Upload
abner-west
View
215
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Dividing your attn between driving & using a cell phone is about as dangerous as driving with a BAL of .08?
Body temp. does not remain at 98.6 degrees throughout the day?
The eye is sensitive to changes in light, even in ppl without sight?
The most addictive drug known to mankind is legal in the U.S.?
Consciousness: states of awareness of the outside world and of one’s own mental processes, thoughts, sensations, feelings, & perceptions. [ABSTRACT & COMPLEX]› aware of both external stimuli & your
own mental activity A map of the ‘self’ in relation to the
world Fits the fact that we can receive
stimulation, analyze it, & then take some action
We never remain in the same state of consciousness for long › range from alertness non-alertness
Extremely important in everyday life› ‘EXPERIENCES’…. Memories….
Impossible to be conscious of every internal & external stimuli at the same time
1) EXTERNAL SENSORY PERCEPTION› Awareness of sights, smells, sounds, tastes, & touch in the ext. environ
2) INTERNAL SENSORY PERCEPTION› Ability to internally experience sensory information from a remembered event
› create sensory representations of events we’ve never experienced
3) ABSTRACT AWARENESS› Abstract ideas (i.e. freedom, love)› Emotions (aren’t sensory experiences)
› Symbols we use to represent big ideas
4) AWARENESS OF SELF› Aware of yourself
as an indiv. apart from other indiv & objects in your environ
› Aware of & the fact you have thoughts & feelings
› Observe your experiences from the ‘outside’
Thoughts, emotions, motivations, & behaviors are either: › available to us› not available to us› available but not presently in
awareness CONSCIOUS
› mental events that you are aware of @ any moment
PRECONSCIOUS› outside awareness, but can easily
be brought back into consciousness
UNCONSCIOUS› Mental activity that influences our consciousness experience that we aren’t aware of
› Mental events that are actively kept out of consciousness; hidden & usually irretrievable
NONCONSCIOUS › mental & bio. events that you are never aware of
Precon, Uncon, & Noncon make up the SUBCONSCIOUS – unseen forces that greatly influence us everyday
Freudian Slip
States of consciousness› characteristics @ any given moment
MENTAL ACTIVITY IS ALWAYS CHANGING!› Frequently pass from one state to another
Internal & external stimuli affects our states of consciousness› Ex. circadian rhythms, stress, life conditions, drugs, dreaming
The waking state is ‘normal’ consciousness…› Brainwaves & sometimes other vital signs
4 Diff’t ‘Normal’ States….
FOCUSED AWARENESS› Actively, selectively direct your attn & mental activity
› focused & 1-tracked ‘task @ hand’
› not distracted› intense
emotions & sensations
DRIFTING CONSCIOUSNESS› Awareness drifts Letting your
mind wander› Flowing, passive state
DAYDREAMING› Combo focused & drifting
› not bound by logic or reality
› routine situations, bored, restive state
› Fantasizing, regret, sorrow, guilt, desires can create or release tension
DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS› Split our attn between 2 or more tasks/activities simultaneously
› 2 ways: › 1) Can be alert when doing something, but unable to know why you did it a certain way
› 2) Can perform a complex & a mundane activity @ the same time
Important mental operations (learning) can occur w/o awareness!› Ex. Word pairing under anesthesia
Any mental state that differs from normal states of awareness in: › 1) “normal” waking brain wave› 2) significant changes in behavior, thoughts, etc.
Intensity & type of awareness can differ› not part of a ‘normal’ conscious experience
Achieving altered state = cultural universal› Valued vs. taboo varies
can occur accidentally, intentionally, or naturally› Fever, sleep or sensory deprivation, fasting, trauma, hallucinations, hypnosis, meditation, trances, drugs, euphoria
Prosopagnosia: can’t consciously recognize faces, but can recognize other objects› Certain brain activity & eye movements occur when we recognize a face. Diff’t brain activity & eye mvmts occur when we view a unfamiliar face
CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS Daily ‘natural clock’ of 100s bio
events regulated by brain Fluctuate on 24 hr cycle w/ hg &
lw pt. body temp, sleep, blood
pressure, excretion, hormone levels, etc.
Controlled by amt light entering retina
‘FIGHTING THE CLOCK’› Jet lag, shift work, early birds &
night owls
altered state of consciousness very active & complex
› Not a single, continous state; it’s almost constantly changing
Vital for health & survival physically & psychologically
Changes in brain waves muscle tension, eye movement & mental activity occur in 5 distinct stages (sleep cycle)
Restores the body & brain for future activity; physical & mental recuperation
Circadian rhythm: (melatonin) Memory/learning: reorganize/retain
memories & new info; solidify & assimilate the day’s experiences
Mood & social behavior: processing emotions, stress relief, decision-making
Nervous system: develop, check, & expand neural connections in the brain
Immune system: increase & maintain immune functions
Growth & development: growth hormones released; increased blood flow to muscles (restore & repair body); conserve energy
So we can dream!
Stare @ the dot
The sleep cycle occurs in 5 stages Difft physical & psych activity
1cycle = 90 minutes (stage 1 REM)
Stage 1 + 2 + 3 = 20 minutes Stage 4 = 30-45 minutes REM = 10-15 minutes We move through this cycle about
5-6 times a night!
Stage 1: › ‘twilight state’ – not dreaming or daydreaming
› drift in & out (easily awakened)› heart rate & muscle tension slows
› myoclonic jerks – feelings of falling or floating
Stage 2: › eye movement stops› Deeper relaxation & slowing of mental activity
Stage 3: › Transition to ‘deep sleep’ › no muscle activity (except vitals)
Stage 4: › brain waves reach slowest pt (deep sleep)
› Diff. stage to wake someone up; if awakened often groggy, confused, disoriented for several mins.
› bedwetting, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleeptalking
REM: ‘active sleep’› brain waves resemble that of an awake, alert person
› body paralysis/immobile (except face)
› most dreaming & vivid dreaming – thoughts & images are org. into stories
› breathing is rapid, irregular, & shallow
› nocturnal emissions & vaginal lubrication
› almost impossible to wake up!
Not getting enough sleep causes significant changes in body chemistry, perception, & the ability to think clearly
More likely to get sick Cranky, irritable, lower impulse control Fatigue; hard to concentrate/pay
attention/focus Less creativity; more likely to make errors Anxiety, depression, emotional problems Less coordination; slower rxn time; LTM
AGE NATURAL BEDTIME
REC. HRS OF SLEEP
ACTUAL HRS SLEEP
0 - 1 7 – 8 pm 14 – 15 12.8
1 - 2 7 – 8 pm 12 – 14 11.8
3 - 6 7 – 8 11 – 13 10.3
7 - 11 8 – 9 10 – 11 9.4
12 - 17 10:30 – 11:30 8.5 – 9.5 7.6 (wd) 8.9 (we)
18 - 54 10 – 12 7 – 8.5 6.8 (wd) 7.4 (we)
55 - 84 8 – 10 7 – 8.5 6.9 (wd) 7.5 (we)
ARE YOU GETTING ENOUGH SLEEP?
• Everyone dreams• Dreams occur in all
sleep stages… the most are in REM
• Everyone has @ least 5-7 dreams a night… even if you don’t remember them!
• All mammals (?)• Impt. for survival!
Theories: Wish fulfillment or subconscious
speaking to us Review & address probs Remove unneeded info/memories
(reorg. the brain) Analyze, consolidate, & incorporate
new info/memories into long-term memory
Meaningless by-product of REM (random neuron firing in the brainstem)
Daytime events (50% of dreams) strenuous activity OR passive
activity Occur in a realistic time scale
› Avg = 10 – 15 mins
IMAGES & CHARACTERS› You are a ‘character’ 90% of the time
› ½ of the ppl you know, ½ you don’t know
› drab color w/ blurry backgrounds› Girls = Even mixture of gender; boys = have more men
› Mostly visual› 20% of dreams include auditory or body sensations
› 1% contain tastes or smells
EMOTIONS› Mostly unpleasant/ - emotions
Sadness, anger, anxiety, dread, failure
› Men more likely to have + emotions & aggression
› usually the ‘victim’, not the aggressor› * recurrent dreams* - fear or vulnerability
› More likely to have ‘bad’ dreams after an upsetting event
› 10% - sexual in nature & usually contain body sensations
CREATIVE & BIZARRE ASPECTS› Mix of bizarre & realistic elements
10% are completely bizarre› Sudden/unrealistic changes from
one setting to another
Day residue› Process things in real life
Stimulus Incorporation› stimuli in the ext. environ. in the
dream Subcon influence & symbols
› express impulses, thoughts, conflicts, memories, issues, fears, anxieties, & motives that are unacceptable @ the conscious level
meaning? Psychologists can’t agree!
objectivly verify accuracy of interpretation (?)
Rich source of info. about hidden aspects of our personalities, conflicts, emotions, etc.
Creative insights about prob solving› Discover a ‘solution’ to a prob. in real life
› Dreams = ‘royal road to the unconscious’ Is our subcon. trying to ‘speak’ to us?
Express impulses, thoughts, conflicts, memories, pers. traits, emotions, issues, fears, anxieties, & motives: SYMBOLS & CLUES!!› 1) unacceptable for awareness› 2) haven’t resolved/ dealt w/ effectively
Lucid dreaming › awareness you’re dreaming - control
2 layers of the content of dreams; › Manifest
story line, images, perceptions› Latent
hidden ‘true’ meanings; analysis
Symbols › most? Difft ppl = difft meaning! › H2O = emotional state › House = you (body &/or mind)
“Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar…”
Categories › Anxiety, fulfillment, cathartic
COMMON THEMES› Pregnancy › Death › Teeth falling out › Chased› Falling or flying› Naked › Body parts› Colors› House › Animals
1. Before going to bed, keep a clear mind. Tell yourself that "I will remember my dream when I wake up". › Having too many thoughts on your mind can distract you.
2. regular bedtime and wake up time. 3. Don’t take unnecessary meds & eat
good snacks. 4. Keep a pen & notebook next to your
bed . Record dreams before you get out of bed.
5. Do not get out of bed immediately. Lay still for a minute & wake up slowly & relaxed. Reflect before recording it.
6. Write down as many details in your dream as you can…Don’t worry if it makes sense – you can evaluate it later.
Talking about your dreams to friends also help you remember.
Fast food High sugar foods Fatty foods
OJ (lucid dreams) Dairy, eggs Tuna, salmon, turkey Nuts, oats Vitamins B6, B9, & B12… &
amino acids
Narcolepsy › Falls asleep suddenly, unpredictably, & uncontrollably
› waking state REM sleep
REM Behavior Disorder› act out dreams during REM› Can be dangerous to themselves or others
Insomnia › most common (15% of adults)› trouble falling asleep or staying asleeptied to mental distress, illness, substance abuse; associated w/depression & anxiety; more likely to have mental disorders
Sleep Apnea› sudden & irregular breathing stoppages during sleepreflex to wake up & breath (no memory)
REM fear, intense, threats memory of it stress, fever, sleep deprived
Stage 4 causes intense fear & panic wake up w/ physical response no memory screaming, confusion, heart
rate, sweating
Sleepwalking (NREM) › Travel around doing things or interacting w/ ppl no memory of it
› harmless
Sleep Talking (REM or NREM)› Mutterings or conversations› Calm & monotone› Harmless
Altered state› trancelike
highly suggestible› changes in behavior & thought
narrow focus of attn & relaxation
Body feels “asleep” but mind is active & alert.
Consciousness is dissociated› Made aware of things usually unaware of & unaware of things they usually noticeMore easily imagine & recall things
Not dominated, but guided & directed by hypnotist (reason to refuse ?)› open & WILLING to the experience› Share control & trust them
Induces a trance by slowly suggesting a participant to relax & to lose interest in external distractions› Times vary ppl
Follow a code of ethics
Entertainment Medical
› Pain reduction (surgery, childbirth, burns)
› Relieves chronic pain (arthritis, migraines, cancer)
› Reduce nausea & vomiting due to chemotherapy
› Reduce surgical bleeding
Therapeutic › posthypnotic suggestion
made during hypnosis that influences behavior afterward
› Change self-defeating behavioral, mental, or emotional patterns
› Suppress or aid in recalling memory
› Reveal probs or gain insight into their lives
› Reveal potentials/abilitie
Over ½ of the ppl in the world use drugs on a daily basis that alter brain activity & consciousness – cultural universal
Induces an altered state of consciousness
Drugs that affect the brain, altering the consciousness experience & bio. processes are called psychoactive drugs
Can causes physical &/or psych. dependence
1) Prevent some substances in blood stream from entering brain tissue
2) Similar enough to a certain neurotransmitter bind to the receptors & mimic its effects
3) Bind to receptors and block the normal neurotransmitter from binding to the receptors
4) Increase or decrease the release of certain neurotransmitters
Effect of drug(s) on behavior, perceptions, & thought processes can be difficult to predict› 1) dose & purity› 2) personal characteristics› 3) expectations› 4) social situation› 5) moods
WHY DO DIFF’T PEOPLE REACT
DIFF’TLY TO DRUGS?
Alcohol: poor coordination; release of inhibitions (poor judgment); cognitive changes; intense emotional rxns; memory loss
10% adult pop. suffers fromalcoholism – severe risks
Mod. use – lower risk of strokes & heart attacks
Barbiturates & tranquilizers: extremely addictive; relaxation; euphoria; loss of coordination; lowered attn; distorts sleep patterns; hallucinations› Abrupt withdrawal can cause coma or death
Increase behavioral & mental activity (CNS)
Cocaine: intense self-confidence, euphoria, sense of well-being, & optimism; overactivity; insomnia; depressive “crash”; sexual dysfunction; seizures› Cocaine psychosis: hallucinations, delusions, paranoia
Amphetamines: anxiety, insomnia, confusion, paranoia, nonstop talking; schizophrenic symptoms; intense pleasurable rush› Meth: MOST DANGEROUS
Insomnia, euphoria, hallucinations
Teeth fall out, clammy wet skin ‘meth mites’ – infected sores over the body
Change in genetic code (birth defects in future generations)
Caffeine: MOST USED drug in the world; improves prob solving, enhances alertness; urinate more; jitteriness, anxiety; trouble concentrating
Nicotine: MOST ADDICTIVE; elevated mood; improved memory & attn; no “rush”; strong assoc.
Opium, morphine, heroin, codeine
Dreamy relaxation; sleep; sense of well-being; pain relief; euphoria
Affects frontal lobe Alter neuron
structure so much that they require the drug to function properly
loss of contact w/ reality & alter emotions, sensory perceptions, & thoughts
Distortions in body image; loss of identity; hallucinations; dream-like fantasies
Unpredictable behavior, emotional instability; violent behavior; focus on detail
Low potential for physical dependence High potential for psych. dependence
(coping)
MDMA (Ecstasy) Euphoric &
hallucinogenic effects; closeness to others, psychosis, insomnia, paranoia
Depression, anxiety when coming down
Long-term: interfere w/learning ability & memory functioning
Marijuana euphoria,
calmness/relaxation, exaggerated emotions
More pronounced body sensations
Anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, depression
Probs w/ learning, memory, & social skills
33% Americans
LSD (acid) vivid hallucinations;
time & space is distorted; sensory distortions (i.e. smell colors & see sounds)
• ‘bad trip’ = unpleasant hallucinations & delusions, flashbacks, violent outbursts, panic attacks, suicide
7% Americans