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33Èçìåíåíèÿ â îõîòå íà òåððèòîðèè Ôèíëÿíäèè â ÕÕ âåêå
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öèÿ íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ñïèñêå îõîòíè÷üèõ æèâîòíûõ Ôèíëÿíäèè çíà-
÷àòñÿ 23 âèäà ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ è 26 âèäà ïòèö.  íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿýòèõ âèäîâ áûëî íåñêîëüêî áîëüøå � íà íåêîòîðûõ èç íèõ îõîòà òå-ïåðü ïîëíîñòüþ çàïðåùåíà, â òî æå âðåìÿ ýòîò ïåðå÷åíü ïîïîëíèëèíåñêîëüêî íîâûõ âèäîâ. Ñðåäè îõîòíè÷üèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ âûäå-ëÿþò íåñêîëüêî ãðóïï æèâîòíûõ: êîïûòíûå (7 âèäîâ), çàéöû (2),ïóøíûå çâåðè (11) è êðóïíûå õèùíèêè (3). Ïåðíàòóþ äè÷ü ðàçäåëÿ-þò íà áîðîâóþ (5), ïîëåâóþ (3), âîäîïëàâàþùóþ (16) è áîëîòíóþ(1), â îòäåëüíóþ ãðóïïó âûäåëÿþò ëûñóõó.
¨ùå â íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ, îõîòà ñëóæèëà èñòî÷íèêîì ñðåäñòâ êñóùåñòâîâàíèþ. Ïåðâûé çàêîí îá îõîòå ïîÿâèëñÿ â 1734 ãîäó è ñ íå-áîëüøèìè èçìåíåíèÿìè äåéñòâîâàë â òå÷åíèå âñåãî ÕIÕ ñòîëåòèÿ.Íîâûé çàêîí îá îõîòå áûë èçäàí òîëüêî â 1934 è ïîñëå ýòîãî îáíîâ-ëÿëñÿ åùå äâàæäû.  Ôèíëÿíäèè ïðàâî íà îõîòó ñâÿçàíî ñ ïðàâàìèíà çåìëåâëàäåíèå.  íà÷àëå ñòîëåòèÿ ïîëîâèíà ôèíñêèõ îõîòíèêîâïðîæèâàëà â ñåëüñêîé ìåñòíîñòè. Ñåãîäíÿ òîëüêî òðåòü íàøèõ îõîò-íèêîâ æèâåò â ñåëüñêîé ìåñòíîñòè, è â áîëüøèõ ãîðîäàõ ïðîæèâàåò10 ïðîöåíòîâ. Äî 1930 ã. îõîòíè÷üèõ êëóáîâ áûëî î÷åíü ìàëî, è çà-êîí îá îõîòå (1934) ñäåëàë îõîòó â ñòðàíå îðãàíèçîâàííîé. Ñ òåõ ïîðìû ñòàëè ïîëó÷àòü ðàçíîîáðàçíóþ ñòàòèñòèêó, êàê â îòíîøåíèè îõîò-íèêîâ, òàê è â îòíîøåíèè âñåõ âèäîâ äè÷è. Íåñìîòðÿ íà îòñóòñòâèåîðãàíèçîâàííîé îõîòû, òîðãîâëÿ ïðîäóêöèåé îõîòíè÷üåãî ïðîìûñ-ëà áûëà âåñüìà ðàçâèòà. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïðîäàííîé äè÷è ýêñïîðòèðî-âàëàñü â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, â äðóãèå åâðîïåéñêèå ñòðàíû ïðîäàâàëàñüãëàâíûì îáðàçîì ïóøíèíà. Âàæíåéøèìè îõîòíè÷üèìè æèâîòíûìèâ òî âðåìÿ áûëè òåòåðåâèíûå ïòèöû è áåëêà.
 1962 ãîäó ñ öåëüþ óïîðÿäî÷åíèÿ îõîòû â Ôèíëÿíäèè áûëà ñî-çäàíà Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Îðãàíèçàöèÿ Îõîòíèêîâ (Hunters' CentralOrganization). Ýòà îðãàíèçàöèÿ èìååò ïîäðàçäåëåíèÿ â 15 îêðóãàõ. Âêàæäîì îêðóãå ñîçäàíû ïåðâè÷íûå àññîöèàöèè óïðàâëåíèÿ îõîòîé(âñåãî èõ íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ îêîëî 300), äåÿòåëüíîñòü êîòîðûõ îñóùåñòâ-ëÿåòñÿ çà ñ÷¸ò îõîòíèêîâ-äîáðîâîëüöåâ.
 ñåðåäèíå ïðîøëîãî ñòîëåòèÿ ïðîèñõîäèëà ïîñòåïåííàÿ çàìåíàïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé îõîòû ñïîðòèâíîé.  òî æå âðåìÿ ÷èñëî îõîòíè-êîâ áûñòðî óâåëè÷èâàëîñü. Êîãäà âñòóïèë â ñèëó ïåðâûé ôèíñêèéçàêîí îá îõîòå, â ñòðàíå íàñ÷èòûâàëîñü íåìíîãèì ìåíüøå ñòà òûñÿ÷îõîòíèêîâ, à ñåãîäíÿ èõ óæå îêîëî òðåõñîò.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ äîáû-÷à ëîñÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå âàæíîé, à òîðãîâëÿ äðóãîé ïðîäóêöèåéîõîòû î÷åíü ìàëà.  íà÷àëå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ìàêñèìàëüíûå çàãîòîâêèøêóðîê áåëêè äîñòèãàëè 3 ìèëëèîíîâ â ãîä, à òåïåðü çàãîòàâëèâàþòëèøü íåñêîëüêî òûñÿ÷.
Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ñåãîäíÿ ôèííû îõîòÿòñÿ íå ðàäè ïîëó÷åíèÿïðèáûëè îò ïðîäàæè äè÷è, äîáûòàÿ ïðîäóêöèÿ âñ¸ æå èìååò çàìåò-íîå ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ñåìåé îõîòíèêîâ.
Ñåãîäíÿ íàèáîëåå âàæíûì ñ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ âèäîìäè÷è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëîñü. Ê íà÷àëó ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ ýòîò âèä áûë ïî÷òè èñ-òðåáë¸í è òîëüêî â 1930-õ ïîãîëîâüå íà÷àëî óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ. Ñåãîäíÿçèìíåå ñòàäî ñîñòàâëÿåò ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî 120 òûñÿ÷ ãîëîâ, èç íèõ îò-ñòðåëèâàåòñÿ áîëåå 80 òûñÿ÷ îñîáåé, ïîëîâèíó äîáû÷è ñîñòàâëÿþòòåëÿòà.
 ñåðåäèíå ñòîëåòèÿ â Ôèíëÿíäèþ çàâåçëè áåëîõâîñòîãî îëåíÿ.Îõîòà íà íåãî áûëà îòêðûòà â íà÷àëå 1960-õ, ñåãîäíÿ ìû åæåãîäíîîòñòðåëèâàåì íåìíîãèì áîëåå 20 òûñÿ÷ îëåíåé.  êîíöå ñòîëåòèÿ âíàøåé ñòðàíå íà÷àëà î÷åíü áûñòðî ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòüñÿ êîñóëÿ. Îòäåëü-íûå çàõîäû ôèêñèðîâàëèñü åùå 100 ëåò íàçàä íà Êàðåëüñêîì ïåðå-øåéêå, à ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî òðèäöàòü ëåò íàçàä êîñóëè íà÷àëè çàõîäèòüèç Ñåâåðíîé Øâåöèè.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó áûëî äîáûòî óæå 4 òûñÿ÷èêîñóëü. Íà Àëàíñêèõ îñòðîâàõ òàêæå èìååòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíîå ïîãîëî-âüå ýòèõ æèâîòíûõ è ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ãîäîâàÿ äîáû÷à òàì, â îòäåëü-íûå ãîäû ïðåâûøàåò 6 òûñÿ÷ îñîáåé. Ïîãîëîâüå äèêîãî ëåñíîãî ñå-âåðíîãî îëåíÿ íà÷àëî ìåäëåííî óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ, è íà íåãî óæå îòêðû-òà îõîòà. Ïîêàçàòåëè äîáû÷è ñåâåðíîãî îëåíÿ î÷åíü ñêðîìíû � ïðè-
ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈß Â ÎÕÎÒÅÍÀ ÒÅÐÐÈÒÎÐÈÈÔÈÍËßÍÄÈÈ Â ÕÕ ÂÅÊÅ
A. Ýðìàëà
Èíñòèòóò äè÷èè ðûáíîãî õîçÿéñòâà Ôèíëÿíäèè,Õåëüñèíêè.
E-mail: [email protected]
THE CHANGESIN HUNTINGIN FINLAND DURINGTHE XX CENTURY
A. Ermala
Finnish Game and FisheriesResearch Institute, Helsinki,Finland
At present in Finland there are 23mammals and 26 birds, which are hunt-ed: artiodactyls (7), hares (2), fur-bearinganimals (11) and large predators (3),grouses (5), farmland game birds (3), wa-terfowl (16), waders (1) and coots (1). Inthe beginning of century hunting wasmore important as money resource for thehunters. There were much less hunters atthat time, but most of them were earningby selling some part of their bagged game.In the middle of the century professionalhunting made way to the sport hunting.At the same time the number of huntersincreased rapidly. When the first Finnishhunting law was established the numbersof hunters were little less than 100000 andat present it is about 300000. Hundredyears ago significance of the hunting inFinland was based on grouse and squir-rel hunting. At present moose is the mostimportant game species. It was near to dieout in the beginning of the 20th centuryand not until 1930th the population start-ed to increase. Now the size of the winterstock is about 120000 heads and we shotover 80000 moose, half of the bag is calf.Today in Finland shot also annual littleover 20000 white-tailed deers, 10000roedeers, about 150 fallow deers, 100 rein-deers. The annual bag of wild boar andmouflon is very occasional. About 20000pheasants and near 200000 wood pigeonsare shot annually. The waterfowl and harehunting are very popular in Finland. Alllarge predators were near to die out in Fin-land in 20th century, but protections havechanged the situation. To hunt today abrown bear, a wolf or a lynx you have tohave a special license that is permitted bygame management district. The gamemeat amounted to 13 million kilos and theestimated value of game bag reached �76million. Over 80 percent of the eatablegame meat is moose meat. The value ofmoose is about 75 percent of the wholeannual game bag.
ËÈÒÅÐÀÒÓÐÀ
Ýðìàëà À. 2004. Îõîòà â Ôèíëÿí-äèè â 2001 ãîäó // Îõîòîâåäåíèå ¹2(52). Çàðóáåæíûé îïûò îõîòíè÷üåãîõîçÿéñòâà. � Êèðîâ: ÂÍÈÈÎÇÐÀÑÕÍ. Ñ. 104�113.
ìíîãèõ ìåñòàõ, íî å¸ ïîãîëîâüå ïîâñåìåñòíî íåâåëèêî. Ê êîíöó ñòî-ëåòèÿ ñîñòîÿíèå ðåñóðñîâ ýòîãî âèäà óõóäøèëîñü, íåñìîòðÿ íà ïðå-òâîðåíèå â æèçíü ðÿäà ïðîãðàìì ïî óïðàâëåíèþ å¸ ïîïóëÿöèÿìè.Âÿõèðü � åäèíñòâåííûé âèä, ðàñïðîñòðàíèâøèéñÿ ïî âñåé ñòðàíå åñ-òåñòâåííûì îáðàçîì. Èçìåíåíèÿ â ñåëüñêîì õîçÿéñòâå, êàæåòñÿ, áëà-ãîïðèÿòíû äëÿ ýòîãî ãîëóáÿ. Ê ñåðåäèíå ÕÕ ñòîëåòèÿ îí ðàñïðîñòðà-íèëñÿ ïî Ëàïëàíäèè.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îòñòðåëèâàåòñÿ îêîëî 200òûñÿ÷ âÿõèðåé â ãîä.
Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî îõîòà íà âîäîïëàâàþùóþ äè÷ü î÷åíü ïîïó-ëÿðíà â Ôèíëÿíäèè, îíà íèêîãäà íå áûëà âàæíîé ñ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîéòî÷êè çðåíèÿ. Êîíå÷íî, ñðåäè æèòåëåé îñòðîâîâ îõîòà íà âîäîïëàâà-þùèõ ïòèö áûëà ýêîíîìè÷åñêè âàæíà. Òåïåðü îíà âåñüìà ïîïóëÿðíàñðåäè îõîòíèêîâ âñåé ñòðàíû. Âî ìíîãîì � ïîòîìó, ÷òî ó ãîðîæàíåñòü âîçìîæíîñòü îõîòèòüñÿ â óèêåíäû, êðîìå òîãî, âåñüìà íåñëîæíîïîëó÷èòü ïðàâî îõîòèòüñÿ íà îç¸ðàõ, êîòîðûõ â Ôèíëÿíäèè î÷åíüìíîãî.
 Ôèíëÿíäèè âñòðå÷àåòñÿ äâà âèäà çàéöåâ. Çàÿö-áåëÿê � ìåñòíûéâèä, à ðóñàê ïîïàë ñþäà ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî ñòî ëåò íàçàä ÷åðåç Êàðåëü-ñêèé ïåðåøååê, à òàêæå áûë èíòðîäóöèðîâàí â þãî-çàïàäíîé ÷àñòèñòðàíû. Ïðåæäå øêóðêè çàéöåâ ýêñïîðòèðîâàëèñü, íàïðèìåð, â Ðîñ-ñèþ, à â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàÿ÷üÿ îõîòà î÷åíü ïîïóëÿðíà, íî øêóðêèáîëüøå íå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ, òîëüêî ìÿñî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïèùó.
Ïóøíàÿ òîðãîâëÿ áûëà âñåãäà î÷åíü âàæíà äëÿ Ôèíëÿíäèè. Ìåõàïðîäàâàëèñü ïî âñåìó ìèðó. Íàèáîëåå âàæíûìè âèäàìè áûëè áåëêà,à òàêæå ëèñèöà, ïîçäíåå � èíòðîäóöèðîâàííàÿ îíäàòðà. Ìíîãèå îõîò-íèêè ïîëó÷àëè íåáîëüøèå äåíüãè, ïðîäàâàÿ øêóðû ìåäâåäÿ, âîëêà,ðûñè, áîáðà, ïåñöà, áàðñóêà, ãîðíîñòàÿ, êóíèöû, ëàñêè, åâðîïåéñêîéíîðêè, íåðïû, à ïîçäíåå � ëåñíîãî õîðÿ, àìåðèêàíñêîé íîðêè è åíî-òîâèäíîé ñîáàêè.  1950-õ è 1960-õ ãã. ñèòóàöèÿ èçìåíèëàñü. Ïîñëå-äíèå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå òðàïïåðû äåéñòâîâàëè â 1950-õ, íî ïîñëå ýòî-ãî íåêîòîðûå îõîòíèêè âñå åù¸ ïðîäàâàëè äîáûòûå øêóðû, íî îñ-íîâíûå ñðåäñòâà ê ñóùåñòâîâàíèþ îíè çàðàáàòûâàëè íå ïðîìûñëîì. ýòî âðåìÿ ñòàëî î÷åíü ïîïóëÿðíûì çâåðîâîäñòâî, è âàæíåéøåé ïðè-÷èíîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ òðàïïåðîâ ïîñëóæèëî ñíèæå-íèå öåí íà èõ ïðîäóêöèþ, ïîñêîëüêó êà÷åñòâî çâåðîâîä÷åñêèõ øêó-ðîê áûëî íàìíîãî âûøå, ÷åì øêóðîê äèêèõ æèâîòíûõ.
Êðóïíûå õèùíèêè âñåãäà èìåëè îñîáûé ñòàòóñ â Ôèíëÿíäèè. Íàíèõ âñåãäà îõîòèëèñü âñå æåëàþùèå, à ãîñóäàðñòâî äàæå ïëàòèëî îõîò-íèêó èëè ãðàæäàíèíó, óáèâøåìó õèùíèêà.  ÕÕ ñòîëåòèè âñå êðóï-íûå õèùíèêè îêàçàëèñü íà ãðàíè èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ, èçìåíèëè ñèòóàöèþòîëüêî îõðàííûå ìåðû.  1970-õ ãîñóäàðñòâî ïðåêðàòèëî âûïëà÷è-âàòü ïðåìèè çà õèùíèêîâ.  íà÷àëå 1980-õ áûëà âçÿòà ïîä îõðàíó ðî-ñîìàõà. Ñåãîäíÿ, ÷òîáû îõîòèòüñÿ íà ìåäâåäÿ, âîëêà èëè ðûñü, îõîò-íèê äîëæåí èìåòü ñïåöèàëüíûå ëèöåíçèè, êîòîðûå âûäàþòñÿ â ìåñò-íûõ Óïðàâëåíèÿõ Îõîòîé.
Ñåãîäíÿ â Ôèíëÿíäèè åæåãîäíî äîáûâàåòñÿ îõîòíè÷üåé ïðîäóê-öèè íà ñóììó 76 ìëí. åâðî, à óðîæàé «äèêîãî» ìÿñà ñîñòàâëÿåò 13òûñ. òîíí (Ýðìàëà, 2004).
Ðàíüøå îõîòà èãðàëà áîëüøóþ ðîëü â æèçíè ïðîìûñëîâèêîâ, âû-ñòóïàÿ âàæíûì èñòî÷íèêîì èõ äîõîäîâ. Îõîòíèêîâ â òå âðåìåíà áûëîãîðàçäî ìåíüøå è áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ çàðàáàòûâàëî íà æèçíü, ïðî-äàâàÿ íåêîòîðóþ ÷àñòü äîáûòîé ïðîäóêöèè. Îáùàÿ ñòîèìîñòü ïðî-äóêöèè îõîòû áûëà íèæå, ÷åì ñåãîäíÿ. Ãëàâíàÿ ïðè÷èíà çàêëþ÷àåò-ñÿ â óâåëè÷åíèè ïîãîëîâüÿ ëîñÿ, ïðè÷¸ì íàñòîëüêî îãðîìíîì, ÷òîáîëåå 80% ìÿñíîé ïðîäóêöèè ñåãîäíÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò ëîñÿòèíà. Ñòîèìîñòüïðîäóêöèè ëîñèíîé îõîòû ñîñòàâëÿåò ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî 75% îò îáùåéñòîèìîñòè ïðîäóêöèè îõîòíè÷üåé îòðàñëè.
Ïî íàøåìó ìíåíèþ, ñåãîäíÿ ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ñîâðåìåííàÿ îõî-òà â Ôèíëÿíäèè áàçèðóåòñÿ íà ëîñèíîé îõîòå, òîãäà êàê ñîòíþ ëåòíàçàä îñíîâó ïðîìûñëà ñîñòàâëÿëè áåëêà è áîðîâàÿ äè÷ü.
Ïåðåâîä ñ àíãëèéñêîãî À.À. Ñåðãååâ
áëèçèòåëüíî 100 ãîëîâ åæåãîäíî. Óíàñ îáèòàåò òàêæå ëàíü, íî ïîãî-ëîâüå åå íåâåëèêî, è îõîòà âîçìîæ-íà òîëüêî â î÷åíü íåìíîãèõ ìåñòàõ.Åæåãîäíàÿ äîáû÷à � âñåãî îêîëî150 îñîáåé. Äâà äðóãèõ ïðåäñòàâè-òåëÿ êîïûòíûõ � êàáàí è ìóôëîí. íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â Ôèíëÿíäèèêàáàí ðåäîê. Îí ïîïàë íà òåððèòî-ðèþ ñòðàíû ñ âîñòîêà ïðèáëèçè-òåëüíî 30 ëåò íàçàä. Äîáûâàåòñÿ îòñëó÷àÿ ê ñëó÷àþ. Ìóôëîí áûë âû-ïóùåí íà íåñêîëüêèõ îñòðîâàõ,îõîòà íà íåãî î÷åíü îãðàíè÷åíà, âãîä äîáûâàåòñÿ îêîëî äâóõ äåñÿò-êîâ îñîáåé.
Ãëóõàðü è òåòåðåâ áûëè î÷åíüâàæíîé ñ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òî÷êèçðåíèÿ äè÷üþ åùå ñîòíþ ëåò íàçàä.Ñòîèìîñòü äîáû÷è îò òåòåðåâèíûõïòèö ïðåâûøàëà 90% îò îáùåé ñòî-èìîñòè îõîòíè÷üåé ïðîäóêöèè.Òîðãîâëÿ áîðîâîé äè÷üþ ïðîäîë-æàëàñü äî ñåðåäèíû ïðîøëîãî ñòî-ëåòèÿ, à çàòåì áûëà çàïðåùåíàâñëåäñòâèå ôàòàëüíîãî ñîêðàùå-íèÿ çàïàñîâ òåòåðåâèíûõ. Ïîñëåýòîãî òîëüêî áåëóþ è òóíäðÿíóþêóðîïàòîê ðàçðåøàëè îòëàâëèâàòüñàìîëîâàìè è ïðîäàâàòü â òð¸õ ñå-âåðíûõ îêðóãàõ Ëàïëàíäèè, è ýòîðàçðåøåíèå îñòàåòñÿ â ñèëå ïî ñåéäåíü. Áîëüøèå ïàðòèè ïòèö «ýêñ-ïîðòèðîâàëèñü» â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåð-áóðã, à òàêæå â äðóãèå ñòðàíû, íà-ïðèìåð, â Øâåöèþ, Äàíèþ è Ãåð-ìàíèþ.
Íè îäèí èç òð¸õ âèäîâ ôèíñêîéïîëåâîé äè÷è íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåòáîëüøîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé öåííîñòè,ïîñêîëüêó çàïàñû ýòèõ ïòèö èñêóñ-ñòâåííû è ìàëû. Ôàçàí áûë çàâå-ç¸í â Ôèíëÿíäèþ â íà÷àëå ñòîëå-òèÿ, è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ åñòåñòâåí-íàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ ýòèõ ïòèö îáèòàåòâ þæíîé ÷àñòè ñòðàíû, âî âñåõ äðó-ãèõ ðåãèîíàõ èõ ðàçâîäÿò èñêóññò-âåííî è âûïóñêàþò «ïîä ðóæü¸».Åæåãîäíî äîáûâàåòñÿ ïðèáëèçè-òåëüíî 20 òûñÿ÷ ïòèö. Ñåðàÿ êóðî-ïàòêà áûëà èíòðîäóöèðîâàíà âî
