &

hung or burned to death for serious crimes

Southern Colonies and Slavery Criticism of Slavery

Majority of Southern Whites were not slave holders, yet slavery played a huge role in the economic success of Southern Colonies Success was built on idea that one human

being could be own another Northern colonies less supportive

Puritans refused to own enslaved people Quakers & Mennonites condemned it, in Penn.

Debate would erupt in bloody Civil War, in late 1860s

Economies

New England colonies- Shipbuilding Fishing Trade Geographical Affect: Location to waterways & Atlantic, plus

poor soil and cold winters Middle colonies

Sale of cash crops: wheat & corn Geographical Affect: fertile soil & milder climate

Southern Colonies Slavery Geographical Affect: rich soil & warm climate made land

suitable to grow tobacco and rice, which were labor intensive to produce, thus there was a high need for laborers, unfortunately slave labor.