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[email protected]
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IBMSystran
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(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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(1)She put a bunch of flowers on the table./r /p-q-v-n /m-d /q
/n-v-a /v /p-d-v /n /f-v /w/r /p /m-d /q /n /v /p-v /n /f-v /w
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(2)/r /p /m-d /q /n /v /p-v /n /f-v /w
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(3)
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(4)
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(5)She puts a bunch of flowers on table
.N/NP/npSS/zjCS/djVP/vpVP/vpV/W/NP/pp#/pNP/npNP/mpP/#NP/npT/N/ofN/PP/pp#/pPP/spP/N/
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(1)interlingua
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(2)2*nn*(n-1)
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(3)12431243
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(4)
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(5)Makoto Nagao (Kyoto University) said: .. when the pivot
language [i.e. interlingua] is used, the results of the analytic
stage must be in a form which can be utilized by all of the
different languages into which translation is to take place. This
level of subtlety is a practical impossibility. (Machine
Translation, Oxford, 1989) Patel-Schneider (METAL system) said:
METAL employs a modified transfer approach rather than an
interlingua. If a meta-language [an interlingua] were to be used
for translation purposes, it would need to incorporate all possible
features of many languages. That would not only be an endless task
but probably a fruitless one as well. Such a system would soon
become unmanageable and perhaps collapse under its own weight. (A
four-valued semantics for terminological reasoning, Artificial
Intelligence, 38, 1989)
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(6)CSTARPivot Language
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He bought a book on physics. #
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He bought a book on physics. #
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(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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$$ **{v} v $=[]|| $.=,$..= V $=[]|| $.=,$..=|| V( !V D ) $=[]||
$.=,$..==> V $=[]|| OTHERWISE=> V $=[]
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&& {mp7} mp->r !mp :: $.=,|| %mp..=,
%mp..yx=,%mp.=||||| => NP(T/r !NP/mp) %T.TNNUM=%NP.NNUM /**/||
%mp..=, ,%mp..yx=,%mp.= => T(T/r M) /* */|| %r.yx=|, IF
%mp..=,%mp..yx= FALSE => NP(T/r !M/mp) %T.TNNUM=PLUR,$.NNUM=PLUR
/**/ => NP(T/r !NP/mp) %T.TNNUM=PLUR,$.NNUM=PLUR|| %r.yx=~~,IF
%mp..=,%mp..yx= FALSE => NP(T/r !M/mp) $.NNUM=%M.NNUM =>
NP(T/r !NP/mp) %T.TNSUB=%NP.NSUBC,
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## { NPMP1 } NP(T !NP(T !N))=> NP(T/T !NP/NP(!N/N))/* this a
kind => this kind */## { NPATN1 } NP(AP(!A) !NP(T !N))=>
P(T/T !NP/NP(AP/AP(!A/A) !N/N))/* red this book => this red book
*/
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(1)(Makoto Nagao)1984-
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(2)
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(3)
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(E1) He bought a book on physics.(E2) He wrote a book on
history.(C2) (E1)(E2)(T1) replace(wrote, bought) and
replace(history, physics)(T2) replace(,) and
replace(,)(T2)(C2)(C1)
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[Sato & Nagao 1990] He eats vegetables. e([e1,[eat,v],
[e2,[he,[pron]], [e3,[vegetable,n]]]).Kare ha yasai wo
taberu.e([j1,[taberu,v], [j2,[ha,p], [j3,[kare,pron]]], [j4,[wo,p],
[j5,[yasai,n]]]]).
clinks([[e1, j1], [e2, j3], [e3, j5]]).
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[Sato & Nagao 1990] He eats mashed potatoes.[ e1, [ r, e3, [
ex ]]] re1exe3
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(1/2)(alignment)
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(2/2)(similarity metric)
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Bilingual Corpus Parallel Corpus
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(1)
1995 I little thought when I arrived in Chengdu in the dark,
dark days of winter, early in 1995, that I would still be here more
than five years later. 1:1 I little knew that I would meet one of
Chengdu's daughters, and later marry her, thus acquiring a whole
new family who embraced me as one of them, and thus I became part
of this place. 2:1
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(2)(S,T) A={A1,,Ak}Ai(Bead)
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(1)
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(2)X=lTi/lSi
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(3)Xcv2[0,1]()
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(4)p(mS,mT) Gale & ChurchUBS
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score(i, j)=logP(s1si, t1tj)P(m,n)k (si-x+1si, tj-y+1tj)
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ij
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yxij
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(5)
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(1)
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(2)
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(1)I packed him a little food so that he would not get hungry
.
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(2)
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(3)(word similarity model)(word distortion model)
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Sim(*,*)EECCdict(E,C)(E,C)
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(Thesaurus)
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dice coefficientS1S2
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(1/3)ThesaurusOntologyWordnetHownetRogets Thesaurus
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(2/3)
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(3/3)dp1p2
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(1/5)
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(2/5)dice coefficientS1S2 CECESCSESCSECE
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(3/5)mutual informationXYp(X)p(Y)p(X,Y0
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(4/5)2 (chi-square)contingency table 2
Wt+Wt-Ws+31,950(a)12,004(b)Ws-4,793(c)848,330(d)
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(5/5) Log Likelihood Ratio,LLR
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(1/3)sieitjcjsitjsi-1sisi+1sitj-1si-1tj+1si+1
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(2/3)SiSi-1Si+1titi+1ti-1
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(3/3)SiSi-1titi-1SiSi-1titi-1SiSi-1titi-1SiSi-1titi-1dis(i,j)=0dis(i,j)=1
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36
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MBT1MBT2(decomposition)(transfer)(composition)PANGLOSS-(Multi-engine
Machine Translation)ETOCEBMT ATR ETOCEBMT
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(1)Translation Memory
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(2)CAT
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(3)CATTRADOSCAT70%MicrosoftSiemensSAPCAT LISALocalisation
Industry Standards AssociationLISATMXTranslation Memory
eXchange
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(4)
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(5)
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()(1)TemplatePattern
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()(2) X Y ZThe X is more Z than Y.
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Jaime G. Carbonell, Ralf D. Brown, Generalized Example-Based
Machine Translationhttp://www.lti.cs.cmu.edu/Research/GEBMT/H.
Altay Guvenir, Ilyas Cicekli, Learning Translation Templates from
Examples Information Systems, 19982001
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Karl Marx was born in Trier, Germany in May 5, 1818. 181855 was
born in in
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I gave Mary a pen. I gave Tom a book. #X #Y #Z I give #W a #U.#X
#W#Y #Z #U
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paradigm
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He is very interested in linguistics.How much does it take to by
this book?
1962
