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The Development of the English Colonies
Four Colonial Regions
New England
Middle
Southern
Backcountry
The New England Region
Massachusetts
Vermont
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Rhode Island
The Voyage of the Mayflower
In the early 1600s, a religious group called the Separatists called for a break with the Church of England
The Pilgrims were a Separatist group who received harsh treatment under the reign of King James
They first left England for Holland
The Voyage of the Mayflower
Pilgrims received a charter from the Virginia Company to settle in North America
The Mayflower landed at Plymouth in November 1620.
Plymouth was outside of the Virginia Company’s boundaries so the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact.
Helped establish the idea of self-government and majority rule
The Pilgrims Found Plymouth
Half the group was dead by
spring…..why?
The Pilgrims Found Plymouth
Native American named Squanto taught them how to plant, hunt, and fish
Squanto acted as translator between Pilgrims and groups such as the Wampanoag, Pequot, and the Narragansett
Traded with Native Americans and shipped lumber back to England for profit
Celebrated the first Thanksgiving sometime in the fall of 1621 with the Native Americans
The Pilgrims Found Plymouth
The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay
Puritans left England between 1630 and 1640 to escape bad treatment by King James I
Didn’t want to break from Church of England – wanted to reform, or “purify”, its practices
They left England by the 1000s. Became known as the Great Migration.
The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay Received a royal charter to
settle in New England and arrived in 1630.
Arrived with 11 well-supplied ships and 1000 passengers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Colonial governor John Winthrop stated the new colony would be a commonwealth, a community in which people work together for the good of the whole.
The New England Way
Meetinghouse• Church• Town
meetings
• Only male church members could vote or hold office
• Elected representatives to lawmaking body called General Court
EVERYONE HAD to attend church
“New England Way” describes both Puritanbeliefs and society• duty• godliness• hard work• honest
Work ethic helped New England colonies grow rapidly
All children required to learn to read by law so they could read the Bible
Connecticut Is Formed
In 1636, Thomas Hooker moved his congregation to the Connecticut Valley
Wrote and adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639
Extended voting rights to non-church members and limited the power of the governor
New Hampshire
First village founded at Portsmouth in 1623
John Wheelwright established the town of Exeter in 1638
Town founders drew up the Exeter Compact; modeled after the Mayflower Compact
Challenges to Puritan Leaders
Roger Williams
He founded the Baptist church and the colony of Rhode Island
He opposed forced church attendance and the taking of Native American land
Anne Hutchinson
Challenged church authority by conducting discussions in her home
Believed a person could worship without the help of a church, minister, or Bible
Fled to Rhode Island in 1638
Challenges to Puritan Leaders
Quakers believed each person could know God through an “inner light” without the help of a minister or Bible.
Also believed in fair treatment of Native Americans
Quakers were whipped, imprisoned, and hanged.
The Towns of New England
As Puritan congregations grew, so did the towns surrounding the churches
Land divided up among members of congregations
Tradespeople, like blacksmiths and carpenters, set up shops to meet the needs of the townspeople
The Farms of New England
Farming in New England was not a common way of life for most
Practiced subsistence farming, which is to grow enough for your family but not enough to make a living off of
Why do you think New Englanders didn’t grow large cash crops?
The Farms of New England
Short growing seasonCooler average spring and fall
temperaturesSoil is very rocky and sandy
Crops crave rich, moist soil
Cities of New England
Harvesting the Sea
The forests abundant timber and cities on the coast made shipbuilding a main source of income
The Atlantic Ocean was described as “…a great pasture where our children’s grandchildren will go for bread!” Fishing
Whaling
Trade
Triangular Trade
Effects of New England Growth
King Phillip’s War
Navigation Acts
Changes in Puritan Societies
Salem Witchcraft Trials
King Phillip’s War
Differences in ideas of land ownership between Europeans and colonists
As towns and settlements grew, European encroachment of Native American land led to conflict
King Phillip’s War, from 1675 – 1676, occurred between the Wamponoag and the Puritans
The Wamponoag suffered greatly: Casualties
Sold into slavery in the West Indies
Forced to become laborers for English towns
Navigation Acts of 1651
Designed to ensure England received part of New England’s trading profits 1. All shipping had to be done in English ships or ships
made in English colonies.
2. Products such as tobacco, wood, and sugar could only be sold to England or its colonies.
3. European imports to the colonies had to pass through English ports.
4. Any colonial good not shipped to England would be taxed.
To avoid paying taxes, many goods were traded illegally, or smuggled.
Changes in Puritan Society
Economic success led many to care less about religion
Increasing competition from other religious groups
Massachusetts received a new royal charter in 1691 that granted the right to vote based on land ownership – not church attendance
The Salem Witchcraft Trials