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&
(.. 6000033)
, 2007
-
2
..............................................................................................................4
: ..............................................6
..................................................................................6
.................................................................................8
.............................................................12
.......................................................18
.........................21
.....................................................................................................25
............................26
..................................................................28
: ..........................................................................30
..........................................................................................................30
....................................................................................30
.........................................................30
.....................................................................31
...........................................................................................................31
..............................................................................35
: ..........................................36
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..........................................39
.....................................................................................39
.......................................................................39
3
........40
MBI ........................................................................................41
.....................................................................................49
...............58
...............................................................................................62
..............................................................62
........................................................................65
/ ..........................................................................................66
....................................................................................................71
........................................................................................................71
....................................................................................................76
.......................................................................................................79
4
.
stress
40% .
,
.
, :
1. 5
.
2. 22
/
Maslach.
3. ,
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(Grint, 1991, -, 2004).
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(,
1999).
6 ,
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,
. Benjamin Franklin : .
(, 1999).
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(, 1999).
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Freud (1961), .
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. Freud (-
, 2005).
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8
.
(, 1999).
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(Grint, 1991).
, .
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, 1975.
.
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(Grint, 1991).
, . .
, ,
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.
.
1940, ,
.
(Carlino, 1988).
,
. .
, ,
: (,
1999). , ,
.
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6 (Grint, 1991).
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(, 1999).
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(Grint, 1991).
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(,
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. ,
(, 1998).
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:
,
10
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(, 1998).
20 ,
. ,
(Grint, 1991).
:
1.
2. ,
3.
4. (
70 ).
.
,
.
40 - 50
(Glicken, 1983).
()
. .
.
.
,
( ) (-, 2006).
60, .
.
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,
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(.. ).
.
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11
( ) (Fry,
William & Allen, 1975).
, ,
. ,
. ,
(
, ,
).
, .
,
.
: , ,
, ,
, .
, .
(,
1995).
.
. ,
,
(, 1995).
.
, ,
. ,
( , locus of control,
)
12
(, 1995). ,
( )
.
,
.
. , (
)
(Davies & Shackleton, 1975, , 2007).
, -,
(. , 1999).
,
(, 1995 : , 1995).
(stress),
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
, , .
, ,
.
,
13
( & , 1999). , ,
.
, ,
, ( &
, 1999).
,
(..
,
,
( & , 1999).
err & Newman (1978,
, 2007)
, ,
/
.
.
,
.
( ).
(1995),
.
, ,
, ,
..
Edelwich Brodsky (1980),
,
.
, .
.
14
. ,
,
.
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
. .
( ) (Mercer,
1988). , ,
.
, .
, .
.
, :
Euro ..
.
.
, .. / ,
, ,
.,
. ,
.
/
,
(Potter, 1987).
15
Freudenberger (1974),
,
(burnout)
.
Cristine Maslach (1976), ,
.
burn out
(Maslach & Jackson,1986).
,
.
(Pines, 1993)
. , ,
.
.
. Shaufeli Enzmann (1998),
.
.
Pines & Aronson (1988)
, .
, ,
,
, , ,
( )
, ( ).
Maslach Jackson (1986) ,
: 1.
, 2. 3.
16
.
(Maslach
Schaufeli, 1993).
, .
,
.
.. ,
.
, ,
.
( ),
,
.
(, 1995).
, aslach & Jackson (1984)
,
, ,
.
.
.
Cook (1992) burnout
.
17
Cherniss (1980), burnout
,
,
.
: ) :
,
, ) :
, ,
, , .
, )
: ,
.
- ,
.
, ,
.
,
(, 1997).
,
.
. ,
(, 1997).
, .
, , , ,
, .
, , , ,
, (, 1997).
,
, .
(, 1997).
,
,
18
,
. ,
/ ,
. ,
, .
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
Vachon (1987)
,
.
.
:
1. ( , , .)
2. ( , , .)
3. ( ) 4. - . Enzman & Shaufeli (1998, , 2007)
(, , )
19
.
:
-
.
- , ,
,
, .
-
.
- ,
.
-
, (Cherniss, 1995,
, 2007)
-
.
-
(Rousseau, 1989, , 2007)
: ,
.
Russell, Altmaier Van Velzen (1987)
,
,
.
burnout. Lazarus Folkman (1984)
.
(Wessels, 1989, Selder & Paustian, 1989).
20
Kobasa & al. (1982)
,
burnout.
, ,
. Byrne (1994), ,
,
, .
, .
(, .) (. , & ,
2000).
Cooper
Marshall (1976) Kyriacou Sutcliffe (1978),
burnout .
: 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. 6. .
Cooper (1980)
.
(. Cherniss, 1988, Mazur Lynch, 1989,
, 1992)
burnout . :
1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
,
5. , .
21
.
Maslach (1986) , ,
,
,
. ,
. , Firth-Cozens (1997,
, 2007) 1/3
,
.
.
/
.
,
. /
, .
.
, , (. & ,
..).
, . ,
. ,
22
. ,
. ,
(. & , ..).
.
.
.
.
,
,
. ,
(.
& , ..).
,
,
.
, ,
(Beechman, 2000, Dumelow, 2000 , 2007).
.
, ,
. ,
/ .
.
, .
. ,
23
.
,
.
stress
. stress
(. Cox, 1978).
,
.
, .
.
,
.
,
( )
.
,
,
.
, ,
(Niholson, 1995 ,
2007).
38 .
, ,
, ( ),
( ...).
,
. ,
24
, ,
. ,
. ,
,
.
stress
. , stress stress
( &
).
.
(Kahn, Robert, Wolfe, Quinn
Robert, Snoek, Diedrich & Rosenthal, 1964).
,
. ,
.
, .
,
.
,
. ,
.
. ,
,
/ . ,
, (..
Lang (1991), Reynolds (1993) and Tabacchi and Krone (1989) , Tabacchi and
Farber (1990).
25
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
.
(.. ,
, )
.
(2005) ,
. ,
, , ,
, , .. (Tyler
& Cushway, 1998 : , 2005).
, , , ,
..
, ,
, ..
Don Unger, (Superitendent Burnout: Myth or Reality (1980),
, 2005).
26
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ /
/
/
/ /
.
. , 30
40
27
(Mor & Laliberte, 1984, Birch et al., 1986, Poulin & Walter,
1993a, Shaufeli & Enzmann, 1998).
.
,
.
, .
burnout , .
Shaufeli & Enzmann (1998). (1995)
, . Preety, McCarthy
Catano (1992) ,
. ,
: ,
.
.
,
(Bussing & Perrar, 1991, Poulin & Walter,
1993a, , 2007).
. , ,
.
.
, (Price
& Spence, 1994, van Horn et al.,1997, , 2007). ,
(Maslach, 2001).
, (Mc
28
Dermott, 1984, Raquepaw & Miller, 1989 . Shaufeli & Enzmann,
1998, Maslach & Jackson, 1985, , 2007).
(Cash, 1988, Shaufeli & Enzmann, 1998).
(Nowack, 1986, Pierce & Molloy, 1990, ,
2007). .
(Glass & McKnight,
1996, , 2007).
,
/,
,
() (
/ /
/).
, ,
(Maslach Burnout Inventory),
/
.
.
29
.
, :
,
, .
,
,
. (
) ,
.
.
,
.
,
MBI
(
).
,
.
30
:
, .
( ) ().
, .
,
Maslach,
,
/ (. ).
(Maslach
Burnout Inventory MBI-),
: ,
, -
.
.
,
, , ,
31
(, , ) (Maslach, 2001).
.
5 ,
:
1
2
3
4
5
( ),
, ,
.
-
, 22
Maslach (MBI).
6
(0=, 6= ).
32
.
,
, . ,
, ,
, ,
.
Maslach (),
.
, , .
, Maslach
Christine Maslach:
,
( ).
/ .
.
/
,
.
( )
.
22
MBI.
Maslach
:
33
0 =
1 =
2 = 1
3 =
4 = 1
5 =
0 () 6 ( ), :
6 =
/
0-o 1-o 2-o 3-o 4-o 5-o 6-o
/
0-o 1-o 2-o 3-o 4-o 5-o
6-o
,
, &
. Maslach (1986),
:
,
( ).
,
22 .
,
.
.
.
,
.
:
34
1 /
2 / ,
3 /
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 /
11 -
/
12 /
13 /
14
15 ,
16
17
18 ,
19
20 ,
21
22
35
, (
22 /
):
1) /
2) / ,
3) /
6)
8) /
13) /
14)
16)
20) ,
, (
22
/ ):
5)
10)
11) -
15) , '
22)
,
36
22 /
):
4)
7)
9)
12)
17)
18) ,
19) '
21)
.
: Maslach (1986) , ()
.
.
, stress
.
Maslach,
,
.
.
. Maslach
:
37
MBI
MBI
( )
/
( )
( )
27
13
>39 38-32
-
;
- 12
: , ;
- 12
: , ;
- ;
(. )
39
30 / , / (10%)
(90%). (90%)
(10%) (. , 1 2).
,
(..
).
, 10
(. , 3).
.
10-15 (29%), 5-10 (26%), 15-20 (17%),
20 (16%), 5 (12%) (.
, 4).
(33,1%).
1-3 (27,2%), 3-5 (16,6%)
(6,6%) (. , 5).
( 70%)
30-50 . : 30-40 (35,8%), 40-50
(33,8%), 50 (18,5%), 25-30 (7,9%),
25 (4%) (. , 6).
40
(76,8%). / (11,3%),
/ (11,9%) /
/ (11,3%). /
/ ,
(. , 7).
.
1-3 (30,6%),
7 (25,2%), 3-5 (21,8%),
(13,6%), 5-7 (8,8%).
1-3
, 44%
(. , 8).
,
,
.
(=30) (. ,
9).
, 12 . 69,5%
,
20,5% , 9,9%
(. , 10).
/ :
: /
: 10-15
41
: 7
: 30-40
:
: / /
:
: 1-3
: 10 ( )
..:
40
12
12
MBI
22,25
(., 27).
10,05
(., 27).
35,43
(., 27).
/,
.
(. , ) ,
42
: ,
.
: (22,4),
,
Maslach,
(22,25). 20,4 ,
Maslach,
(22,25) (. , 14).
11.16
( )
Maslach,
(10,05).
9,96 (
10,05).
(36,69 35,43
),
35,49 (
35,43 ).
: ,
,
(=3) (14-16) (.
, 15).
5
31,09
( ),
, Maslach,
(40%)
(22,25).
,
43
.
15-20 24,59.
5-10
23,44 10-15 (19,52)
Maslach. 20
15,94,
Maslach,
,
5 .
5
14,85 (
),
, Maslach,
(56%)
(10,05). 5 10
10,18, 15 20 (10,09)
10 15 (9,05),
Maslach. 20 , 15,44,
Maslach.
120% ( 5
20 .
5 ,
30,89
( ),
Maslach, 15%
( )
(35,43). 5 -10
34,57 , 10 - 15 36,45 ,
15 20 36,63
. 20
44
37,65, . .
22% ( 5
) (
20 ).
,
5 ,
. ,
20
.
: 1
36,54 (
),
Maslach, 73%
(22,25).
/ .
3 5 23,49, 1 3
22,64 , 7
20,56 ( Maslach.
5 7 17,05
Maslach,
.
, , 2,14
( 1
)
( 5 7 ) (. , 16).
1
19,84 (
),
Maslach,
10,05.
1 3 (10,12), 3 5 (9,74), 5 7
45
(8,48), Maslach.
7 8,09
. 140%
( )
(
7 ).
1
24,37 (
) 40%
( )
, 35,43. 1 3
35,40 , 5 7 35,71 , 3 5 36,02 ,
7 37,08 , ,
Maslach.
48%
( 1 )
(
7 ).
,
1 ,
.
()
.
.
46
1 ,
.
: 25 41,58 (
),
Maslach,
, 22,25. 25 30
24,73 , , 30 -40 22,20 , 40 50
21,64.
Maslach. 50 17,13.
2
( 25 )
(
50 ) (. , 17).
25
23,08 (
),
Maslach, 2,30
, 10,05. 25 30
11,47 , , 30 -40 9,32, 40 50
8,04.
Maslach. 50 7,84.
300%
( 25 )
( 50 ).
,
,
.
,
.
25
25,02 (
47
),
Maslach, 33% (
) , 35,43.
25 30 33,56, , 30 -40
35,34, 40 50 36,04.
Maslach.
50 39,01
Maslach. 47%
25 (
)
50 ( ).
,
25
, .
MBI ,
,
, , / (..
, , .).
,
/
.
: ,
,
(=3), .
(
) 23,04 (
Maslach -22,25-).
15,05 ( Maslach).
40%
(. , 18).
10,44 ( )
48
Maslach
(10,05). 7,08
Maslach.
42%
,
.
35,04 (
), Maslach,
( )
(35,43).
38,12 Maslach.
8% .
,
.
: 23,24 (
)
Maslach,
(22,25). 20,41 (
).
17,07,
Maslach. 37%
( )
( ) (. ,
19).
(10,51 )
Maslach 5%
(10,05). 9,17,
7,24,
Maslach. 45%
49
( )
(
).
34,94 ( )
Maslach,
(35,43).
36,53, Maslach.
37,94,
Maslach. 7%
(
) (
).
,
( -
) .
1: / ; (/) , ,
60% (18 ), 12
(40%) (. , 24).
,
,
- ( 1), -( 1).
50
1: / , / /; ( 4 : /
/ /
/). , :
/ (35%), / (39%),
/ (17%), / (8%) (. ,
12).
1: , / ; ( 4 : /
/ /
/). , :
/ (16%), / (36%),
/ (32%), / (16%) (. ,
11).
,
1 (60%),
(48%),
, (25%
).
,
()
.
1, 2,
( )
.
2: , , ; ( , )
51
, 86,7% (26 )
. ,
(
, ,
, , ,
..),
,
(, ,
.)
& (. , 26).
3: ; ( ) (=60),
.
,
, 1
2 (
,
,
),
: /
(30%), (10%), / (10%),
/ (25%),
/ (5%),
(5%), / /
(5%), / (5%), ( 5%) (. ,
25).
52
, ()
(, , ..) 30% ,
(25%),
(
),
. .
, 100%
.
()
,
,
, ,
( )
.
4: , ;
,
4 : .
: (35%), (54%), (11%),
(0%).
.
53
5: ; ( )
( : 7 )
1
29,77 ( )
Maslach,
39% (22,25).
1 3 22,66,
5 7 21,45 , 3 5 20,05 ,
7 19,67. ,
Maslach. 53%
1
( )
7 (. , 20).
1
14,61 (
)
Maslach, 50%
(10,05). 1 3
9,89 , 3 5 9,44 , 5 7 9,16 ,
7 7,35. ,
Maslach.
200%
1 ( )
7 (. ,
20).
1
( )
31,65 (
)
54
Maslach, 12% (
) (35,43).
1 3 34,46 , 5 - 7
36,54 , 7 36,62 ,
3 - 5 37,08. ,
Maslach. 17%
1
( )
3 5 .
, (
)
1 ,
.
,
-
.
,
( ,
) (. , 20).
6: * 12 : , ; (*) ( , , ,
, , ,
, .. ,
.
)
12
55
' , ,
(29,98, )
Maslach, 35%
(22,25).
23,19,
20,99. , Maslach.
50%
(
12 )
(
12
) (. , 21).
12 ,
, 14.56 (
), Maslach,
50% (10,05).
12
, 9,97 ,
8,95. Maslach.
70%
( )
( ) (. ,
21).
12 ,
, 31,61 (
),
Maslach, 12% ( .
) (35,43).
12
, 34,73,
36,47. Maslach.
56
15%
(
- ).
12 ,
: , ,
. ,
(
) (.
, 21).
7: * 12 : , ; (*) ( , , ,
, , ,
, .. ,
.
)
12
, ,
(32,44, )
Maslach,
50%
(22,25).
22,23,
20,52. ,
Maslach. 63%
(
12 )
(
57
12 )
(. , 22).
12 ,
, 16,90 (
), Maslach,
70% (10,05).
12
, 9,83 ,
9,06. Maslach.
( )
( ) (.
, 22).
12 ,
, 29,78 (
),
Maslach, 20% ( .
) (35,43).
12
, 35,64,
36,21. Maslach.
20%
(
- ).
12 ,
: , ,
(. , 22).
23
. ).
58
, ,
( ,
):
/
,
:
:
: 5
: 1
: 25
:
:
: 1
12 :
,
12 : ,
/
,
:
59
:
: 20
: 5 7
: 50
:
: ,
: 7
12 :
,
12 : ,
/
,
:
:
: 5
: 1
: 25
:
:
: 1
12 :
,
12 : ,
60
/
,
:
:
: 20
: 7
: 50
:
: ,
: 7
12 :
,
12 : ,
/
, :
:
: 5
: 1
: 25
:
:
: 1
12 :
61
,
12 : ,
/
, :
:
: 20
: 7
: 50
:
: ,
: 3 5
12 :
,
12 : ,
62
,
,
.
, :
, 22,25-
. 10,05
, .
35,43.
-
. ,
.
-
:
, ,
. , (90%)
,
.
, (
) .
-
.
. ,
5
,
63
. ,
.
,
.
-
.
.
. . ,
.
.
(-, 1990).
-
,
.
-
,
.
.
-
,
. .
,
.
,
.
,
64
. , ,
,
. ,
.
(Mor & Laliberte, 1984, Birch et al., 1986, Poulin & Walter,
1993a, : Shaufeli & Enzmann, 1998) ,
.
.
,
5
. ,
.
Shaufeli & Enzmann (1998) ,
.
, ,
(Bussing & Perrar, 1991, Poulin & Walter,
1993a, , 2007), Maslach (2001)
.
,
.
65
, , ,
, .
.
,
,
.
, (Mc
Dermott, 1984, Raquepaw & Miller, 1989 . Shaufeli & Enzmann,
1998, Maslach & Jackson, 1985, , 2007)
.
. ,
,
-
.
,
(..
).
, 10
. , ,
(..
).
,
,
.
(=30).
66
.
.
.
(
, , , ,
, ..).
.
( ,
, , ,
..).
.
,
.
/
,
,
.
,
,
.
67
,
.
. ,
, . ,
, /
.
,
,
. , :
9 9 , ( / ) 9 , : --
-- , ,
--
&
9 9 , , . :
--
--
68
--
--
--
--
--
--
9 -
9 , .
9 ,
9 9 , . .
.
9 , : --
--
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--
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-- / ..
--
--
Lang (1992, , 2007)
, ,
.
--
--
--
69
-- ..
9 . .
9
9 9 ,
9 / , : --
--
--
--
--
.
(Grassi & Magnani, 2000,
, 2007).
-- /
,
( )
( ),
.
:
/
,
70
71
Byrne B.M. (1994). Burnout: Testing for the validity, replication, and
invariance of causal structure across elementary, intermediate and secondary
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101520253035404550
.
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23 MBI
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/
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26
86,7%
13,3%
97
27
MBI
16 17
26 2722,25
6 712 13 10,05
39 38
32 3135,43
05
1015202530354045
(min
)
(Ave
rm
in)
(Ave
rm
ax)
(max
)
98