Basic concepts 1: words

1주차. Basic concepts 1: words

1 강의개요

Course title: English Morphonology Instructor: Sung-Hoon Hong (홍성훈) Office: #202, 1st Faculty Hall (제1교수연구동) Phone: 2173-2919, 010-5299-4384 e-mail: [email protected] Class homepage: Our class page in "eclass.hufs.ac.kr“ (Class materials will be posted on this page. It is your responsibility to print them out and bring them with you to the class.)

1

1

Main textbook: Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology. Edinburgh University Press.

1

Course materials

강의개요

1

Supplementary:

• Katamba, Francis & John Stonham (2006). Morphology. Palgrave Macmillan.

• Lieber, Rochelle (2010). Introducing Morphology. Cambridge University Press.

• Plag, Ingo (2003). Word-Formation in English. Cambridge University Press.

1 강의개요

1

Supplementary:

• Chapters from the supplementary readings will be available in a packet.

1 강의개요

1

Other useful sources:

• Adams, Valerie (1973). An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation. Longman.

• Bauer, Laurie (1983). English Word-Formation. Cambridge University Press.

• Bauer, Laurie (2003). Introducing Linguistic Morphology, 2nd edition. Georgetown University Press.

1 강의개요

1


• Booij, Geert (2005). The Grammar of Words. Oxford University Press.

• Haspelmath, Martin & Andrea Sims (2010). Understanding Morphology, 2nd edition. Hodder Education.

• Katamba, Francis (2005). English Words: Structure, History, Usage, 2nd edition. Routledge.

1 강의개요

1


• Minkova, Donka & Robert Stockwell (2009). English Words: History and Structure, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.

1 강의개요

1

• midterm exam: 37.5%

• final exam: 37.5%

• attendance and participation: 10%

• two homework assignments: 15%

1

Student requirements

강의개요

1

• Individual homework 1: TBA

• Individual homework 2: TBA

1

Homework assignments

강의개요

1

• Attendance at all classes are strongly urged. If you miss one lecture, which is equivalent to being absent one week (i.e. three hours), 3 points will be subtracted from your final grade.

1

Attendance

강의개요

1 1

Class schedule:

Week Topics Readings

1 Basic concepts 1: words Lieber 1

2 Basic concepts 2: morphemes and allomorphs

Carstairs- McCarthy 2

3 Basic concepts 3: morphological analysis


4 Word-formation rules: an overview

Lieber 3

강의개요

1 1

Week Topics Readings Hw and

Quizzes/Exams

5 Derivation: prefixation Plag 4 HW 1 due

6 Derivation: suffixation Plag 4

7 Productivity Lieber 4

8 Midterm exam

9 Derivation without affi-xation

Lieber 5

10 Inflection


강의개요

1 1

Week Topics Readings Hw and Quizzes/Exams

11 Compounding Carstairs-

McCarthy 6

12 Word and its structure Carstairs-

McCarthy 7 HW 2 due

13 Morphology and the history of English


14 Morphology-phonology interaction

Katamba & Stonham 5

15 Final exam

강의개요

1주차. Basic concepts 1: words

학습내용

Why morphology? What is a word?

• Basic properties of words • lexical items, lexemes, word forms,

grammatical words

1 Basic concepts 1: words

When we know a language, we know: 1. the sound system (phonology) 2. the structures and properties of

words (morphology) 3. how the words are combined into

phrases and sentences (syntax) 4. the ways in which sounds and

meanings are related (semantics)

1

Linguistic knowledge


When we know the morphology of a language, we know:

- a stock of words used in that language (the lexicon) - meaningful parts that comprise a word

(morphemes) • unbelivability

1



When we know the morphology of a language, we know:

- how those meaningful parts are - combined to form a word (word-formation rules)

• baker vs. *erbake; nicely vs. *bookly

1



Among others, native speakers can understand and create a novel word that they have never heard before.

1

Why morphology matters?


• Vice-President Gore is likely to use deliberately un-Clintonish electioneering tactics.

• By passing the test, after last years abysmal failure, he exhibited great bouncebackability.

• It will be interesting to see how quickly President Putin de-Yeltsinizes the Russian government.

1

Native speakers can create and

understand novel words


• I accidentally erased my hard drive and I need to know how to unwipe it.

• The Time Patrol also had to unmurd-er Capitstrano’s great-grandmother, unmarry him from the pasha’s daugh- ter in 1600, and uncreate those three kids he had fathered.

1




• The current emphasis on rehabilita- tive goals in judicial punishment may give rise to an antirehabilitationist reaction among people who place more weight on retribution and deterrence.

1




• Native speakers’ ability to make up new words and to make judgments about new words that they encoun- ter for the first time suggest:

- Native speakers have intuitive

knowledge of the principles of word formation in their language, even if they can’t articulate what they are.

1

Intuitive knowledge of word-formation


• Throughout this semester, we will be looking into how native speakers form and understand new words.

1

Intuitive knowledge of word-formation


• How many words are there in the following sentence? Mary goes to Edinburgh next week, and she intends going to Washington next month.

cf. word types and word tokens

1

What is a word?


• “a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed” (Oxford American English Dictionary)

1

Dictionary definition of a word


• But languages need not be written, but they still have words, and

• words don’t have blank space between them in spoken language. cf. orthographic words

1

Dictionary definition of a word


• What are the two basic properties of words then? - Words have meanings that are

unpredictable and so must be listed in dictionaries. (1)

- Words are the building-blocks for phrases and sentences. (2)

1

Two basic properties of words


• But these properties do not always go together:

• (2) but not (1) (orthographical) words with predictable meanings

• (1) but not (2) (orthographically) non-words with unpredictable meanings

1

Two basic properties of a word (cont)


• Can you guess what the underlined words mean?

- Vice-President Gore is likely to use deliberately un-Clintonish electioneering tactics.

- It will be interesting to see how quickly President Putin de- Yeltsinizes the Russian government.

1

Words with predictable meanings


• The current emphasis on rehabili- tative goals in judicial punishment may give rise to an antirehabilitationist reaction among people who place more weight on retribution and deterrence.

1

Words with predictable meanings


• By passing the test, after last years abysmal failure, he exhibited great bouncebackability.

• Ginkgo trees reproduce dioeciously. (from dioecious, which means “having male and female flowers, or uni- sexual flowers, on the same plant”)

• cot potatodom (from cot potato, which means “a baby who spends too much time watching television”)

1

Words with predictable meanings (cont)


• Do these words need to be listed in the dictionary?

1

Words with predictable meanings (cont)


• I keep notes on all my expenditure. • I keep tabs on all my expenditure.

• The interrogation took a long time

because the suspect kept introduc-ing irrelevant arguments.

• The interrogation took a long time because the suspect kept introduc-ing red herrings.

1

Non-words with unpredictable meaning


• Though not words, these idiomatic phrases are listed in the dictionary.

1

Non-words with unpredictable meaning


• Lexical items (or listemes) are words that have unpredictable meanings and so must be listed in the lexicon.

• Words with predictable meanings words, but not lexical items

• Non-words with unpredictable meanings not words, but lexical items

1

Lexical items


• Lexemes • Word forms • Grammatical words

1

Some finer distinction


• This pianist performs in the hall every week.

• Mary told us that this pianist performed in the hall every week.

• These pianists perform in the hall every week.

• These words share a core meaning and differ only in their grammatical endings or grammatical forms

1

Lexemes vs. word forms


• A lexeme is an abstract morphological entity.

• A lexeme represents the core meaning shared by the word forms that belong to it.

• A lexeme is not something that can be uttered or pronounced; only the word forms can.

1

Lexemes vs. word forms (cont)


• Lexemes are written in small capital.

• you, your, yours “YOU” • am, is, are, was, were, be, been “BE”

• walk, walks, walked, walking “WALK”

1

Lexemes vs. word forms (cont)


• How many lexemes and word-forms? - You are my sunshine. - I love you till the end.

• one lexeme, one word form

- There were four rows of seats. - One person rows the boat.

• two lexemes, one word form

1

Grammatical words


• They are one word form but their

grammatical functions are different.

They are different grammatical words.

1

Lexemes vs. word forms


• Which pair is homophones?

- You are my sunshine. - I love you till the end.

- There were four rows of seats. - One person rows the boat.

• Different lexemes, one word form homophones

• Different grammatical words, one word form syncretism

1

Homophones and syncretism


• Exercises 2 and 3, Lieber, p.9

2. Do the words in the following pairs belong to the same lexeme or to different lexemes?

a. revolve revolution b. revolution revolutions c. revolve dissolve d. go went e. wash rewash

1

Exercises


3. In the following sentences, count word tokent, types, and lexemes:

a. I say now, just as I said yesterday, that the price of a wombat is high but the price of a platypus is higher.

tokens types lexemes

1

Exercises


b. I've just replaced my printer with a new one that prints much faster.

tokens types lexemes

1

Exercises


• Exercise 2, Bauer, p.20

2. For each of (a), (b) and (c):

I. How many orthographic words does the sentence contain?

II. How many different word-forms does the sentence contain?

III. How many different lexemes does the sentence contain?

IV. How many different grammatical words does the sentence contain?

1

Exercises


a. I walked to town yesterday, she has walked there this morning.

b. Not many banks have branches on the banks of the Avon.

c. She stoops to refill the stoops of wine and, having refilled them, wishes the wine-waiter refilled them himself.

1

Exercises


• Words are entities having a part of speech specification.

• Words (usually) have one main stress. culminativity

• Words (usually) are indivisible units. integrity

1

Other properties of words


• carpenter, federal, understand • girlfriend, apartment building,

travel agency, weather forecast, space shuttle

• Benjamin’s

• But function words are usually un- stressed (a car, the dog, Mary has a dog) or severely reduced (Jane’s in the garden, I’ll be there).

1

Culminativity


• A word is an indivisible unit into which no intervening material may be inserted.

girls, *gi-s-rl uncommon, *com-un-mon colonialize, *col-ize-onial

• But there are some exceptional cases:

abso-bloody-lutely sons-in-law , *son-in-laws

1

Integrity

Documents

Basic concepts 1: words