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新生講座9. That Is What I said,
BUTThat Is Not What I Meant
共同教育中心 蘇以文老師
【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版
授權釋出】
解讀語言1. 何謂語言 ?2. 語言與學習
a.語言與生活b.語言與學習c. 語言與認知
What Is Language?
A complex system of communication• To express inner thoughts and emotions, • To make sense of complex and abstract thought, • To learn to communicate with others,• To fulfill our wants and needs, and• To establish rules and maintain our culture
The fundamental difference between human and non-human communication
• Animals are believed to react instinctively, in a stereotyped and predictable way• Mostly, human behavior is under the voluntary control, and human
language is creative and unpredictable. • It is generally assumed that only humans have language.
Defining Language
• A universally accepted definition of language or the criteria for its use does not exist. • Parts of the problem is the problem of describing how
human language differs from any kind of communicative behavior carried on by non-human or pre-human species.• The ability to exchange information is shared by all
communication systems, and a number of non-human systems share some features of human language.
Checklist for Language Charles Hockett (1967)
• duality of pattern (the combo of a phonological and a grammatical system)
• productivity (the ability to create and understand new utterances)• arbitrariness (when signs/words do not resemble the things they
represent)• interchangeability (the ability to transmit and to receive)• specialization (the only function of speech is communication and the
speaker does not act out his message)• displacement (the ability to refer to the past and to things not present)• cultural transmission (the ability to teach/learn from other individuals)
Language• A distinguishing biological trait of Homo Sapiens, but far too
complicated, intriguing, and mysterious to be adequately explained by a brief definition.
• "Language is the most massive and inclusive art we know, a mountainous and anonymous work of unconscious generations."-- Sapir (1921), Language
• All human languages have lots of similarities: they tell us a lot about what it means to be human, to be Homo Sapiens.
Language, Thought and Culture
Language, thought, and culture form three strands of a braid, with each one affecting the others.
• Does our language affect our way of thinking? • Does a difference in cultural habits affect both our thoughts and our
language? • Your culture shapes the way you think, and also the way you talk.
I hear what you say
• I disagree and do not want to discuss it further
• He accepts my point of view
That’s not bad
• That’s good
• That’s poor
That’s a very brave proposal
• You are insane
• He thinks I have courage
I would suggest…
• Do it or be prepared to justify yourself
• Think about the idea, but do what you like
Oh, incidentally/ by the way
• The primary purpose of our discussion is…
• That is not very important
Very interesting
• That is clearly nonsense
• They are impressive
I’m sure it’s my fault
• It’s your fault
• Why is it your fault?
You must come for dinner
• It’s not an invitation. I’m just being polite
• I will get an invitation soon
I only have a few minor comments
• I don’t like you idea
• He has found a few typos
Women’s Speech – an exaggerated view
I’ll be ready in a minute
• Sit back, relax, and drink a beer
I’ll be ready in a minute
• Sit back, relax, and drink a beer
Is my butt fat?
• Tell me I’m pretty
Sure…go ahead
• I don’t want you to
Are you listening to me?
• Too late
Do you love me?
• I’m about to ask for something big
Deciphering Men’s Language (to Women)An over-reading?
Go ahead
• I get to stay home. Nice! Do whatever you want while I catch up some video games
You sure?
• Do I really have to buy this? Because this is all you’re gonna get for a while…
It really looks good
• I just said it looks good. Now please don’t ask me again expecting a different response!
What time are you coming back?
• How long do I have … to just chill without you on my ass. Two hours? Three? All day?
What do you think?
• I really don’t care what you think. Just trying to making conversation, because you always say I don’t talk and stuff.
(Not answering)
• I’m zoned out. You can keep talking. Just don’t ask any questions that require a response.
The breakup lines
You deserve better
• I deserve better
You just don’t get me
• I just don’t want you
I’m not ready for the real thing
• This isn’t the real thing
I love you like a friend
• You don’t really turn me on
I need space
• I want to get far, far away from you
I wish it could have worked out between us
• I wish I didn’t have to have this conversation
I don’t want to hold you back
• You’re a drag
We’re just at different points in our lives
• You’re beneath me
My feelings for you are so intense -they scare me
• ?
Media Language
Comments on 美食
• 很特別• 這道很口味• 好好吃• 其他表情或讚美的話
not used
好吃
Academic language –an ironical view
It has long been known
• I didn’t look up the original reference
A definite trend is evident
• The data are practically meaningless
While it has not been possible to provide definite answers to the questions
• An unsuccessful experiment, but I still hope to get it published
Three of the samples were chosen for detailed study
• The other results didn’t make any sense
A careful analysis of obtained data
• Three pages of notes were obliterated when I knocked over a glass of beer
Typical results are shown
• This is the prettiest graph
These results will be in a subsequent report
• I might get around to this sometime, if published/funded
After additional study by my colleagues
• They didn’t understand it, either
A highly significant area for exploratory study
• A totally useless topic selected by my committee
In a series of cases
• Three times
It is generally believed that
• A couple of others think so, too
It is correct within an order of magnitude
• It is wrong
It is clear that much additional work will be required before a complete understanding
of this phenomenon occurs
• I don’t understand
According to statistical analysis
• Rumors has it
A statistically-oriented projection of the significance of these findings
• A wild guess
It is hoped that this study will stimulate further investigation in this field
• I quit
Academic Persuasion
Ken Hyland (2011:195-212)
Persuasion is accomplished with language
• Because writers can only guide readers to a particular interpretation rather than demonstrate proof, readers always have the option of refuting their interpretations. At the heart of academic persuasion, then, are writers’ attempts to anticipate possible negative reactions to their claims.
•Writers must recognize and make choices from the rhetorical options available in their fields to appeal to readers from within the boundaries of their disciplines.
• Because we do not have direct access to the world and our understandings can only be mediated by a theory to interpret it, knowledge has to be seen as a rhetorical construct. An effective academic writing depends on interactions and a model which attempts to show how writers deploy linguistic resources to represent themselves, their positions, and their readers. These resources represent relatively conventional ways of making meaning and so elucidate a context for interpretation, showing how writers and readers make connections, through texts, to their disciplinary cultures.
• Discourse conventions are persuasive because they carry the epistemological and social beliefs of community members. • Academics use language to acknowledge, construct and
negotiate social relations.
• In persuading readers of their claims, writers must display a competence as disciplinary insiders, which is, at least in part, achieved through a writer-reader dialogue which situates both their research and themselves, establishing relationships between people, and between people and ideas.
• Interaction in academic writing essentially involves “positioning”, or adopting a point of view in relation to both the issues discussed in the text and to others who hold points of view on those issues.
• Interactions are accomplished in academic writing by making choices from the interpersonal systems of stance and engagement.
• Stance: Refers to the writer’s textual “voice” or community recognized personality, an attitudinal, writer-oriented function which concerns the ways writers present themselves and convey their judgments, opinions, and commitments.• Engagement:Refers more of an alignment function, concerning the ways that writers rhetorically recognize the presence of their readers to actively pull them along with the argument, include them as discourse participants, and guide them to interpretations
Human language as opposed to other communicative signals (Tomasello)
• Language is socially learned and transmitted culturally.• Linguistic signals are conventional, i.e.
understood intersubjectively
Conditionals as a Reflection of Mind
• {If P, then Q} • An if-clause sets up a mental space which is the background for the
construal of the then-clause• 如果你不介意我說實話的話 , 我很討厭她 。• 要是 ( 換作 ) 我 , 我也會覺得不太好。
• It is suggested that the undesirability of the then-clause may be the driving force for the intersubjective nature in terms of hypotheticality associated with the if-clause.
• The speaker concerns over the hearer's negative face by mitigating their subjective evaluation, hence softening the impact of a possible FTA.
Linguistic signals “are fundamentally perspectival
• a person may refer to the same entity as dog, animal, pet, or pest, or to the same event as running, fleeing, moving, or surviving – depending on her communicative goal with respect to the listener’s attentional states”• Language basically involve management and assessment of
other organisms -- This management and assessment is indirect, presupposing shared knowledge, and aimed at other minds.
Wife
1 妻子2 老婆3 太太4 夫人5 老伴6 內子7 內人
15 牽手16 賤內17 賤荊18 女人19 馬子20 主婦21 女主人
8 媳婦9 那口子10 拙荊11 賢內助12 孩他媽13 孩他娘14 糟糠
22 渾家23 娘子24 另一半25 女當家26 渾家27 髮妻28 黃臉婆
看到看見看清 看懂看透看開
Context
Perspective
差一個字大不同！
• 學術論文中，“ future work should…” 是邀請大家一起研究同一個題目• “future work will…” 是 ?• 叫其他人不要插手嗎？
So, how does language work?
The working of language is primarily cognitive, which is concerned with• the meanings of linguistic expressions• the contrast between subjective and objective construal reflecting the inherent asymmetry between a perceiving individual and the entity perceived
84
Homework
•With the greatest respect• Quite good• I was a bit disappointed• I’ll bear it in mind• I almost agree
Advertising in the Contemporary World: An Introduction to Persuasive Texts
• Many advertisements, particularly video, embed persuasive techniques in the familiar genre of narrative first to inform, engage, and interest readers and viewers emotionally, and then to persuade them to take some form of action. • This action may be to buy a product, sign a petition,
attend an event, or change their behavior. Sometimes the purpose is to raise awareness of an issue –the action or response required is not always made explicit
Collect your own data
• Describe what you have learned about the use of language based on the data you have collected. In your response, consider the importance of a central message, ways to communicate the message, and specific uses of language and/or visuals make one feel or think a certain way.
版權聲明頁碼 作品 版權標示 來源 / 作者
4-5 The fundamental difference….. human language
Ulla Hedeager “IS LANGUAGE UNIQUE TO THE HUMAN SPECIES? “http://greatapes.freehosting.net/index.html依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
6 duality of pattern…… other individuals
Hockett, Charles F. “A Course in Modern Linguistics”. 12th ed. (1st ed. 1958).New York: The Macmillan Company and Canada: Collier-Macmillan Ltd., 1967依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
7 A distinguishing ……by a brief definition.
改寫自About.com / Richard Nordquist “What Is Language?” http://grammar.about.com/od/grammarfaq/f/whatislang.htm依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
7 Language is the ……. generations
Edward Sapir (1884–1939). Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. 1921.http://www.bartleby.com/186/pages/page235.html本作品屬於公共領域之著作。
9-17 I hear what you say……I don’t like you idea
EUCENhttp://www.eucen.eu/about/english_in_use依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
18-27 I’m not mad……I want
Author Unknown改寫自http://kcbx.net/~tellswor/wifespea.htm依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
28-34 Go ahead……require a response.
Guyfy / Omar Elbagahttp://www.guyfy.com/funny/11-things-guys-say-to-women-and-what-they-really-mean依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
版權聲明頁碼 作品 版權標示 來源 / 作者
36-45 You deserve better….. they scare me
Cosmopolitan September 01, 2009 p.2427 sneaky ways to sink a relationship依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
49-67 It has long been known……. I quit
Graham, C. D., Jr. (1957). A glossary for research reports. Metal Progress, 71(5), 75-76依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
69-76 Because writers can only guide ……guide them to interpretations
Writing in Knowledge Societies / Edited by Doreen Starke-Meyerring, Anthony Paré, Natasha Artemeva, Miriam Horne, and Larissa Yousoubova p.193-214Ch10. Disciplines and Discourses: Social Interactions in the Construction of Knowledge / Ken Hyland http://wac.colostate.edu/books/winks/ 以創用 CC BY-NC-ND 授權釋出。
77 Language is ……understood intersubjectively
The Shared Mind : Perspectives on intersubjectivity p.309John Benjamins Publishing Company / Edited by Jordan Zlatev, Timothy P. Racine, Chris Sinha and Esa Itkonen(2008)依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
80 a person may……aimed at other minds
The Shared Mind : Perspectives on intersubjectivity p.307John Benjamins Publishing Company / Edited by Jordan Zlatev, Timothy P. Racine, Chris Sinha and Esa Itkonen(2008)依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。
