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8/10/2014 -

http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4 1/16

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: en passant

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3 (a3) .

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. , .(Schiller 2003:20)

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(Capablanca)

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: Chess notation Algebraic chess notation

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2003:77).[10]

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, 1849

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chess set, Game clock

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(Philidor)

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. 16 .(Ruch 2004) , . : 8 . / , - . , . .(Davidson 1981:13) 8 / ( ) .(Davidson 1981:5961) 12 - 13 .(Davidson 1981:146)

1200 1600 . ; . , (# ). . ( # ).

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:OfficialChessRulebook.jpg

, (Harkness)

(1970 )

:FIDE rulebook.jpg

(FIDE)

, 1989

19 . (Alexander McDonnell) - (Louis-Charles Mah de La Bourdonnais) 1834 , - . 1836 - (Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant) . 1851 (Elijah Williams) . (Daniel Harrwitz) (Johann Lwenthal) 20 . 1861 (AdolphAnderssen) (Ignc Kolisch) .(Sunnucks 1970:459)

(LuisRamrez de Lucena) 1497 -,/, .(Just & Burg 2003:xxi) 16 17 , , , - . 19 .(Harkness 1967:3) Ruy Lpez de Segura 1561 Libro de la invencionliberal y arte del juego del axedrez .(Sunnucks 1970:294)

. 1749 (1726 1795) . 1828 (1772 1819) (George Walker 18031879) . 19 - 1803 , 1807 , 1836 1854 . 1851 (Howard Staunton 18101874) Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa (18181889) 1854 . 1847 1860 (Chess Praxis) . (Johann Berger 18451933) Handbuch desSchachspiels by Paul Rudolf von Bilguer (18151840) , 1843 .

1924 Fdration Internationale des checs ( (FIDE)) 1929 . (FIDE) , - . (FIDE) , - .(Hooper & Whyld 1992:22021) 1952 (FIDE) ( ) . 1966 . . 1974 (FIDE) ( 1955 ). / . 1979 . , - () . 1982 .(FIDE 1989:7-8) 1984 (FIDE)

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, (FIDE) .(Hooper & Whyld1992:22021) 1984 , (FIDE) . 1988 1992 (FIDE 1989:5),(Just & Burg 2003:xxix)

(FIDE) ( , (USCF))

, (FIDE) .(Just & Burg 2003).[15]

(Kenneth Harkness) 1956 (USCF) .

815 2009, , 30

.[16]

En passant50

( )

()

-

1. , : . ; : . .

2. ( (FIDE) 4.1).

3. , (file) e ( ). 1972 (FIDE) (chess puzzle) (Max Pam) (Tim Krabb) . (Chess Curiosities), de:Pam-Krabb-Rochade .

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4. (Eric Schiller) , , / , , . (Schiller 2003:1819).

5. ( (USCF)) . , . - .(Just & Burg 2003:23)

6. (USCF) . (USCF) 5 " " ("insufficient losing chances") . , . C (1400 1599 ) , (2200 ) , , 10% .(Just & Burg 2003:4952)

7. , (USCF) , - ( ) . : 2007 (USCF) (http://main.uschess.org/content/view/7594/28/) ( ), (PDF)(http://www.uschess.org/docs/gov/reports/RulebookChanges.pdf) 4, 2009. " 15 (A).( I) . , . .

8. , (Mikhail Tal) , . - . - .(Timman 2005:83)

9. (USCF) . .(Just & Burg2003:2324)

10. (USCF) . (USCF) , , . , , .(Just & Burg 2003:29192)

11. (USCF) . . .(Just & Burg 2003:26)

12. 1988 2006 (FIDE) 85105 ; (FIDE 1989:121) 2008 95 .

13. 86 114 (338-412 )(Just & Burg2003:22527).

14. 15. (FIDE) . (US)

(1) (2) .(Schiller 2003:12324) .

16. 21 2009 1 (W1) 2 W2

Burgess, Graham (2000), The Mammoth Book of Chess (2nd ed.), Carroll & Graf, 978-0-7867-0725-6

Davidson, Henry (1949), A Short History of Chess, McKay (1981 ed.), 0-679-14550-8

8/10/2014 -


FIDE (1989), The Official Laws of Chess, Macmillian, 0-02-028540-XFIDE (2008) (html), FIDE Laws of Chess (http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?

id=32&view=category), FIDE, 0959435522, http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=32&view=category, : 2008-09-10

Harkness, Kenneth (1967), Official Chess Handbook, McKayHooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford

University Press, 0-19-280049-3Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel B. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay, 0-8129-3559-4

Reinfeld, Fred (1954), How To Be A Winner At Chess, Fawcett, 0-449-91206-XRuch, Eric (2004) (html), The Italian Rules

(http://amici.iccf.com/issues/issue_01/issue_01_the_italian_rules.html), ICCF,http://amici.iccf.com/issues/issue_01/issue_01_the_italian_rules.html, : 2008-09-10

Schiller, Eric (2003), Official Rules of Chess (2nd ed.), Cardoza, 978-1-58042-092-1Staunton, Howard (1847), The Chess-Player's Handbook, London: H. G. Bohn, 2122,

0713450568(1985 , (ISBN) 1-85958-005-X)Sunnucks, Anne (1970), The Encyclopaedia of Chess, St. Martins Press (2nd ed.),

978-0709146971Timman, Jan (2005), Curaao 1962: The Battle of Minds that Shook the Chess World, New in

Chess, 978-90-5691-139-2

Golombek, Harry (1977), Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Crown Publishing, 0-

517-53146-1Harkness, Kenneth (1970), Official Chess Rulebook, McKay, 0-679-13028-4

FIDE Laws of Chess (http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook?id=124&view=article), FIDE,http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook?id=124&view=articleFIDE equipment standards (http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=16&view=category), FIDE,

http://www.fide.com/info/handbook?id=16&view=categoryLearn to play chess (http://main.uschess.org/content/view/7324/28/), USCF,

http://main.uschess.org/content/view/7324/28/(PDF) Let's Play Chess (http://www.hawaiichess.org/files/LetsPlayChess.pdf), USCF,

http://www.hawaiichess.org/files/LetsPlayChess.pdf(PDF) USCF clock rules (http://vcchess.net/learn/ClockRules.pdf), USCF,http://vcchess.net/learn/ClockRules.pdf

The Rules and History of Chess (http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/chess.htm), College SportsScholarships, http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/chess.htm

The History Of Chess(http://www.cafedemetrio.com/Demetrio_History/Chess_History/chess_history.html), Cafe Demetrio,

http://www.cafedemetrio.com/Demetrio_History/Chess_History/chess_history.html

:Chess

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