Dr.D.G.Ganvit Economics 45-46 16 How Can Primary Teachers Help To Assist The Development Of Positive Self-Esteem In Students Through Their Ordinary Teaching Practice? Jigar L. Dave

ISSN - 2250 - 1991Volume : 1 Issue : 5 May 2012` 200

www.paripex.inListed in International ISSN Directory, Paris.

Journal for All Subjects

INDEXSr. No. Title Author Subject Page No.

1 Convergence of India Gaap with International GAAP / IFRS

Prof. Kalola Rimaben A. Accountancy 1-3

2 Global Scenario of Business Ethics With Corporate Governance

Prof. Dr.Kishor V. Bhesaniya

Accountancy 4-6

3 VAT & ACCOUNTING Miss. Mira J. Bhanderi Accountancy 7-8

4 Carbon Trading: An Emerging Business Dr. Basanta Khamrui, Dilip Kumar Karak

Commerce 9-11

5 Developments in Indian Non Life Insurance Industry Ms.Kiran Sood, Ms.Supriya Tandon

Commerce 12-14

6 Parameters And Costs Influencing Transportation Decisions In Small Manufacturing Firms

Vipul Chalotra,Prof Neetu Andotra

Commerce 15-17

7 Foreign Trade Policy of India (2009-14) Dr. M. K. MARU Commerce 18-20

8 “A Comparative Analysis on Profitability of Selected Petroleum Industries”

Dr. Ramesh A. Dangar Commerce 21-23

9 An Empirical study on Consumer Awareness on Internet Banking in Gujarat

Dr. Vinod K. Ramani Commerce 24-26

10 Study of Factors Affecting HNIs’ Preferences for their Banks in South Mumbai Area

Shri. Arvind A. Dhond Commerce 27-31

11 Promotion mix straregy of jammu and kashmir co-operatives supply and marketing federation limited in jammu district of J&K state

Tarsem Lal Commerce 32-35

12 Intelligent Brain Tumor Tissue Segmentation from Magnetic Resonance Image using forward and backward anisotropic diffusion

S.Nithya Roopa,P. Vasanthi Kumari

Computer Science

36-38

13 Share of Women in Total Family Income – A Two Group Discriminant Analysis

Dr.A.Shyamala Economics 39-41

14 Socio-Economic Evaluation of Shg’s in Bidar District of Karnataka

Dr.Sangappa V. Mamanshetty

Economics 42-44

15 The Development of Chemical and Petrochemicals Industry in Gujarat

Dr.D.G.Ganvit Economics 45-46

16 How Can Primary Teachers Help To Assist The Development Of Positive Self-Esteem In Students Through Their Ordinary Teaching Practice?

Jigar L. Dave Education 47-48

17 Primary Mission Of Colleges Jigar L. Dave Education 49

18 Effectiveness of Readers Theatre on English Reading Comprehension

Ramesh B. Sakhiya Education 50-51

19 The Role of a Computerized Package on EFL Students' Writing Skills

Abdallah Ahmad, Baniabdelrahman, Abdulaziz A. Abanomey

Education 52-57

20 The Use of Team Teaching and its Effect on Saudi EFL Students' English Proficiency

Abdallah Ahmad, Baniabdelrahman, Abdulaziz A. Abanomey

Education 58-63

21 Study and Development of Road Traffic Noise Model Bhavna K. SutharV. R. Gor, A. K. Patel

Engineering 64-66

22 Weather Forecast Using Artificial Neural Network Laxmikant Raskar, Rohit Waghchaure, Md. Danish Raza,Mayuresh Lande

Engineering 67-68

23 Pavement Subgrade Stabilisation with Rice Husk Ash Patil N. L.,Dr. Sanjay Sharma,Dr. Hemant Sood

Engineering 69-71

24 Study of Precipitation and Stream Flow Data- A Case Study of Kim Basin

Prashant A. Ramani Engineering 72-76

25 “Estimation of Revised Capacity for Deo Reservoir of Gujarat, India”

Hiral Shah,N. N. Borad, R. K. Jain

Engineering 77-79

26 Nanotechnology in Cellular Lightweight Concrete Mr. Nakul Shah, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda

Engineering 80-82

27 Plate Load (Model) Test for Bearing Capacity of Layered Deposite

Patel Ankit D., B.R. Dalwadi

Engineering 83-85

28 Effect of Service Bridge on natural frequency of structurally coupled multistory building

Upadhyay Nishith H., Prof. A.N. Desai

Engineering 86-88

29 “Controling the Soil & Land Pollution in Sabarkantha District by Using an App Lication of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System”

Gaurang J Patel,R.B Khasiya

Engineering 89-91

30 Control The Soil Erosion & Land Pollution By Flood Reduction in The Tapi River,Surat District, Gujarat, India.

Harshad M.Rajgor,K B Khasiya

Engineering 92-95

31 Methodology for managing irrigation canal system with optimum irrigation scheduling for Meshwo irrigation Scheme

Jitendrasinh D. Raol, Roshani A.Patel,Prof S.A.Trivedi

Engineering 96-98

32 Analyis of regional water supply scheme in rural areas (Case Study: Kutch)

Niketa Patel Engineering 99-103

33 Security For Near Field Communication in Cell Phone Biren M Patel, Vijay B Ghadhvi,Mr Ashish Kumar

Engineering 104-106

34 Heterogeneous Traffic Flow Simulation at Urban Roundabout using ‘VISSIM’

Dipti S. Thanki, Asst. Prof. Ashutosh K. Patel

Engineering 107-109

35 Planning of Facilities for Pedestrian Movement in Urban Area: A Case Study of Vadaj Circle, Ahmedabad

Hitesh A. Patel,Pinak. S. Ramanuj

Engineering 110-113

36 Planning for Non-Motorized Transportation Jignesh C.Prajapati, Prof. N.G.Raval

Engineering 114-116

37 Intersection Design for Pedestrians and Cyclist Jignesh C.Prajapati, Prof. N.G.Raval

Engineering 117-120

38 Theoretical Consideration for optimum irrigation scheduling for irrigation Scheme

Jitendrasinh D. Raol, Prof S.A.Trivedi

Engineering 121-124

39 Overall Equipment Effectiveness Measurement and Review of Total Productive Maintenance

Kadiya Pinjal, Navinchandra

Engineering 125-128

40 To Study the Effect Of Stiffness on the Expansion Joint of a Building Subjected to Earthquake Forces

M.D.SHAH, P. G. Patel Engineering 129-132

41 Side Friction and Side Friction Factor (FARIC) In Ahmedabad Road Link

Parmar Dushyant J, Asst. Prof. Ashutosh K. Patel

Engineering 133-134

42 Fiber Reinforced Selfcompacting Concrete Patel Nikunj R,Elizabeth George

Engineering 135-137

43 Modal Analysis of Helical Gear Purusharth J. Patel,D.A. Patel

Engineering 138-140

44 Impact Strength of Ternary Blended Steel fiber Reinforced concrete

Samir M. Gami., D.A.Sinha

Engineering 141-143

45 Identify issues of traffic movement at landside area & remedial measures

Samir P. Mulani,Prof- Naurdin Hajiani

Engineering 144-147

46 Identification of Truck Transportation Issues at a Junction: a case study of Sarkhej Area

Himanshu. B. Shrimali, Prof- Naurdin Hajiani

Engineering 148-152

47 Assessment of Vehicular Carbon Footprint and its Reduction Measures

Chintan Patel,Prof. H.K.Dave

Engineering 153-155

48 Study of Solar Air Heaters with Different Operating Configurations

Ajaypalsinh Gangasinh Barad

Engineering 156-158

49 Traffic Flow Characteristics on Roads of Small Urban Centre

Axay S. Shah,Dr. L.B.Zala

Engineering 159-162

50 Failure in tensile testing on single lap multi-fastener joint with bolted connection

Jagdish N.Prajapati, Dr.Rajula.k.Gujjar, Prof.M.M.Pomal

Engineering 163-167

51 Study Of Infiltration Capacity At Anjar, Kutch Ravi C Ahir, Sagar D Patel

Engineering 168-169

52 Comparison of Temperature-Base Methods For Calculating Reference Evapotranspiration With Standard Penman-Monteith Method

M.R.Popat, S.N.Chavda, B.H.Pandit

Engineering 170-172

53 Electronic customer relationship management: benefits and trend

Tanuja Nair Engineering 173-174

54 VIRTUAL CLASS ROOM USING MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORK

Gaurav Katariya, Yogesh Parkhe, Devendra Patil,Pawan Pawar

Engineering 175-176

55 PARKING EVALUATION: A CASE STUDY OF AMUL DAIRY ROAD ANAND

Jaydipsinh P. Chudasama, Dr. L.B.Zala

Engineering 177-180

56 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF SOLAR AIR HEATER BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF ABSORBER PLATES

Vivek B. Patel,Dr. L.B.Zala

Engineering 181-183

57 Effect of Aspect Ratio W/L ,Body Bias ,and supply Voltage (vDD) for NMOS & PMOS transistor.

Rubina Siddiqui, Angeeta Hirwe, Rahul Parulkar

Engineering 184-186

58 Spider diversity of Wan Wild life Sanctuary, Vidharbha , India.

Taktode N.M. Environment 187-188

59 The Initial Human Behavioural Response to Rapid On set Natural Disaster: Earthquake

S.S. Patil, K.L. Karkare, I.B. Ghorade

Environmental Science

189-190

60 Spatio-temporal Distribution of Surface Water for Irrigation in Satara District of Maharashtra: An Analytical Study

Pawar D. H., Jadhav K.R.

Geography 191-193

61 Nagarcha wadh v kushi bhumi upyog badal nanded-vaghan ek abhyas pahani

Prof. Mane Deshmukh R. S., Dr. S. B Rathod

Geography 194-196

62 Socio-Economic and Nutritional Status of Children with Mental Retardation

Dr. S. S. Vijayanchali Home Science 197-199

63 Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions Dr Alpesh B Joshi Human Resource

200-202

64 “Strategic Human Resource Management” Dr. M. Venkatasubba Reddy, B. Swetha,S. Jaya Krishna

Human Resource Management

203-204

65 Identifying Crosscutting Concerns for Software Requirement Engineering

Velayutham Pavanasam, Chandrasekaran Subramaniam

Information Technology

205-207

66 Gate pass Automation with Image,Barcode reading and Biometrics

Sumant C. Murke,Tejas N. Athavale, Sangram A. Nalawade

Information Technology

208-210

67 Plight of Rape Victims With Special Reference to India Dr. Monica Narang, Richa Sabharwal

Law 211-212

68 Libraries: An Essential Tool for the Advancement of Knowledge Resources & Research in Recent Era

Dr. Umesh Patel Library Science 213-215

69 An Analytic Study of BA/BSc/BCA/BCom Part I General English Syllabus Prescribed by the University of Jammu

Dr. Wajahat Hussain Literature 216-217

70 A Study on Quality of Work Life Dr.N.Thenpandian Management 218-219

71 Best HR Practices Kavita Trivedi Management 220-221

72 A Study on Employee Retention Practices of Automobile Industry in INDIA

Dr.K.Balanaga Gurunathan, Ms. V.Vijayalakshmi

Management 222-224

73 A Study on Innovation for Organizational Excellence in Health Care Industry in a Private Multi-Speciality Organization

Dr. C. Swarnalatha,T.S. Prasanna

Management 225-227

74 “Performance measurement of Top 10 Mutual Funds with the help of Sharpe, Treynor & Jenson Model”

Monal Patel, Dr. Deepak H. Tekwani

Management 228-230

75 Strategic Expansion for Growth A Case Study on Codescape Consultants Pvt Ltd. (Infinite Possibilities)

Akshay Arora,Abhilansh Bhargava, Preeti Sharma

Management 231-232

76 Role Of Education In Innovation For Economic Development - A Case Study

Dr. Ananthapadhmanabha Achar

Management 233-238

77 ROLE OF HR PROFESSIONAL IN DEALING DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS CONSTRUCTIVELY - AN OVERVIEW

C Santhanamani, Dr. N. Panchanatham

Management 239-241

78 Power of Advertising Supriya Tandon Management 242-244

79 Enhancing Employee Engagement: A Need of The Hour Urmila Vikas Patil Management 245-247

80 Role of E-Learning to Enhance Qualities of Physical Education Teachers and Coaches

Gohil Rajendrasinh K. Physical Education

248-250

81 “Eco – Environmental Study on Nutrient Removal Potential of Eichhornia Crassipes from Domestic Wastewater”

D. K. Patel, V. K. Kanungo

Science 251-253

82 Aphasia – a loss of linguistic faculty Dr Alpesh B Joshi Social Sciences 254-256

83 Workaholism – A Modern Day Nuisance Dr Alpesh B Joshi Social Sciences 257-258

84 Vartman me Dalit Varg ki Samasya Dr. H. L. Chavda Sociology 259-260

Volume : 1 | Issue : 5 | May 2012 ISSN - 2250-1991

PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH X 99

Research Paper

* Lecturer, VPMP Polytechnic , lDRP Campus , Gandhinagar

Engineering

Analyis of regional water supply scheme in rural areas (Case Study: Kutch)

* Niketa Patel

Keywords :

Country like India where 70% population is rural and economy is still based on agriculture activities, water plays a vital role. A safe, convenient water supply system is one of the highest priorities for the rural poor. After fourth five-year plan large investments have been made for providing and sustaining drinking water supply for villages under various programmes. Piped water (regional rural water supply scheme) has been considered as most reliable mode of supplying safe and regular water to rural areas where there is no access to safe drinking water. This supply mechanism recommends an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to planning, formulation and implementation of projects in such a way as to be able to meet the demands of water. The issues become more challenging when the similar planned scheme achieves different level of success on field. This study is an effort to take a look at how supply a system works in one of the water scarce area (Kutch) of Gujarat. This study also tries to look into various approaches used by different institution to provide safe and secure water supply in the region.

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTIONWater is considered as one of most scarce resource in the world. Much of the world’s water has little potential for human use because 97.3% of all water on earth is saline water. Out of remaining 2.03% fresh water, most of which lies deep and frozen in Antarctica and Greenland, only about 0.67% flows in rivers, lakes and in the soils and shallow aquifers which can be readily used. This little available water is distributed unequally, which makes it more scarce.

Country like India where 70% population is rural and economy is still based on agriculture activities, water plays a vital role. A safe, convenient water supply system is one of the highest priorities for the rural poor. Combined with safe sanitation and better hygiene, improved water services can revolutionize ru-ral public health even in the least advantaged settings leading to Socio-economic Development, Communal harmony and Peace in the society.

Access to safe and sufficient water is human right under inter-national law & provision of water supply and sanitation to the communities is an important function of welfare state. But still facts say that only 81% of urban population and 54% of rural population have excess to safe and regular drinking water. In India supply of safe drinking water has been given highest pri-ority in National water policy. After fourth five-year plan large investments have been made for providing and sustaining drinking water supply for villages under various programmes. Piped water (regional rural water supply scheme) has been considered as most reliable mode of supplying safe and regu-lar water to rural areas where there is no access to safe drink-ing water. Amongst 18,000 revenue villages of Gujarat state this regional are functioning at various levels.

WHAT IS RWSS? The World Bank defines RWSS as “A programme of sup-plying water and sanitation to rural area”. In India, RWSS is defined as “A system, which provides drinking water to rural community”. While GWSSB a nodal agency in Gujarat, de-fines RWSS as “Number of villages, when served by a com-mon source, operated and maintained by state government (GWSSB) is called Regional Water Supply Scheme (RWSS)”.

In the initial years there were very few pipe lined water sup-ply schemes. Criteria of “no-source” were also non-existent. There were mainly problems of not having any existing source of water in or around the villages due to large stretches of sa-line land in some region. This was solved by pipelined water supply from the nearest possible source to the villages. When the number of villages served by a common source, operated and maintained by state government (GWSSB) and is called Regional Water Supply Scheme (RWSS).

When the Source served only one village was executed by government but operated and maintained by local body is called Individual Water Supply Scheme (IWSS).

A. CRITERIA FOR RWSS/ IWSS In both cases of RWSS and IWSS implementation of scheme done by GWSSB (local government), but In case of IWSS, execution of the following works is the responsibility of the Panchayat

• Well• Pump room• Stand post• Quarter and wire fenceIf the scheme was for more than two villages that is RWSS, execution of the following works is responsibility of Pancha-yat:

• Tank • Stand post• Cattle troughIn case of an individual scheme (IWSS) for a single village, the facilities are developed by the GWSSB and handed over to the local body (Gram Panchayat) for routine O&M. If it is a group (for cluster of villages) or a comprehensive (RWSS) scheme, the O&M is handled by the GWSSB

B. CRITERIA FOR “NO SOURCE” VILLAGESCriteria for no-source, source development by type of source and level of service, financial assistance, scarcity standards, standards, and standards for Quality and quantity of water, minimum distance from the location of source were fixed and


100 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

this provided the basis for the norms and policies to be fol-lowed

• Villages without a single/public well• Villages where existing source is more than 1 km away• Villages where a source exists but dries up in summer

and the distance of other source from the village centre is more than 1 km

• Villages where sweet water well is not feasible but deep well is required

• Villages having all season live source within 1 km but yields less than 10 LPCD

• Villages where water is deeper than 15 meter or is at 100-meter elevation difference from the village location. (Especially in hilly areas)

• Villages where source is ready but auxiliary work remain to be completed

C. CRITERIA BASED ON SERVICE LEVEL Criteria for “No source “ have created many problems and confusions. As villages declared as “no-source” do not have to pay charges for implementation of scheme and gets benefit from piped water supply. This made every village declared as “No-source”. To avoid those another criteria of “NC-PC” intro-duced based on supply rate of water. As per “NP-PC” criteria villages are divided as under:

Criteria Level of water SupplyPC-4 This includes villages having water supply <40

lpcd but not less than 30 lpcdPC-3 Water supply rate 20-30 lpcdPC-2 Water supply rate <20 lpcdPC-1 10-20lpcd. But not less than 10 lpcd in any seasonNC <10 lpcd

D. CRITERIA FOR QUALITY OF WATERThere is a detailed chemical composition prescribed in water supply manual for acceptable quality of potable water. It can be summarized into three basic criteria

• It should be good in taste. (Includes the chemical compo-sition of water-Hardness, pH, etc.)

• It should be safe for drinking. (Covers standards for source and water treatment level.)

• It should be aesthetically acceptable. (Includes physical characteristics like color, odour, TDS, Turbidity, etc.)

2. REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEME -AT VARIOUS STAGES• Policy:• Implementing agents:• Users:

2.1 REVIEW OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SECTOR IN GU-JARAT1. Community development programme (CAP)2. Border area development programme (BAD)3. Desert development programme4. Accelerated rural water supply programme (ARWSP)5. Minimum needs programme (MNP)6. National water supply and sanitation programme

(NWSSP)7. Drought prone area program and program for welfare for

backward class

2.2 RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAM DURING 1961-91During the first decade of planning provision of safe and ad-equate drinking water supply was considered a basic require-ment to protect people from water borne diseases. During the third five year plan attempt were conducted villages were cat-egorized according to the intensity of the problem.

During the fourth five-year plan, first time the criteria for “no source” villages were fixed and reassessment of the villages was done according to those criteria. Guidelines were given by the central government to integrated water supply system with available major and medium irrigation projects and rec-

ommendations were made to collect water charges; were also made. Both the recommendation although very much needed, so far remains to be implemented to date. A laborato-ry and workshop were put up at Ahmedabad. Government of India also launched accelerated rural water supply program, under which the water supply scheme were to be sponsored 100% by the central government and the money was given straight to the Gram Panchayat.

During the fifth five-year plan the listing and prioritizing of the problem villages according to the prescribed criteria continued. The problems faced were of source drying, salin-ity ingress and adequate recharges of groundwater. These schemes were floated under the umbrella of Minimum needs Program (MNP). Occurrence of frequent droughts and chang-ing hydrological situations appeared to be adversely affecting the provision of drinking water supply on sustainable basis

Documents of the five-year plan clearly stated the complexity of the rural water supply. It stated that village water supply is a multi dimensional problem, it is of great magnitude and is challenging from technical point of view. There were places were potable water is not available at a shallow depth. There are coastal areas where local sources don’t have potable wa-ter and required to be brought from long distances and where group water supply scheme is only solution. In scantily popu-lated areas of Dangs shallow bores are not feasible; the only option is to collect rainwater in man-made masonry tanks. 1981-90 was declared “drinking water supply and sanitation decade”.

In sixth and seventh year plan the percentage allocation for rural water supply from the total expenditure incurred on Health and sanitation was 40% and 44% respectively. In six five-year plan funds of 2-3 corers were allocated to district planning board under the sub-head of “Decentralized District Planning”. These funds were to be used to be undertaking small works of local importance to be covered under the MNP. Out of total finical outlay for health and sanitation 23% was al-located for rural water supply. The actual expenditure incurred was 6785.63 lakhs, which was 40% of the total outlay, in sixth plan. In the seventh plan 39% (16266 lakhs) of the total were allocated and the actual expenses incurred were 44% of the total amount

3. CASE STUDYComparative-review of rural water systems experience - Kar-nataka Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project.

Impact Evaluation Report, Operations Evaluation Depart-ment, World Bank.

The main objectives of impact evaluation were to examine the relevance and assess the impacts of the Bank’s assistance program on the performance of the rural water supply and sanitation sector in India.

The evaluation was conducted in two phases. During a pilot phase the study team reviewed available background data, developed and field tested the data sheets and question-naires, elaborated household selection criteria, identified the appropriate sample size and composition, and conducted pilot focus group and community interviews. In the second phase, the study fielded teams of local researchers adminis-ter questionnaires on the household and village level, collect secondary data, and fill out technical data sheets on each district and village and the operations of water system.

STUDY YIELD AND CONCLUSIONWhen beneficiaries make a regular and significant financial contribution to the operation of a water scheme, they feel a sense of ownership.

In communities where substantial portion of O&M costs is covered by users; the users become more concerned about



those management aspects involved with keeping costs low. Thus easy in making committees and faster involvement in various activities related to scheme.

Involve women in the design and management of the W&S service.The results of this study provide strong evidence that involv-ing users in all aspects of the development, implementation, and O&M of water supply systems can improve sustainability. Involving women makes particularly good sense; women’s in-volvement in system management is critical for performance: women are the primary water collectors in most rural house-holds and have the most interest in ensuring that the W&S service matches their needs and performs well.

Community based W&S services are likely to perform welland have strong impacts in communities with high levels of social capital.

Project designers need to pay close attention to existing lev-els of social capital in communities, and adjust the approach to service delivery accordingly. The existence of social net-works improves group organization and service functioning, as community members are accustomed to working together as a group. Also, social ties among community members de-ter free riding and encourage community members to meet their commitments.

Depending upon the way RWS projects are implemented, there are indications that social interactions can increase, and social capital growth is possible. Therefore, in the design of projects that finance community-based W&S services-partic-ularly in the design of social mobilization efforts-the existing levels of social capital in communities need to be taken into account.

The effectiveness of water committees influences the per-formance of the W&S service.

Committees provide users with incentives to contribute the required inputs to the design, construction, and O&M of water and sanitation services-and, together with other project part-ners, they develop rules. Rules need to be clear and well un-derstood and accepted by all stakeholders, especially those rules that govern the use, operation, and maintenance of W&S services by the water users. Whether such rules exist-and whether they are properly implemented and enforced depends on the social mobilization efforts of the project im-plementers.

For example, whether women participate in service design and management, and whether households contribute to con-struction and pay for water (as agreed), depends on whether committees feel they own the project rules.

AIM OF STUDYTo study and understand performance of regional rural water supply schemes, of selected RWSS of Kutch

OBJECTIVE1. Review plans, strategies and policies followed for drink-

ing water supply system2. Study the present status of drinking water supply in Bhuj-

Kutch3. Study the various approaches used by different institu-

tions like GWSSB and NGO in rural water supply sector4. Identify current problems regarding water supply schemes

METHODOLOGYThe study started with collection of literature on strategies and policies followed for drinking water purpose in India. The best resources of such information were the library and litera-ture available on Internet.

Second stage was to collect current approaches made by institutions, both government and NGO, in rural water sup-

ply sector. This was carried out by visiting and meeting with the concern department authority. This provided latest data as well as current scenario of the status of rural water supply system. At this stage a clear idea of the approach and strate-gies followed by various institutes was available.

4. STUDY AREAThere are total 492 RWSS in Gujarat out of which 127 RWSS are in Kutch itself. Kutch is one of the water scarceregions of Gujarat. RWSS are considered as a unique feature, which provide safe and regular water with minimum transmission and evaporation losses

Presently there are 19 RWSS supplying water to 71 villages serving population of 58,332 in Bhujtaluka. This excludes the Banni-I,II&III. It is imparting 15% of total no of RWSS and serving 10.1% of total population of Kutch. Khengarpar RWSS and Javaharnagar RWSS have been selected as case study schemes.

ANALYSIS:When we compare both the scheme, the total cost of me-dium RRWSS is much higher almost 3 times than that of small RRWSS. This is because of large distribution network for water conveyance and it contributes 43% (highest) of to-tal scheme cost. But overall comparison shows that medium RRWSS are financially viable than that of small as no persons served are increased and hence per capita cost decreases. The same is inferred when we looked at per capita Opera-tion and Maintenance cost. In absolute number it is higher in Medium RRWSS.

DESIGN ANALYSISSOURCE: For both the schemes ground water is the princi-ple source for water supply. Detailed hydrogeolical study has been carried out before developing any source (tube well). But in most cases tube wells fail in two to threes year which is very less than expected life (8-10years). Saline water, over exploitation, breakage or corrosion in tube well and less yield are some the major causes of source failure.

Other than above tapping (adding villages in existing scheme) is most common reason for early failure of source and be-sides that it is influencing the efficiency of scheme. Lack of alternative reliable source is one of the causes for exploitation of ground water.

All sources depends upon natural recharging which is very less compare to rate of pumping, leads to the depletion rate of 3-4 meter per year, which is very high.

USE AND AVAILABILITY OF ALTERNATE WATER SOURC-ES: Most of the alternative sources available were the natural ponds and tend to dry up completely or recede considerably in the month of April and May. The rest of the year these water sources serve as main source for domestic washing, clean-ing, cattle washing and drinking for cattle. As per villagers the water from such ponds is potable. This water could be used after proper treatment.

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK: Distribution network of both Khengarpar RRWSS and Javaharnagar RRWSS is linear in nature. The entire flow is gravity flow does not require any pumping in between. Presently as both tube well failed in Na-dapa water is being pumped from the sump near Kukama village to ESR to three villages and rest of the villages are getting water from three wells near Khengarpar. At Khengar-par there is an additional ESR of 1,00,000 liter constructed to supply water. All villages of both RRWSS are come under no source category.

PVC pipes are used for distributing water of varying diameter of 160mm to 90 mm. They are economical compare to MS pipes and require less maintenance.

VILLAGE LEVEL FACILITIES: In all visited villages location


102 X PARIPEX - INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

of the stand post was found next to the cattle through. Spill-age from cattle through and movement of cattle, make outlet difficult to keep clean. There is no provision of drainage near stand posts. In most villages it was found that two cisterns are constructed, only one cistern fills completely. The situated at end of village not get filled up completely, which reducing availability of at second stand post.

Distance of stand post: The average distance of stand post discovered was 200 to 250meters. This is higher than norms of GWSSB (it should be 100-150m). But most of women user found it not so far as they used to travel more than a kilometer before the scheme.

Outlets: The status of outlets reflects a very poor state of maintenance. The most common problems are broken taps, leaking taps, and water spillage, muddy, dirty and unhygienic conditions around stand post. The reasons found are:

• Irregular monitoring of lineman • Lack of drain for spillage from taps• Lack awareness among elders• Washing of pots or utensils near stand post• Mischievous tempering by children Roots of “GandoBaval” are also problem-causing elements. Choking and blockage of pipeline due to this roots caused busting of pipeline in Khengarpar RRWSS. If we bifurcates total civil works and repairs, 45% are for missing and broken taps, 35% related repairing of pipeline due roots and Maldhari and remain 20% are related to leakage and miscellaneous things.

PAYMENT OF WATER CHARGES AND PANISAMITEE: GWSSB charges Rs.14 / capita/year as water charge. If we compare this with per capita scheme cost or with per capita O&M cost we found that these are highly subsidized and im-practicable. In both RRWSS it has not being paid since im-plementation.

RRWSS Annual amount of water charge

Water charge remaining to be collected

Khengarpar RRWSS Rs. 97,692 Rs. 5, 80, 000Javaharnagar RRWSS Rs. 26,824 Rs. 2, 34,000

CONCLUSIONSince independence every year crore of rupees spent by state as well as central government for providing safe and secured water to rural area. But expected results are not achieved yet. This is not because of absence of policies or lack of money and manpower, but due to local level problems are not understood and not solved.

From the study of two schemes that were stared 20 years ago with the aim to provide safe drinking water to the remote rural villagers. In recent years the scheme has undergone tremen-dous changes and is suffering from technical, management and financial problems.

Each scheme has its own characteristics, which are unique and place specific. Technical features affect non-technical aspects and vice versa. Problems in each RRWSS should be tackle differently on grass root level. For example in Khen-garpar RRWSS the tail end village is at distance of 28km from the source, having different problems (fault in laying village level pipe) than that in Lotia village (high consumption by dominating village) just 11 km away from the source. Tapping is another major problem in Kutch (no of villages keep on add-ing in a implemented RRWSS-by political efforts, as scarcity measures or for temporary emergency), causing de function-ing of scheme. Khengarpar RRWSS was originally designed for 2 village and a hamlet but presently serving 8 villages.

Awareness about water as scarce resource or need of water for drinking, irrigation uses or importance of conservation of their traditional resources is absent among villagers. Health education, importance of hygiene, income generation activ-

ity and panisamitee activities are lacking. After earthquake such activities have started by various NGOs and getting good response from villagers. Main agenda for most of the NGOs working on water issues remain up to development / construction of rain water harvesting structure at household level, awareness programme on dry irrigation, basic sanita-tion, health precaution measures, etc. (source development not addressed). The board does not address drinking water issue during scarcity while emphasis is on check dam and water harvesting structure in scarcity plan.

Another problem was that after the commencing of the supply system, the sample is to be taken from the source to ensure quality of water supplied. The sampling is to be taken once in every three months. While in actual practice, the samples are taken when the villagers or user complains about the water quality.

SCOPE AHEADSince the supply system is duplication of the pipeline system much attention should be paid on the following areas of the supply system:

1. Protection of sources2. Modification in norms3. Consciousitization4. Formation of Panisamitee5. Support of NGO’s6. Sanitation and health education7. Other related activity

PROTECTION OF SOURCESLeast priority for environment has been given in case of any water supply source. Reliability of a source developed for supply of water is very important. If the source fails than the scheme again become defunct and the village reappear as a problem village. Such incidences have happened in the both the study scheme and common in every region.

Most of the sources in Kutch (almost 95%) are dependent on ground water supply. Ground waters due to over exploitation and inadequate recharge either dwindle out or get deterio-rated in quality due to ingress of salinity, fluoride and other factors.

To improve the recharging, water harvesting at village level and at source level must be adopt by NGO and villagers. Restoration of tradition source and protection of present local must be taken in to consideration along with recharging. Con-trol abstraction through water charges or restricting private bore wells or legislative actions can be esteemed.

In scarcity plan or in master plan importance is given to con-struction of check dams or deepening of lake instead of that construction of water recharging structure should be given preference.

MODIFICATION IN NORMSNorms should be region specific. Effort should be made not to copy the same norms throughout by minor changes can help a lot. A simple example is tapping problem, while in designing if care is taken for online-villages, problems can be solved. Similarly in calculation of losses (10% taken constant irre-spective of size and topography of scheme) in system con-sidering topography, length of pipeline, network type will also help in solving complication arising on later stage.

CONSCIOUSITIZATION: Most villages are not conscious about their duties and rights. They felt that it is responsibility of government to supply water at free of cost. A massive programme of creating awareness of community at all levels viz. people professionals and politi-cians have been taken up. The main focus of such awareness programmes is toward explaining the importance and value of water, its conservation and protection of resources. Moreover people are also persuaded to participate in programmes of



Water Supply and share responsibilities.

This includes field level camps, exhibitions and use of media. These activities are co-ordinates by the training institute of the Board, which are supported by NGOs and other agencies.

FORMATION OF PANISAMITEEFormation of village level Water Committee (Panisamitee) is an important aspect to get the community involved in the sector programmes. The Panisamitee is a village level local group of voluntary members supporting the administration in the local affairs, particularly O&M village level distribution and protection of assets.

The State Government through a resolution has directed all local bodies (village Panchayats) to form PaniPanchayats involving various groups with women representation. Such Panisamitee are expected to support the local administration in day-to-day problems of water supply/sanitation and also extend assistance in collecting water changes.

If the panisamitee is formed many problems can be solved. This will make the users responsible for the working of sys-tem.

With proper organization and delegation of responsibility among the members of the samitee the following problems can be addressed:

1. They can complain about the repairs required at any place to the engineer’s office. Or they can them self-ask competent person in village to repair and adjust the ex-pense to be paid in terms of grains or goods as settled between them.

2. Similarly cleaning of the cistern can be settled among themselves

3. They can get into collecting water charges as per their understanding

On long term they can be provided with training in repairs and maintenance of the system. Overall the officials will be free and relaxed so as to get into other issues.

SUPPORT OF NGO’sNGOs are a missing link between the programme implement-ing authorities and the beneficiaries. They work as a catalyst and motivator. In the present day context their role is very vital. A large number of NGOs are working in the field and support is received in the sector activities. They are initially involved in software activities and efforts should be on to in-volve them in O&M and other activities leading to community management.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEO&M of Rural Water Supply Schemes is an important aspect to deliver regular and satisfactory supply to the communities.

Many a time, for want of proper O&M, the schemes are be-coming defunct, defeating the purpose and objectives. This is a very common problem irrespective of size of scheme.

Since village level organizations are not capable to operate comprehensive schemes (Major Schemes covering large number of villages), such schemes are operated by the GWSSB (Govt.). But village level maintenance can be ar-ranged by formation of panisamitee. Support of NGO should be taken in creating understanding about importance of O&M in success of scheme. Trained and motivated manpower helps in strengthening the organization through efficient and economic implementation/ maintenance of programmes. There should be capacity building programme for villagers, linemen, mistry who can actually run any scheme effectively. Or the GWSSB can deliver this responsibility to Panchayat as they doing in the case of individual water supply schemes.

SANITATION AND HEALTH EDUCATIONSafe and secure water supply is the main aim of GWSSB, not served be cause of improper maintenance at outlets and unawareness of users in terms of filtering, storing water at household level.

To improve the environmental sanitation in the surrounding of the source, distribution places (Stand posts) and houses maintenance of clean sanitation is an essential activity. Open defecation also contributes heavily towards contamination of sources and spread of diseases.

To improve the environmental sanitation in the surrounding of the source, distribution places (Stand posts) and houses maintenance of clean sanitation is an essential activity. Open defecation also contributes heavily towards contamination of sources and spread of diseases.

OTHER ACTIVITIESOther activities, initiated to achieve sustainability of Rural Wa-ter Supply include following actions.

1. Formation of District Level Advisory Committees and State Level steering committee having representation of all groups is made to review and monitor the activities.

2. To improve the cost recovery, the existing system is strengthen and support of PaniPanchayats/NGOs envis-aged.

3. To improve the socioeconomic status of the beneficiaries, income-generating activities are taken up.

4. To appreciate and enhance the involvement and role of women in particular, gender sensitization activities are taken up.

REFERENCES

Barot J.M, Gandhinagar, SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER AND SANITATION SYSTEMS, Sustainability of rural water supply, 21st WEDC conference- Kampala-Uganda-1995. | Government of India (Extracts from the Project Concept Document, as amended) OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR SECTOR REFORM PROJECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING COMMUNITY BASED RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME. | Government of India, Documented 2002, NATIONAL WATER POLICY.GWSSB, | NORMS and POLICY FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN GUJARAT-1978. | Government of India, Ministry of Rural Development, Department of Drinking water supply, June 2003,GUIDELINES OF SWAJALDHARA. | Gujarat Water supply and Sewerage Board, Gandhinagar, February 2003, ACTION PLAN 2003-04. | Gujarat Water supply and Sewerage Board, Gandhinagar, GWSSB ACTS, 1979. | Gujarat water resource development corporation ltd, GUJARAT GEOHYDROLOGICAL MAPS, Depth water level maps etc, Copyright National Informatics center, Gujarat, www.gwrdc.nic.in/index.asp | Government of Gujarat, Water resource department, PRESENT STATUS OF RWSS IN GUJARAT-2000, www.gidb.org | Kakade B, Kulkarni H, Butterworth John, Watershed and water services, SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT SANITATION AND WATER SERVICES, 28th WEDC conference, Calcutta, 2002. www.nri.org/waterservices.pdf | Mahajan, Vinay, BharwadaCharual, SWISS AID - India, June 1997, VIRDAS TO WATERPIPES - PAST AND PRESENT OF DRINKING WATER SCARCITY IN RURAL KUTCH, Ahmedabad, ManavKalyan trust, Sabarkantha, Gujarat. | Paul, Samuel , COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: THE WORLD BANK EXPERIENCE, World Bank1987, Washington. | Raval M.N, School of planning, Urban and regional planning student, Unpublished thesis, 2000, RURAL WATER SUPPLY – STUDY OF SIDHPUR AREA, CEPT, Ahmedabad.

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