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1891

. - , - , , -, , . - -. 1838 - , - , - . 1854 - , - , .

19 , - - 1. . , - , - , . , - . , , . -

1 Sevket Pamuk, 1988, The OttomanEmpire and European Capitalism. Trade,investment and Production, SUNY Press,

Resat Kasaba, 1998, The OttomanEmpire and the World Economy.TheNineteenth Century, SUNY Press


31

, - - . 1860, - , . , -, . - , - . - 1860-1875. , , - --, , , .. - , - , 2.

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, , . , , . , , -. , - , . - . -, - . , , -. , - , - . , , - , , - , , , , , , .., - -, . , - -, .


33

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1891

, 1901, -. . 6.000.000 264.000 () 24.000 250 11 . . , - , , , -, . -, . - 25, . - 5% , 10% - , 10% , 10% - 5% . .. . - 4.

34

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36

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37

. , 1893-1909

(: E. Pech, Manuel des Societes Anonymes fonctionnant en Turquie, 133, 0162, 0280)

() %

1893 20.221 5

1894 7.964 5

1895 13.561 5

1896 13.110 5

1897 20.062 5

1898 20.511 5

1899 13.904 5

1900 16.547 5

1901 15.812 5

1902 709 -

1903 1.475 -

1904 17.985 5

1906 8.695 5

1909 5.616 -

- . 1905 - - . .. 168.000 - 7 . .. - 36.000 ( 7 ) - 10. 1905, 109.000 45.000 64.546 805.821 . [844]. . 1906 [0279] 1908 1909 982.602 , - 110.994 , - 11.

14 , - . , - . 25/8 1909 . , -

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1900-1905

: E. Pech, Manuel des Societes Anonymes fonctionnant en Turquie, 134

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1901 8.75

1902 8.5

1903 6.75

1904 6.5

1905 6

10 E. Pech, 1906, Manuel des Societes Anony-mes fonctionnant en Turquie, Paris, 132-133

11 , 25 1909, 23 1909

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39

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40

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1891

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42

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45

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49

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53

11 . ., 2003, , - - -, E, , , - , .

12 E. Sifneos, "On Entrepreneurs andEntrepreneurship of the Olive-oilEconomy in the Aegean: The Case ofLesvos Island", The Historical Review,Institute for Neohellenic Research, . 1(2004), 245-273.

. , - . , , -, , .

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59

1 . , 1983, (1833-1856). - , , .

2 D. Quataert, 2000, The Ottoman Empire,1700-1922, Cambridge, 117.

3 . , . , . -, 2002, : - 18 . ,, , 22.

Messageries Fraissinet , - . - , .4

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60

4 . , 1996, - , -, . , , 102-188_ . , 1996,. (1850-1912), .

5 S. Shaw & E.K.Shaw,1997, History of theOttoman Empire and Modern Turkey,Cambridge , . II, 228.

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61

7 , . V.Kardassis, "Greek Steam Liner Companies,1858-1914", International Journal ofMaritime History, IX, 2 , 1997,107-127. - - , - - , - - 1850-1880.. . , - , 15 19 ., 2001,.166-167.

8 . Evridiki Sifneos, 2006, "P.M. Courdgisand the birth of a Greek Ottoman linercompany: The Aegean Steamship Company", . Chatziioannou-G. Harlaftis,Following the Nereids. Sea routes andmaritime business, 16th-20th centuries, - , 121-135.

9 - , - 1914, . -. , -

, . - - - .

10 , - - -, - . , . H. Exertzoglou, 1999,"The Development of a Greek OttomanBourgeoisie: Investment Patterns in theOttoman Empire, 1850-1912", D. Gondicasand Ch. Issawi, Ottoman Greeks in the Age ofNationalism, Princeton, 89-114. , 1989, - . -: "--", 1871-1881, . -, 2003, -. 19 ., .

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, . A. J. Arnold,1995 "Accounting information andHistorical Research in the ShippingIndustry", International Journal ofMaritime History, VII, 1 (1995), 105-115.

17 1901 33 - (2117).

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, . , - . - - - - - . 40.000 ' , . ; . 1928, - 1.221.849 . - 152.000 1913-1922 .

1923, de jure , - , , , . , , - , , - , , ... . T 1928 - 30.593 , 22,3% - . - , ( 1923) , - , , .

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