© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Political Parties Organizing Politics

© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7Political PartiesOrganizing Politics


Learning Objectives 7Show how the relationship between organization and political power explains political parties and interest groups

Assess the trends regarding party identification and loyalty of voters

7.1

7.2


Learning Objectives 7Trace changes in political parties over the course of American history

Outline the functions and perceptions of the two major American political parties, explain how the parties are financed, and assess their changing role in the electoral process

7.3

7.4


Learning Objectives 7Differentiate among the three political arenas in which the parties battle

Describe changes in the function of the national party conventions

7.5

7.6


Learning Objectives 7Evaluate the role of third parties within the U.S. electoral system

Determine why the American two-party system has persisted

7.7

7.8


The Power of Organization

Political organizations Parties Interest groups

Informal division of functions Parties – elections Interest groups – policy

7.1


7.1 Which political organization is more concerned with winning elections than influencing policy?a. Interest groups

b. Political parties

c. Both are concerned with elections

d. Neither is concerned with elections

7.1


7.17.1 Which political organization is more concerned with winning elections than influencing policy?a. Interest groups

b. Political parties

c. Both are concerned with elections

d. Neither is concerned with elections


Realignment

Dealignment

Party Loyalty in Voting

Red States, Blue States

7.2Party Voters


FIGURE 7.1: Political democracy: Organizations as intermediaries

7.2


Donkey and elephant 7.2


Realignment

Dealignment



7.2Party Voters


FIGURE 7.2: Party identification in the electorate

7.2


FIGURE 7.3: Who backs whom?: Social-group support for the Democratic and Republican parties

7.2


FIGURE 7.4: Who voted how?: Republican, Democratic, and Independent voters in presidential elections

7.2


Party Voters

Realignment

Dealignment



7.2


FIGURE 7.5: Red states, blue states 7.2


7.27.2 How many definite party realignments have occurred in U.S. history?

a. 4

b. 6

c. 3

d. No one knows for sure


7.2 How many definite party realignments have occurred in U.S. history?

a. 4

b. 6

c. 3

d. No one knows for sure

7.2


Emergent Party System: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans System of ’24: Jacksonian Democrats and

Whigs System of ’60: Battlefield Sectionalism

and Republican Dominance System of ’96: Gilded Age Realignment

7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective


Republican Split, Democratic Win System of ’32: New Deal Democratic

Party Turmoil and the Great Dealignment Reagan ’80 as Realignment 1992 to Today: Era of Polarization A Nation Divided Recent Realignment?









FIGURE 7.6: Change and continuity: American party system, 1789-2012

7.3










Whigs System of ’60: Battlefield Sectionalism and

Republican Dominance System of ’96: Gilded Age Realignment Republican Split, Democratic Win



System of ’32: New Deal Democratic Party

Turmoil and the Great Dealignment Reagan ’80 as Realignment 1992 to Today: Era of Polarization A Nation Divided Recent Realignment?



Inspiring confidence 7.3










Power of unity 7.3






American Parties: A Historical Perspective



7.3


7.37.3 Since the 1960s, the Republican Party has gained which elements of the electorate?a. Southern whites

b. Social conservatives

c. Business owners

d. All of the above


7.3 Since the 1960s, the Republican Party has gained which elements of the electorate?a. Southern whites

b. Social conservatives

c. Business owners

d. All of the above

7.3


“Responsible” Parties in Theory But Winning Prevails over Principle Party and Ideology Erosion of Traditional Party Functions Divided Party Government Party Finances Partisan Tilt of Campaign Contributions Parties as Organizers of Elections

7.4Political Parties and Democratic Government


Early Party Conventions Party Primaries Types of Primaries Party Caucuses Americans Elect Internet Primary General Elections






FIGURE 7.7: Why parties drift to the center

7.4


FIGURE 7.8: Why parties polarize 7.4





TABLE 7.1: Who votes for the parties? Party and ideology among voters

7.4





TABLE 7.2: Where’s the money?: Party finances in millions

7.4





TABLE 7.3: Who finances the parties?: Contributors to the Republican and Democratic parties by sector

7.4








Political Parties and Democratic Government


7.4


7.4 How were party nominees originally selected?

a. By caucuses in each state

b. By nominating conventions

c. By primary elections

d. By party leaders

7.4


7.47.4 How were party nominees originally selected?

a. By caucuses in each state

b. By nominating conventions

c. By primary elections

d. By party leaders


Party-in-the-Electorate Party-in-the-Government Party as Organization National Party Structure State Party Organizations County Committees

7.5Where’s the Party?





FIGURE 7.9: Where’s the party? 7.5





Where’s the Party?


7.5


7.57.5 What is the party-in-the-electorate?

a. Local party committee members

b. Voters who consistently vote for one party

c. Delegates to party nominating conventions

d. Elected officials who are loyal to their party


7.5 What is the party-in-the-electorate?

a. Local party committee members

b. Voters who consistently vote for one party

c. Delegates to party nominating conventions

d. Elected officials who are loyal to their party

7.5


Convention Delegates Making Party Rules Party Platforms Selecting a Running Mate Campaign Kickoff Volunteers: Life of the Party

7.6National Party Conventions


Conventions produce memorable moments

7.6

CD

Notes have been changed to reflect the updated art.


Convention Delegates Making Party Rules Making Party Rules Party Platforms Selecting a Running Mate Campaign Kickoff Volunteers: Life of the Party



FIGURE 7.10: Ideologies of party activists compared to voters

7.6





Spouse as candidate 7.6


National Party Conventions


7.6


7.6 What are superdelegates?

a. Really good delegates

b. Delegates who are chosen via local elections

c. Delegates who have served at more than 10 conventions

d. Delegates who are not pledged to a candidate

7.6


7.67.6 What are superdelegates?

a. Really good delegates

b. Delegates who are chosen via local elections

c. Delegates who have served at more than 10 conventions

d. Delegates who are not pledged to a candidate


Third Parties in the United States

Ideological Parties Protest Parties Single-Issue Parties Splinter Parties Anti-Party Party Third-Party Prospects

7.7



7.7Third Parties in the United States








Table 7.4: Opposing the two-party system: Twentieth-century, third-party presidential votes

7.7


7.77.7 Which party split the Republican vote in the presidential election of 1912?

a. Socialist

b. Prohibition

c. Progressive

d. Reform


7.7 Which party split the Republican vote in the presidential election of 1912?

a. Socialist

b. Prohibition

c. Progressive

d. Reform

7.7


Why the Two-Party System Persists

Cultural Consensus Winner-Takes-All Electoral System Legal Access to the Ballot

7.8


Why the Two-Party System Persists

Cultural Consensus Winner-Takes-All Electoral System Legal Access to the Ballot

7.8


7.7 What is the main reason that we have a two-party system?a. Cost of elections

b. Winner-take-all elections

c. Third parties legally prohibited

d. No new ideological space to take out

7.8


7.87.7 What is the main reason that we have a two-party system?a. Cost of elections

b. Winner-take-all elections

c. Third parties legally prohibited

d. No new ideological space to take out


Discussion Question

What role do parties play in the electoral process? How has it changed over time?

7

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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Political Parties Organizing Politics