Upload
edgar-owen
View
254
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 1
Lecture Notes
Dr. Amira Kashgary
September 2008
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 2
Stylistic Problems
Dr. Amira Kashgary
Department of English
King Abdulaziz University
September 2008
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 3
What’s Style
Style is a collection of grammatical and lexical choices made by the author or the writer within a language system
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 4
Two Views of Style
Traditional View:
Style is a molding or a frame of the message … the dress of meaning
(secondary to meaning)
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 5
Two Views of Style
Functional View:
Style is: inseparable from meaning an important part of the message Contributes either slightly or considerably
to the message
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 6
Importance of Style
Shape of the text: Poetry vs. Prose Rhythmical Language has different effect Colloquial words vs. Formal words etc.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 7
Do we translate Style?
YES!
Retain it for functional purposes
Change it for TL requirments
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 8
What’s Stylistic translation?
Translation which stresses the overlapping between message and style
Requirements: Style which is faithful to that of SL Style which is appropriate to the TL
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 9
What's stylistic translation ?
Requirements:
Style which is appropriate to the TL
Style which is faithful to that of SL
Translation which stresses the overlapping between message
and style.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 10
Stylistic equivalence
It is the proper choice of the style of the TL text (e.g. Arabic) derived from that of the SL text (e.g. English) , unless available the TL.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 11
Types of Problems
Many problems faced by students while translating from English into Arabic and vice versa.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 12
Style of Formality vs. Informality
Joos (1962) suggested a scale of five tones of English which is general but widely acceptable:
1. Frozen formal � جدا فصيح2. Formal فصيح3. Informal فصيح غير4. Colloquial عامي5. Vulgar سوقي
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 13
Style of Formality vs. Informality
The 5 styles are sometimes reduced to 2 main ones only, for ease of classification & comprehension:
Frozen formal Formal
Informal Colloquial Vulgar
Formal
Informal
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 14
Style of Formality vs. Informality
Give examples (from book p. 224-5, and by students)
Usually only four styles in Arabic: Classical Arabic (the language of Quran) Modern Standard Arabic ((MSA) (e.g. the written
Arabic of today) Colloquial Arabic (the language of conversation) Vulgar (slang) Arabic (very local, unkind and bad
language)
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 15
Style of Formality
Vs. Informality
Informal Formal
Frozen Formalجدا فصيح
Formalفصيح
Informalفصيح غير
Colloquialعامي
Vulgar (slang)سوقي
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 16
Examples and Assignment
1. See Page 227 for more examples.
2. Examine translated text No 1 from handouts. Translate the text twice, first into formal Arabic and second into informal Arabic.
3. Make a short report summarizing the main points discussed in the lecture.
4. Prepare the next four stylistic problems
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 17
Stylistic Problems
Formality vs. Informality
Fronting Parallelism AmbiguityComplex vs. Simple style
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 18
Style of Fronting
Definition:
to move a word, a phrase or a clause from its original place in the middle or at the end of a sentence to the beginning (front position) of that sentence. E.g.
Allah she worshiped. (fronted)
She worshiped Allah. (normal)
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 19
Style of Fronting
The fronted words or clauses have a more
important than the other parts of the sentence .
Function Fronting is stylistic device useful to slow Emphasize
and surprise + Importance
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 20
Style of Fronting
Function:
Fronting is a stylistic device used to show Emphasis and surprise + ImportanceAs he had been caught red-handed, he was sentences to death. (fronted clause)
. باالعدام عليه حكم ،� متلبسا عليه قبض ألنه � نظرا
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 21
Style of Fronting
Fronting is used both at the sentence level and the text level.
See examples P231
Translate “The Impact of Muslim Civilization on Europe”
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 22
Style of Parallelism
Definition:
Two structures or more are identical to one another.
E.g. My father is ill. My mother is sad. My sister is worried. (parallel structures)
. . قلقة أختي حزينة أمي مريض .أبي
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 23
Style of Parallelism
Function:Parallelism is important to meaning.Why?
It implies a balance between two or more messages.ConclusionI t should be translated in Arabic to reflect the same function. More Examples: See P 232
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 24
Style of Parallelism
Text for translation in class
Today we have bigger houses but smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less common sense; more knowledge, but less judgment. We have more experts, but more problems; more medicine, but less wellness. We spend too recklessly, laugh too little, drive too fast, get to angry too quickly, stay up too late, get up too tired, read too little, watch TV too often, and pray too seldom.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 25
Style of parallelism
(My father)S-)is( V- )ill( C
(My mother )S- (is) V-(sad) C
(My sister )S- (is) V-(worried) C
Definition: Two structures or more are identical to one the text level.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 26
Style of Ambiguity
DefinitionIt is lack of clarity of language at different lexical,
cultural, or syntactic levels: word, phrase or sentence,
Example:The shooting of the hunters is extraordinary
للعادة خارق ألمر الصيادين قنص إن“Shooting” has two meanings:1. Killing the hunters الصيادين قتل2. Killing the birds الطيور قتل
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 27
Style of Ambiguity
Function Achieving complicated meaning Hiding the truth Avoiding straightforward expression of
opinion Reflecting the nature of a character, a
person, an idea, etc.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 28
Style of Ambiguity
Function Achieving complicated meaning Hiding the truth Avoiding straightforward expression of
opinion Reflecting the nature of a character, a
person, an idea, etc.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 29
Style of Ambiguity
How to translate ambiguous sentences (Idioms)Example:
I smell a rat in what you say!Look for an indirect equivalent :
تقول فيما عبي في الفأر يلعبOr resort to equally unclear phrases:
مكيدة رائحة اشتمOr use direct phrases:
الشكوك تساورني أشك،
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 30
Style of Ambiguity
Functions
Ambiguity is unclarity. It is a major stylistic
device,
Avoiding straight forward
expression of opinion.
Hiding the truth.
Complicating meaning
Unclarity of message .
Reflecting the nature of a character, a
person, an idea.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 31
Complex vs. Simple Style
Complexity is displayed through a single sentence composed of several interconnected fronted subordinate clauses, followed by the main clause in a final position. (syntactic complexity)
Example: Knowing how popular Robin Hood was among the common people (sub.clause) and how he could always slip quietly away into Sherwood forest (sub.clause) where his pursuers would be hampered by their ignorance of the terrain and their inability to adapt to the conditions of guerrilla warfare (sub.clause), the sheriff decided to take no immediate action (main clause).
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 32
Complex vs. Simple Style
عامة ” بين شعبيا هود روبين كان كم عارفابهدوء ينسل أن دائما استطاع كيف و الناس،مطاردوه سيتعثر حيث شيروود غابة في � بعيدامع التأقلم عن عجزهم و بالمنطقة بجهلهميتخذ أال البوليس قرر العصابات، حرب شروط
فوري إجراء “أي
Keep the complexity, don’t simplify!!
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 33
Complex vs. Simple Style
Function
1. To accumulate information and reasons which justify the action
2. To have impact on meaning
3. To give information
Study more examples PP 238-241
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 34
Complex vs. simple style
Complexity of style can be dominant in a text to have a function of some kind, which has impact on meaning. The same kind of style can render the same function and effect
in Arabic translation. Otherwise, meaning will be incomplete
Complexity of style is because the whole text is one single which composes of several interconnected
fronted subordinate clauses, followed by the main clause in final position.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 35
Style of Short Sentences
Functions
1. It heightens the tempo of action
2. It accelerates events and arouses suspense
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 36
Style of Long Sentences
FunctionsStrong unity of the topicReflection of a boring subject matterEmphasis or non-emphasis of a subject, a phrase or a clausePortrayal of a special sceneAvoidance of a any shade of ambiguityAddition of extra thing to the text (legal text)
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 37
Passive vs. Active Style
Both styles are used in all types of texts (English and Arabic)
Active style in English is used as a straightforward, sharp, provocative, candid and aggressive style
It is used to imply an invitation to some kind of action to be taken
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 38
Passive vs. Active Style
Both styles are used in all types of texts (English and Arabic)
Active style in English is used as a straightforward, sharp, provocative, candid and aggressive style
It is used to imply an invitation to some kind of action to be taken
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 39
Passive vs. Active Style
Passive is used for:
1. Concentrating on the result of the action and the action itself
2. Hiding the identity of the doer
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 40
Passive vs. Active: Translate
Depression can be beaten in more than two-thirds of patients, but it takes time and trying several combinations of treatments, US researchers reported on Tuesday.
The “real-world” study of 3,671 patients with major depression showed that no one drug or class of drugs works any better, the researchers said. The right combination must be found for each individual patient. “The good news is that two-thirds of people can be relieved of their depression if they can hang in there for up to four treatment steps. That’s pretty significant for a tough illness,” said Dr. A. John Rush, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, who led the study.
But the bad news, he said, is that until patients are completely symptom-free, they risk relapse.
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 41
Passive vs. Active: TranslateAll the patients started on the same drug — Forest Laboratories
Inc.’s Celexa, a drug in a class called SSRIs, for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This drug sent 37 percent of patients into remission.
Patients who did not get completely well were randomly assigned to take other SSRIs or Wyeth’s Effexor, a drug in a similar class called selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or SNRIs.
Patients could also add cognitive therapy — a type of psychological counseling — and this second step helped an additional 31 percent of patients.
Those who were still not cured went to one of four treatments: nortryptyline, an antidepressant in an older class called tricyclics; Remeron, also known as mirtazapine, which is a
noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant; lithium; or T-3, a thyroid hormone
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 42
Style of Repetition and Variation
It is the repetition of important words or phrases over and over again
Function
To reflect something important to the whole message
(see examples pp 249-251)
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 43
Style of Redundancy
The use of unnecessary, extra words to express something for the purpose of (Emphasis and Contrast)
Examples:
“As a matter of fact, to say the truth, I have to say it frankly, I’m not interested in your offer”.
1. بعرضك مهتم غير أنا األمر حقيقة . في
2. أقولها أن علي الحقيقة في األمر، حقيقية فيبعرضك مهتم غير أنا .بصراحة،
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 44
Style of Show of Muscles
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 45
Style of Nominalization vs. Verbalization
Nominalization: the use of nouns
Function: to inject texts with abstraction, fixity and some kind of authority
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 46
Style of Nominalization vs. Verbalization
Verbalization: the use of verbs
Function: indication of subjectivity, mobility and normality
© Amira Kashgary – Lecture Notes 47
Style of Irony