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第 4 章 存 储 器. 4.1 概述. 4.2 主存储器. 4.3 高速缓冲存储器. 4.4 辅助存储器. 存储器的角色. 在现代计算机中,主存储器处于全机中心地位 当前计算机正在执行的程序和数据均存放在存储器中。 CPU 直接从存储器取指令或存取数据。 计算机系统中输入输出设备数量增多,数据传送速度加快,因此采用了直接存储器存取 (DMA) 技术和输入输出通道技术,在存储器与输入输出系统之间直接传送数据。 共享存储器的多处理机的出现,利用存储器存放共享数据,并实现处理机之间的通信,更加强了存储器作为全机中心的作用。. 存储器的挑战. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
CPU(DMA)
Memory Wall
Memory HierarchyCache
4.1 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) TTL MOS
(1) 4.12. (2)
CacheFlash Memory3. 4.1
1. 4.1
4.1
4.2 1.
2. CPU 4.2
24 16 32 3. 4.2224 = 16 M8 M4 M
(2) 4. (1) (3) /4.2
600~700/TB200/GBSRAM400/256KB
1. 1K416K18K81041411384.2
/ 4.2
16K 1 64K 8 324.2
2. (1) 4.2
(2) 4.20,0
( RAM ) 1. RAM (SRAM) (1) RAM A A 4.2T1 ~ T4
RAM 4.2
RAM
(2) RAM Intel 2114 1K4
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
1503116473263481503116473263480163015I/O1I/O2I/O3I/O4WECS0000000000 Intel 2114 RAM (64 64) 0163248
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64) 0163248
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64) 0163248
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
(3) RAM
(4) RAM (2114)
SRAM 4096140961640961409616
SRAM
SRAMCPU
32
/
/
...
...
n
0
2n-1
W
W
...
B0
B1
Bm-1
SRAM n2n n4 241616
32
/
/
...
...
n
0
2n-1
W
W
...
B0
B1
Bm-1
SRAM3-84-168+8=168X8
SRAMX/Y n22n/22n/22n/2=2nn=12212=4096226=128 n
T
SRAM/I/OX
T
SRAM2114SRAM1K4/cs/we/cs/we/cs2114
A9A0D3D0
SRAM4102464166-644-16
(1) 10 (2) (3) MOSZWTCSCDMOS
(1) RAM 2. RAM ( DRAM ) 1 CS 1 04.2T
(2) RAM RAM (Intel 1103) 4.2
RAM (Intel 1103) 4.2
4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
RAM 4116 (16K 1)
4116 (16K 1) 63000
4116 (16K1) 4.2630
(3) RAM DOUT DIN 4.2
(4) DRAM1 2ms
2ms
1024200ns2ms 10 000 1024 8976(2ms/200ns)-1024=8976
/tRC100ns200ns2ms10000
2ms 12815.6sCPUDMA
10243232500ns500ns3232 2ms/500ns=4000
500ns500ns1s10243232500ns500ns3232
10243232500ns500ns3232 2ms32322ms/32=62.5s62s0.5s2ms62.5s
CPU
3. RAM RAM 4.2
(RAM)SRAMDRAMMOS
DRAM1.SRAM4SRAMSRAM42.DRAMSRAM1/43.DRAMSRAM1/6DRAM1.SRAM 2.DRAM DRAMSRAMDRAM SRAM
DRAMEDO RAMExtended Data Out RAMBEDO RAMBurstSDRAMSynchronous DRAMEDO50%DDRDual Data RateSDRAM IISDRAMSDRAM2CDRAM(Cached)SDRAMDRAMDRAMRDRAM(Rambus DRAM)
ROM 1. ROM ( MROM ) MOS 1 MOS 0 2. PROM ()
3. EPROM ( ) (1) N MOS
(2) 2716 EPROM
4. EEPROM ( ) 5. Flash Memory () EEPROMEPROM EEPROM RAM
RAM RAMRAMAiDi CPU
1RAM16K812116K=214148814 + 8 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 26 / 20000H~3FFFH01
SRAM21141K4A9A0D3D0/CS= 0 = 1 WE= 0 = 1
1 () () () //
1K 4 1K 8 1. 2
8K1RAM8K88
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O8K1RAM8K8
I/O8K1I/O
64K1b64K8b64KB = 8 16A0 A15 8A15A0CPUA15A088CPUD7D0 CPU168 CPU /8
< CS
(2) 1K 8 2K 8 2
16K8RAM64K864K16K44RAM 2
16K8RAM64K810
64K8b512K8b512KB = 8 16A0 - A15 20 A0-A19 8A15A0CPU20 A15 A0 4 A16 A19 16888 88CPUD7D0
:
MNLK
(3) 1K 4 4K 8 8
2. CPU (1) (2) (3) /(4) (5) (6)
4.1 : (1) (2) A15A14A13 A11 A10 A7 A4 A3 A0
(3) A10~ A0 2K 8 ROM A9 ~ A0 1K 4 RAM (4)
4.1 CPU
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1 4K 8 ROM 2 4K 8 RAMA11~ A0 ROM RAM
138 CPU 2764 F0000H~FFFFFH , 2764
1 2321141K4SRAM4K8421141K4SRAM4K8
21141K4SRAM4K81. 21K4 1K8 41K8 4K8 8 =48/ 14=8
21141K4SRAM4K82.()4KB16(64KB
21141K4SRAM4K8A11 A10 A9 A00 0 0 00 0 1 10 1 1 11 0 1 10 1 0 01 0 0 01 1 0 01 1 1 1 124KBA11A021141K410A0~A9
1K1K1K1KA9A0A9A0A9A0A9A0CS0CS1CS2CS3A11A10A11A10A11A10A11A10000H~FFFH4000H~3FFH400H~7FFH800H~BFFHC00H~FFFH21141K4SRAM4K8
21141K4SRAM4K83.1234
4K82KEPROM27162K82KSRAM21141K4/A15A0D7D0
2K8
1K4 1K4
1K4 1K4000007FF08000BFF0C000FFF127164211481/A112A11/A103A11A101K81K84K8
4K12A15~A1210000~07FFA10~A0A110A111/A1120800~0BFFA9~A0A111 A100A11 /A1030C00~0FFFA9~A0A111 A101A11 A10
111A10A0 A112310A9A0 A11A10000007FF08000BFF0C000FFF
2716
2114
2114
2114
2114D7~4D3~0R/WCS0CS1CS2A11A11A10A11A10A10~0A9~0A9~0
/CS8ROMRAM21144D7D4D3D08 /R/W2716R/WR/WRAM2114
8K8ROM8K4RAMRAM2000H~7FFFHROMC000H~FFFFHCPU
1.A15A14A13001~011RAM8K3=24K8K4RAM6RAM 0010 0000 0000 0000 0111 1111 1111 1111RAM8K=2130111 1111 1111 11110010 0000 0000 0000ROM =FFFFH C000H=3FFFHROM214=16K8K8ROM2A15A14A13110~111 ROM1111 1111 1111 11111100 0000 0000 0000
CS7 A15A14A130 0 1 1 1A15A14A13A12A00 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 03:874LS13840KB16RAMA15A0ROM
L D C 1 .
2k n + k + 1 2 .
Ci gi 2i1 gi gj 2i1 + 2j1 gigj gl 2i1 + 2j1 + 2l1
4.4 0101 n = 4 2k n + k + 1 k = 3:C1 C2 C40 0101 010010110
0011 C1 C2 C41 0 0 n = 4 2k n + k + 1 k = 3 0011 10000111
3. Pi 3 k = 3 P4 P2 P1 k = 3 Pi P1= 0P2 = 0P4 = 0C1C2C4
P4P2P1 = 110 6 0100101 01014.5
2 P4 P2 P1 = 100 4 0101011
1. Cache
2. (1)
(1)
(2)
(2)
0 1 2 3
T T 4 4 T(4 1)
T
W4
W3
W2
W1
W0
M0
M0
M1
M2
M3
(3) CPU
3.(1) SDRAM ( DRAM)CPU (2) RDRAM Rambus (3) Cache DRAM DRAM SRAM Cache
4.3 1. CPU CPU DRAM
2. Cache (1) B 4.3
(2) M >> C 4.3
(3) Cache CPU Cache Cache 4 ~ 8 CRAY_1 16 16 IBM 370/168 4 4 644 = 2564.3
(4) Cache e Cache h Cache tc tm
4.3
3. Cache 4.3
CacheCacheCacheCPU
Cache
Cache
Cache
CPU
Cache
Cache
Cache
4. Cache 4.3
CacheCPUCache/CacheCPUCache CacheCache
Cache 4.3 Write through Write back Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache
5. Cache (1) Cache Cache Cache(2) Cache CachePentium 8K Cache 8K CachePowerPC620 32K Cache 32K Cache4.3
CacheCPUTemporal LocalitySpatial Locality
CachePareto principle80/2080%20% 80%20%90%10%20%80%
CacheCacheSRAMCPUCacheCache
CacheCacheCache//Cache
CacheCache?
Cache 1. i j i = j mod C4.3
Cache 1MB2048Cache8KBCache1MB512BCache8KB512B162048/16=1281620947
i = j mod nCache Cache Tag CacheCache BS 102416101024111024531018
Cache Cache Cache Cache
4-1Cache53CPU8 000101100001101000010110000110100001000000000 0110001000000010010 Cache 1 Cache
2 0010110Y0001000010110 Cache110N00010110Cache 110Cache110Y00010Cache00010110
300011010Y00011 00011010 Cache010 N00011010Cache 010Cache010Y 00011Cache00011010
4 00010110CacheCache
5 00011010CacheCache
6 00010000 Cache000 N00010000Cache 000Cache000Y 00010Cache0001000 Y0001000010000
7 00000011 Cache011 N00000011Cache 011Cache011Y 00000Cache00000011 Y 00000
800010000CacheCache
900010010 Cache0100001100010 0001001000011010 00010Cache0001000010010
CacheCache
2. 4.3
Cache 1MB2048Cache8KBCache1MB512B20119Cache8KB512B169Cache11
CacheCPUCache Cache CacheCache CacheCache Cache Cache Cache
Cache Cache Cache
Cache8Cache3CPU8 0001011000011010000101100001101000010000000000110001000000010010 Cache 8 222622261631618,Cache4-1 Cache4-198 Cache8418 mod 8 = 26 mod 8
18
Cache4-208Cache22222622262226222616222616 3 222616 3222616 318
j Q i i = j mod Q3. 4.3
Cache 1MB2048Cache8KBCache 22Cache1MB512BCache8KB512B1682048/8=256209 3 8
Cache Cache Cache
Cache Cache
CacheCacheCache Cache Cache CacheCache Cache
Cache8Cache34-21CPU8 0001011022000110102600010110220001101026000100001600000011300010000160001001018 Cache100010 11 02285000102110Cache822Cache30Cache6Cache611000010 0
22
0 0 0 1 0 0
(2)00011 01 026, 2610 Cache2 26
000110
3 Cache6 000100 Cache, Cache 110
(4) 00011 01 026 100011Cache (3) 00010 11 0 22
50000100016 Cache00Cache0 6000000113 11011 Cache3162622163
700010 00 016 02Cache 800010 01 018 Cache10326103 10FIFO 18
4 1 Cache(1)
CacheCache
1. FIFO 2. LRU 4.3
4.4 1. CPU 2. C = n k s + Dr = Db V
1. 4.4
4.41.
2. 4.4
NRZ1 4.4
1. (1) (2) 2. 4.4
(1) 4.4
(2) (3) 4.4
1. 4.4
2. 4.4
1. 2. 4.4
:():: :():.:CPU
-
CacheCache
CPU324G
Cache----
*