The Greek World

Geography Greece – rugged, rocky

________, ________ rainfall amounts – unpredictable ________ conditions

Only 10% of land is ________, and it must be ________ often. Poor, chalky, acidic ________.

Heavy reliance on the “Mediterranean Triad” – ________, ________, ________ – specifically, beans, barley, and wheat.

Maritime Culture No place in the islands or the

southern mainland is more than 32 miles from the ________

Relatively ________ waters and inlets along the coast make sailing relatively safe and ________.

This means that ________ becomes important.

This combination of terrain, weather, and soil conditions leads to the formation of separate, small, farming ________ that are periodically forced to trade amongst each other – early forms of ________ ____________

The history of settlement in Greece can be divided into 8 distinct periods:

____________ – 1000,000 – c3500 BCE

____________ ____________(Cycladic) – c3500 BCE – 2000BCE ____________ ____________(Minoan) – c2000 BCE – 1600 BCE ____________ ____________ (Mycenaean) - 1600 BCE – 1100 BCE ____________– 1100 BCE – 700 BCE ____________– 700 BCE – 480BCE ____________– 480 BCE – 323 BCE ____________– 323 – 31 BCE

Stone Age Divided into three eras – Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic ____________– hunting and gathering, no permanent settlements and stone tools.

____________– agriculture begins – gradual formation of permanent settlements – Francthi

____________– agricultural revolution is complete, permanent settlements begin to form, social stratification develops, political class is formed, public works indicate civic organization – palaces

The Bronze Age There are three dominant Bronze Age cultures found in

ancient Greece: ____________– 2500 BCE to 1900 BCE ____________– 2000 BCE to 1400 BCE ____________- 1600 BCE to 1100 BCE

Early Bronze Age Development of ____________- Bronze multiplier effect – a single event that

triggers a ____________ ____________ of developments in a society

____________ begins and trade follows – city-states fight and trade for new innovations in weaponry

Social changes – Early Bronze Age Craft ____________ – trade skills for staples

allows for specialized craftsmen in urban centers.

New ____________ New ____________ ________________shifts ____________ distribution of settlements

change – fewer, larger settlements that control larger areas - markets

Social stratification becomes more ____________

Accumulations of ____________occur As ____________becomes more important,

certain settlements along the coast become more important than others.

____________increases ____________emphasized The cities begin to rise – Aegean Sea and the

west coast of Turkey - ____________

Cycladic Period Centered in the scattered, rocky islands in

the Eastern ____________: Ios, Naxos, Melos Skilled ____________and craftsmen Not ____________in towns, not ____________–

had no defences for their settlements Religion focussed on ____________deities

No emphasis on ____________– all art is small, figurines, etc.

Cycladic culture Early Cycladic settlements prominent with

____________and ____________ Linear A style develops from the ____________ needs

of the local central palace Ends with the

Indo-European invasions c2000BCE – only surviving culture from this time is on the island of ____________– Minoans

Middle Bronze Age Cycladic society faded slowly but had great

____________ on the cultures that would follow. Gradually pushed out from an ____________

from the north - Indo-European tribes – linguists show that this infiltration was gradual and ____________– they blended with local populations to form Achaeans (proto-Greeks)

Only the ____________ survive on Crete Eventually, Minoans ____________ the mainland – ____________ flourishes/spreads ____________ style found - simplified form of Egyptian ____________ – indicating

trade and contact Emphasis on animals and nature loving in ____________

Minoan Centered on the island of ____________ – last of the Cycladic islands, resisted the

Indo-European invasion Remarkably ____________ culture – largely unknown until 1899 Arthur Evans – Discovered a massive palace at Knossos – held 6000 people, over

800 rooms, no organized ____________ – palace appears to have been added to over time – ____________

Minoan Culture Assumed to be the palace of King ____________ from Homeric poetry.

Some walls still had ____________ on them depicting bulls – the bull figured prominently in Minoan culture – ____________

Prominent ____________ – Crete lies along trade routes between mainland ____________, ____________, and the ____________.

Other large centers have been ____________ on Crete at Phaestus and Hagia Triada. Depictions of Cretan life showed a ____________ people with a fully developed and

prosperous ____________ class. Women were depicted topless, indicating they held a high status.

Their style of their art emphasized ____________, ____________, and ____________ over idealized and essential in Egyptian art. ____________ rather than stylized

Minoan Religion Minoan religion was centred on

worship of the ______. Young females were often shown “bull vaulting” – presumably showing ____________ and ____________ of the savagery and power of nature.

No depictions of the ____________ class, no walls or ____________ for major cities, there are no ________ depictions of the ruler and the cult of the king is absent – possibly due to the high status of ________ in the culture

There is, however, some evidence of child ____________

Linear A/B Minoans developed their own style of writing called ____________ –this indicated a

____________ class that controlled trade and taxation. Well developed ____________ systems crossed the island. Towns had ____________,

____________, and ____________ show a social stratification between upper and lower classes. First flush ____________ are found in Knossos

____________ and ____________ were paid in the form of goods and flowed through regional centers before ending up at Knossos.

A second style of writing ____________, was found at Knossos, this later style indicated to Evans that Knossos Palace had ____________ hands.

Minoan Collapse Beginning around 1450 BCE, Minoan civilization began to die out with the final

____________ of Knossos in 1375 BCE. There are several theories as to the cause: Eruption of the ____________ at Thera

– causing massive devastation all over the Cyclades

Invasion from ____________ Greeks – Mycenaeans

Late Bronze Age ____________ capture Knossos – conquer ____________ in c1450 BCE ____________ pottery becomes ____________ as Minoan influence ends Greece becomes divided into loose ____________ of city-states subject to federal

capital at Mycenae Development of ____________ style Accumulation of ____________ as capital gains Control of trade routes through ____________ /____________

Mycenae Dominated the eastern ____________ from

1600 BCE to 1100 BCE – become one of the three dominant Mediterranean cultures: 1) ____________2) ____________3) ____________

Dynasty founded in c1600 BCE Perseus (?) City is named in ____________ epics –

Agamemnon, Odysseus, Atreus

Mycenaean culture The Mycenaean economy was based on

small scale ____________, including the “Mediterranean Triad” as well as ____________ and ____________. The most important industry was ____________ – wool and linen.

Above all, while the Minoans were based on ____________ and ____________, the Mycenaeans were based on ____________ and ____________.

The palace was the ____________ center for the surrounding countryside. It would house the ____________ king and their ____________ as well as the service craftsmen required to run the capital.

Land surrounding the palace was either owned by the king and worked by ____________ or leased to free farmers.

Mycenaean religion Classical Greek ____________ begin to arise – Poseidon, Zeus-Hera Role of women is ____________ Borrowed heavily from ____________ culture Priest class ____________ to the king ____________ found at Mycenae for a snake-goddess

Mycenae Reached the peak of it’s power after it came to dominate the ____________ trade

routes from Eastern Europe 1400’s – construction of the ____________:

Massive “Lion’s Gate” above the main entrance to the city ____________ walls – massive stone block construction ____________ dug under the city – water supply could withstand long sieges

Mycenaean burials Peribolos walls surround a series of ____________ – 2 circles Capital city discovered in 1870’s by Heinrich Schliemann He thought he had found the grave of ____________ himself due to the amount of

gold it contained. 2 grave circles contained ______ bodies – 8 men, 4 women,

7 children – men were all wearing gold, approx. 6ft. Tall- indicating high ____________, ____________, and good ____________ throughout their lives.

Mycenaean burials – Tholoi By 1400 Tholos _______ become

common – Treasury of Atreus Just outside the walls of

Mycenae Circular beehive construction -

corbel – largest interior dome for the next _________ years

Lintel stone over 118 tonnes Used for multiple burial but the

treasures were __________ – obvious, not hidden.

Mycenae 2500 BCE – earliest evidence of _________ at Mycenae 1600 BCE – _________ comes to Mycenae, probably result of _________ activity hired

by _________ 1200 BCE – economic _________, loss of markets, force Myceneans to attack

northern allies – _________ 1180 BCE – according to Homer – _________, a Mycenaean priestess and wife of

Menelaus, brother of Agamemnon is abducted by Paris of Troy – sparking the ________.

Mycenaeans Mycenaeans are _________, but have eliminated an _________ on their northern

frontier and have exhausted the royal _________ in the process. 1125 BCE – Mycenaeans are overrun by the _________ invasion.

Bronze Age Ends Trojan War develops 1180 – begins the _________ in power of Mycenae as

settlements are raided and destroyed - eg. Palace of Nestor at Pylos – 1200 BCE Mycenaean _________ – 1100 BCE

Dark Ages - c1200 BCE to 480 BCE After the fall of Mycenae – a _________ begins in Greece. No _________ surviving, no written _________ Federal system is _________ – palaces burned, Knossos, Mycenae, Pylos _________ drops significantly, very few historical records exist because ___________

stopped sometime between 1100 and 1000 BCE

Dark Age society ___________ Age – heroes, great men honour becomes ___________ focus and prime

motivation. Stress of the type not the individual. Trade ___________ – produces closed household ___________. Each household

aims to ___________ all it ___________. Exceptions – iron, salt Social stratification ___________ – becomes more simple Similar to Egyptians, ___________ conceptual art dominates the Greek world. ___________ design develops.

Population Collapse Eg. Pylos – population falls to ____% of Late

Bronze Age levels ___________ government, ___________,

___________, ___________, all disappear from Greek life for 400 years

Exact cause is still ___________Possible Causes?

___________ Invasion from the north – possible but not sufficient to _________ the entire culture

Decline in ___________ and ___________ kingdoms – would disrupt ___________ networks that made Mycenae so powerful

Volcanic or other natural ___________ – could have caused agricultural failures

Historians now think that the Mycenaean Collapse was internal: Fragile culture based on ___________ elites dominating maritime commerce ___________ in a land that could not support too many people ______________ on certain cash crops like sheep and wheat ___________ among city states lead to mutual ___________ of city palaces

Father will have no common bond with son Neither will guest with host, nor friend with friendThe brother-love of past days will be gone...Men will destroy the towns of other men...

Hesiod (c800 BCE) What kind of society is depicted here? How reliable is this as a source?

The Greeks scatter across the Mediterranean Evidence of ___________ service in the Egyptian military Many turned to ___________. Many migrated out of mainland Greece to the islands and west coast of Asia Minor

(___________) Each of these migrations develops a separate ___________ for their region. Different

___________ of Greek is spoken: ___________ - Peloponesse ___________ – West coast of Asia Minor and islands ___________ – Attica and scattered mainland settlements

Technology _______ replaces bronze as copper and tin become difficult to ___________. Quality

of iron tools begins to improve as ___________ are mastered over time. Pottery quality ___________, decoration is ___________ and ___________ Pictorial representations of humans and animals almost ___________ and there is

little to no ___________ items being produced. What _____ from this period that has been found dates from the ___________ Period

and was probably ___________ from original ___________.

Cultural contributions All that is known from this period comes from ___________

and from epic ________: ___________ – older poem, dating from the 8th c BCE ___________ – dating from c750 BCE Both are ______ ___________ that originate in the previous

Late Bronze Age Mycenaean period – harkening back to the “______ ___ ______” where society was in a more perfect state.

These oral histories transmit a desire to ___________ to previous culture from ___________ to ___________.

The societies depicted in ___________ poetry are not truly ___________, but more ___________ ___________

Literature Literature __________ in the Dark Ages – essential in formation of Greek

___________. _________ of _________, historical accounts passed on from Mycenean ages as

___________ in an effort to ___________ the past. ___________ poetry – Homer: Illiad and Oddessy – Trojan War and Odysseus’ return

to Ithica – becomes the first exploration of human _______ and the human ___________

Philosophy emerges… ___________ poetry – Hesiod – ___________ /_______ ___________ first attempt to explain/understand the world around them Near the end of the period, the realization that ___________ and epic ___________

are ___________ for this purpose. More is needed

Social Structure Social distinctions were based on ___________ and ___________ prowess. ___________ would own farmland and engage in combat with their own weapons

and horses in ___________ with other aristocrats. Petty kings would ___________ small populations of farmers, herders, kin and

military alliances. Tensions were indicated in literature between emerging ___________ class peasants

and ___________ warrior classes.

Change begins… Beginning in the 11th century – ___________ from beyond the ___________ of Greek

civilization begin to appear. Geometric pottery designs – ___________? Iron works that have no ___________ in mainland or island Greek culture Greek forms of ___________ burial change and ___________ becomes common Changes in ______ forms throughout the Dark Ages begins to indicate that it is

coming to an ________:

Geometric Period – 900-700 BCE ___________ style dominates ___________ and ___________ appear for the first time Depictions of humans in ___________ and ___________

Orientalising Period – 700 – 600 BCE Rendering of human form becomes more ___________ Egyptian influence prominent in ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________

2 styles – ______ – mythological/fantastic stories__________ – imaginary/mythological animals

Development of Doric and Ionic ___________ styles

What it means to be Greek….

Awakening of Greek ___________ – Dorian, Ionian, Minoan, Aeolian While a different dialect is used, their ___________ experience is Greek and they are

all unified by the oral ___________ First pan-hellenic ___________ Games – 776 BCE at the festival of ___________ at

___________ ___________ emerge at the end of the period – ___________ and ___________

dominate – ___________ and ___________

Archaic Period - c700 BCE– c500 BCE Out of the Dark Age social ___________ of farmers and herdsmen loosely ruled by

petty kings develops a ___________ new social structure New ___________ organization New ___________ organization New ___________ traditions New ___________ approaches New ___________

C800 BCE – Archaic Period begins Population begins to ___________, this stresses the land capacity. ___________ appears – money. This ___________ social stratification, slavery appears Growing sense of ___________ emerges – manifested in the appearance of ________

poetry – Sappho, _________ characters and __________ poetry is in stark contrast to male dominated ________ poetry

____________ appears as well. Artwork _________ increases, figures become more ___________ and less ___________.

3 dimensional

Emphasis on the ___________ as ___________ and ___________ from their social role or position

More ___________ and ___________ allowing for ___________ intellectual pursuits – ___________ and ___________.

All of these developments become major ___________ in the development of Western Civilization

Signs of a rapid change in Greek society Huge ___________ increase – in some regions

(Attica – 7x) Shift in ___________ to stable ___________ Increased ___________, larger settlements

Population soon outstrips carrying ___________ of arable land Increased division of ___________ The old social structure of ___________ and ___________ becomes inadequate for this

more ___________ society These changes, combined with the ___________ of the region lead to a broad social

class with the ___________ and ___________ time to pursue ___________ innovation – included outside influences through trade.

2 kinds of political organization emerge: ___________ – Peloponnesian/oligarchy ___________ – Aegean/ democracy

Polis Polis – ___________, ___________, ___________ group. The city-state arises out of these.

Organized ___________ separated by landforms and connected by the sea and trade. The result is a grouping of small ___________ – the city state, dominated by a large central permanent ___________.

Like a large extended family: ___________ – 1000 sq miles, ½ the size of P.E.I. ___________ – 3000 sq miles, 43 different poleis ___________ – 6 different poleis Winnipeg would have 4 ___________ for its size Each polis would have its own ___________, ___________, ___________, social

___________, its own ___________, regional ___________, system of ______ and ___________ and its own ___________.

Polis – root of the word politics

Social Hierarchy These populations got even ___________ – only adult males were given full

___________. Women – ___________ to males ___________ – resident aliens, also don’t count. ___________ from one polis to another ___________ – did not have citizenship. ___________

The Emergence of Political Life Athens – 250,000 __________ – 20,000 free adult _________ By far the biggest polis Overall, Greek life takes place in a very small __________. Everything occurs on a

__________ setting/__________ setting. Out of this environment comes __________ life – a new development

Social Stratification Vast wealth accumulations were __________ in Greece – gap between rich and poor

is very __________. With the climate, there is an abundance of __________ time – a totally new development this leading to “__________ __________ ” – interaction among relatively __________ members of small __________, political life develops.

Small farms, a focus on __________ cultivation, no __________ agriculture is possible – __________ not agriculture.

Silver mines are one of the only large scale __________ – Laurium – just outside of Athens – worked by __________.

Average lifespan of a slave was one ___ year in the mines

Ostracism __________ – some individuals’ personal characteristics warrant extreme social

__________ and __________; people could be “voted off the polis” Ostracism becomes necessary to maintain social __________ and to reduce

__________. There may not be crime or guilt involved, simply social __________ could warrant ostracism.

Aristotle – man is a __________ animal Ostracised individuals would be __________ from their home polis and would be

forced to live in __________ or try to join another __________.

All of these developments lead to political and social __________ – normal flows of political life are blocked. Tensions begin to build

Solutions:o __________ – killing of the less desirable young to curb population growth.o __________ – finding new breathing spaces to support higher numbers – up to

1500 are established all over the Mediterranean and parts of Persia – brings Greeks into new __________.

Colonization period – 750 BCE to 550 BCEo __________ – someone who forces their way into power from outside the social

structure, a sudden and radical political change from one order to anothero __________ – when faced with difficult social pressures, religion begins to

pervade daily life more and more.

Social Development Frederick Jackson Turner – American frontier historian – developed the Turner

Thesis of social development The frontier is where __________ take place in a society – social, technological,

political, etc. The frontier __________ and __________ make the best laboratory for these kinds of

developments. They are then passed into the __________ culture. This effect is exhibited in ancient Greek civilization in the ______ ____ as population

pressures lead to colonization and the creation of a frontier culture in the western Mediterranean and the Southern Balkans

Greek religion during the Dark Ages – polytheistic spectrum Apollo – calm acceptance: “__________ thyself”

Vs Dionysius- Abandon self control: “__________ thyself”

Dionysian approach to religion – rooted in the notion of life cycle – __________ Dualistic religion like the __________ Based on mystery and religious __________. Acceptance into the religion was

granted only after __________ and included ceremonies that were kept __________. This created a mechanism for __________ for de-individualization of economically

strained eras Eleusinian Mysteries – based in the temple of Dionysus in Eleusis – place where

mysterious rites were __________ that were fabled to grant eternal life.

Classical Greece (480 BCE – 323 BCE)

This period lasts through the creation of a Greek __________, by __________ the Great.

Characterized by most of the __________ wonders that we associate with ancient Greece.

The period of the height of __________, the flowering of Greek __________, and the __________ marvels at Athens.

Begins either with the __________ of the Athenian tyrant Hippias, in 510 B.C., or the __________ Wars, which the Greeks fought against the Persians in __________ and __________ Minor from 490-479 B.C.

When you think of the movie __________, you're thinking of one of the battles fought during the __________ Wars.

This period ends with the __________ of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.

The Rise of Democracy Democracy didn’t happen overnight. The process __________ and __________ over

time. Besides war and conquest, in the Classical period the Greeks produced great

__________, __________, __________, __________, and __________. the genre of __________ was first established. It also produced the institution we know of as Athenian __________. Democracy lasted beyond the Classical period and had its roots in the earlier

time, but it still __________ the Classical age.

Oligarchy vs. Democracy In the Archaic Age, __________ and __________ had followed different paths. Sparta

had two kings and an oligarchic (rule by a few) government

Oligarchy oligos “__________” + arche “__________”

Democracy demos “ ______ ___ _____ ________” + krateo “________”

A Spartan woman had the right to own __________, whereas in Athens, she had few __________. In Sparta, men and women served the __________; in Athens, they served the __________ 'household/family'.

Economy Economy = oikos “________” + nomos “_________________________________”

Men were trained in Sparta to be laconic __________ and in Athens to be public __________.

Persian Wars Despite an almost endless series of differences, the __________ from Sparta, Athens,

and elsewhere fought __________ against the monarchical __________ Empire. In 479 they repelled the __________ mightier Persian force from the Greek

__________.

Peloponnesian and Delian Alliances For the next few decades after the end of the Persian Wars, relations between the

2 major Poleis'_______________’ deteriorates The __________, who had earlier been the unquestioned __________ of the Greeks,

suspected __________ (a new naval power) of trying to take control of all of Greece. Most of the poleis on the Peloponnese __________ with Sparta. Athens was at the head of the __________ in the Delian League. Its members were along the coast of the __________ Sea and on islands in it. The Delian League initially had been formed against the __________ Empire, but

finding it __________, Athens transformed it into its own empire.

Public Office __________, foremost statesman of Athens from 461-429, introduced payment for

__________ offices so more of the __________ than just the rich could hold them. Pericles initiated the building of the __________, which was supervised by the famed

Athenian sculptor Pheidias. Drama and philosophy flourish

The Aftermath of Peloponnesian War Tensions between the Peloponnesian and Delian alliances __________ The Peloponnesian War breaks out in _____ BCE and lasted for _____ years. Pericles, along with many others, dies of __________ early in the war. Even after the end of the Peloponnesian War, which __________ lost, Thebes,

Sparta, and Athens continued to take turns as the __________ Greek powers Instead of one of them becoming the clear __________, they __________ their

strength and fell prey to the empire-building __________ king Phillip II and his son Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great Philip II and his son Alexander (of Macedonia) put an end to the power of the

__________ city-states and spread the __________ of Greece all the way to the __________ Sea.

Born around July 20, _______ B.C.E. Tutored by __________ (possibly his uncle) and the great Greek philosopher

__________. During his youth, Alexander showed great __________ powers when he tamed the

wild horse __________. In 326, when his beloved horse died, he renamed a __________ in India/Pakistan, on

the banks of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) river, for Bucephalus. In 340 B.C., while his father Philip went off to fight __________, Alexander was made

__________ in Macedonia. During his regency, the Maedi of northern Macedonia revolted. Alexander put down

the revolt and renamed their city after __________. In 336 after his father was __________, he became ruler of Macedonia.

The Gordian Knot One legend about Alexander the Great is that when he was in __________, Turkey, in

333, he undid the Gordian Knot. This knot had been tied by the legendary, fabulously wealthy King __________. The prophecy about the Gordian knot was that the person who untied it would rule

all of __________. Alexander the Great is said to have undone the Gordian Knot not by __________ it,

but by __________ through it with a sword.

Death In 323, he returned to __________ and becomes suddenly ill and dies. cause is unknown.

o It could have been __________ or __________.o It might have had to do with a __________ inflicted in India.

Hellenistic Period – 323 – 31 BCE This period precedes the __________ of the Greek empire within the __________

Empire in 146 B.C.E. During this period the __________ and __________ of Greece spread throughout the

world. It usually officially starts with the death of __________ in 323 B.C. Archaic and Classical Greece produced a culture which in the __________ age

spreads throughout the __________ world. Because of the __________ of Philip and Alexander, the realm of Greek influence

spread from __________ to __________.

The Death of Alexander When Alexander the Great died, his empire was divided in _____ parts:

1. __________ and __________, o ruled by Antigonus, founder of the Antigonid dynasty

2. The __________ East, o ruled by Seleucus, founder of the Seleucid dynasty

3. __________, ruled by General Ptolemy who started the Ptolemid dynasty.

The empire was __________ thanks to the conquered Persians. With this wealth, __________ and other __________ programs were established

in each region. The most famous contribution of Ptolemy was Library at __________

Cultural Achievements of the Hellenistic Age While the culture of ancient Greece was __________ East and West, the Greeks

__________ elements of eastern culture and religion, especially Zoroastrianism and Mithraism.

Attic Greek becomes the __________ __________.

Scientific innovations Eratosthenes computed the __________ of the earth Archimedes calculated __________, Euclid compiled his __________ text

Philosophy Zeno and Epicurus founded the moral __________ of Stoicism and Epicureanism.

Literature New __________ evolved the pastoral idyll form of poetry associated with Theocritus, and the personal

__________ a movement in sculpture to represent people as they __________rather than as

__________ (with exceptions- most notably the hideous depictions of Socrates, although even they may have been idealized, if negatively)