英译汉教程连淑能 编著

授课教师刘莉

Chapter 1 General Principles

Self-introduction / Getting to know each other An introduction to the course 1.course description: a practical course; a proficiency course; the training of translating skills

2. tasks:

contrastive studies of E and C;

discussion of translations;

practice ;

translation theory and skills

3. teaching approach:

a combined one

4. requirements:

preview

class involvement

review

assignment

5. evaluation method: attendance (10%)

in-class participation and after-class assignment (30%)

final exam (60%)

6. recommendations of related books and journals

General principles about translation

How do you perceive translation? The definition of translation:

translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.

approaching translation from various

perspectives linguistic views: linguistic activity; replacement;

equivalence cultural views: cultural communication literary views: artistic recreation functional views: purpose; function

Classification of translation

( mode ) interpretation, translation and machine translation

( text types) translation of sci-tech materials, literary works, and practical writings

( disposal ） full-text translation, selective/partial/abridged translation, adapted/edited translation

Roman Jacobson:

intralingual translation 语内翻译 interlingual translation 语际翻译 intersemiotic translation 符际翻译

Translation criteria

严复： 信、达、雅 “ 雅”之争议 刘重德： 信、达、切（ closeness to the original st

yle ） 鲁迅： 宁信而不顺 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 傅雷：神似 钱钟书：化境

Alexander Fraser Tytler: Three principles of translation

Eugene Nida: functional equivalence Peter Newmark: semantic translation & com

municative translation

Translator’s qualifications

Excellent command of the two languages Considerable knowledge of the two cultures adequate knowledge of the subject matter Fair capacity for writing Plenty of practice Knowledge of translation theory and skills Skills in the use of IT

Translating strategies

Literal translation:

word-for-word translation

eg. Chain reaction

shed crocodile tears

瞎子点灯白费蜡 as useless as a blind man lighting a candle

Free translation:

sense-for-sense translation

eg. This is a Mickey Mouse course.

She is a cat.

做一天和尚撞一天钟 to take a passive attitude towards one’s work

Discussion:

What are the merits and demerits of literal translation and free translation respectively?

What are the extremes of literal translation and free translation?

please offer appropriate examples to illustrate them

Conclusion

Literal translation and free translation: 1.not contradictory but complementary to each other

( 互补而非互斥 )

2. the degree of literal and free translation ( 直译和意译的程度 )

3. to avoid extremes( 避免硬译和乱译 )

a consensus: to favor literal translation whenever possible and free translation whenever literal translation is not a good choice.

（能够直译尽量直译，不能直译则意译）

Foreignization and domestication

Foreignization ( 异化 )

retaining the foreignness

alien reading experience

examples

Domestication ( 归化 )

a transparent, fluent style

minimizing the strangeness

examples

Assignment:

What have you learned from today’s lecture?

Collect some relevant materials about one or two renowned translators.

Exercise: P8-P9