© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mammals See lecture notes (from board) for much of the mammal, digestive system, and urinary system material

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mammals

• See lecture notes (from board) for much of the mammal, digestive system, and urinary system material.


Figure A shows the hair root that all dolphins have buried in the skin. Figures B and C show with arrows the hairs that stick out around the time of birth. Figure D shows the dark pits that each contain the hair root below


Figure 41.16

Carnivore Herbivore

Omnivore

Key Incisors Canines Premolars Molars


Figure 41.UN03

Stages of foodprocessing

Undigestedmaterial

INGESTION(eating)

DIGESTION(enzymatic breakdownof large molecules)

ABSORPTION(uptake of nutrientsby cells)

ELIMINATION(passage of undigestedmaterials out of thebody in feces)

1

2

3

4


Figure 41.9

Tongue

Salivaryglands

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Esophagus

SphincterLiver

Stomach

Gall-bladder

Smallintestine

PancreasPancreas

Smallintestine

Largeintestine

Largeintestine

Gall-bladder

Stomach

LiverSphincter

Esophagus

Rectum

Anus

Mouth

Anus

Rectum

Salivaryglands

Duodenum ofsmall intestine


Figure 41.11a

Gastric piton the interiorsurface ofstomach

Gastric gland

Mucous cell

Chief cell

Parietal cell

Epithelium


Figure 41.11b-3

Pepsinogen

Chiefcell

Production of gastricjuice

Parietalcell

HCl

Cl−H+

1

1

Pepsinogen andHCl secreted intolumen

HCl convertspepsinogen topepsin.

2

2Pepsin(activeenzyme)

Pepsin activatesmore pepsinogen,starting a chainreaction.

3

3


Figure 41.12

ORALCAVITY,PHARYNX,ESOPHAGUS

STOMACH

SMALLINTESTINE(enzymesfrompancreas)

SMALLINTESTINE(enzymesfromintestinalepithelium)

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

PROTEIN DIGESTION

NUCLEIC ACID DIGESTION FAT DIGESTION

Polysaccharides(starch, glycogen)

Disaccharides(sucrose, lactose)

MaltoseSmallerpolysaccharides

Salivary amylase

Pancreatic amylases

Disaccharides

Disaccharidases

Monosaccharides

Proteins

Pepsin

Small polypeptides

Pancreatic trypsin andchymotrypsin

Smallerpolypeptides

Pancreatic carboxypeptidase

Small peptides

Dipeptidases, carboxy-peptidase, andaminopeptidase

Amino acids

DNA, RNA

Pancreaticnucleases

Nucleotides

Nucleotidases

Nucleosides

Nucleosidasesandphosphatases

Nitrogenous bases,sugars, phosphates

Fat (triglycerides)

Pancreatic lipase

Glycerol, fatty acids,monoglycerides


Figure 41.13

Vein carryingblood to liver

Bloodcapillaries

Epithelialcells

Largecircularfolds

Muscle layersVilli

Intestinalwall

Nutrientabsorption

LactealLymphvessel

Villi

(towardcapillary)

LumenEpithelialcells

Microvilli(brush border)at apical (lumenal)surface

Basalsurface


Figure 41.12c

SMALL INTESTINE (enzymes from pancreas)

CARBOHYDRATEDIGESTION

Smallerpolypeptides

Disaccha-rides(sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Disaccharides

Smallerpolysaccha-rides

Pancreaticamylases

Smallpolypeptides

PROTEINDIGESTION

NUCLEIC ACIDDIGESTION

FATDIGESTION

Pancreatictrypsin andchymotrypsin

Pancreaticcarboxy-peptidase

Smallpeptides

Aminoacids

DNA, RNA

Nucleotides

Fat(triglycerides)

Pancreaticlipase

Glycerol,fatty acids,monoglycerides

Pancreaticnucleases


Figure 41.14LUMENOF SMALLINTESTINE

Epithelialcell

Triglycerides

Fatty acids Monoglycerides

Triglycerides

Phospholipids,cholesterol,andproteins

Chylomicron

Lacteal

Triglyceridesare brokendown to fattyacids andmonoglyceridesby lipase.

Monoglyceridesand fatty acidsdiffuse intoepithelial cellsand are reformedinto triglycerides.

Triglycerides areincorporated intochylomicrons.

Chylomicronsenter lactealsand are carriedaway by lymph.

1

2

3

4


Figure 41.15

Ascendingportionof colon

Smallintestine

Appendix

Cecum


Figure 41.UN04

Veins to heart

Lymphatic system

Hepatic portal vein

Liver

Mouth

Esophagus

StomachLipids

Absorbed food(except lipids)

Absorbedwater

Secretionsfromsalivaryglands

Secretionsfromgastricglands

Small intestine

Secretions from liver

Secretions from pancreasLargeintestine

Anus

Rectum


Figure 41.17

Smallintestine

Carnivore

Stomach

Cecum

Colon(largeintestine)

Small intestine

Herbivore


Figure 41.19

Reticulum

Esophagus

Rumen

Omasum

Abomasum

Intestine

4

3

2

1


Figure 44.7

Proteins Nucleic acids

Nitrogenousbases

Aminoacids

Amino groups

Most aquaticanimals, includingmost bony fishes

Mammals, mostamphibians,

sharks, somebony fishes

Many reptiles(including birds),

insects, landsnails

Ammonia Urea Uric acid


Figure 44.12a

Posteriorvena cava

Renalcortex

Excretory Organs Kidney Structure Nephron Types

Renalmedulla

Renalartery

Renalvein

Ureter

Renal pelvis

Renalmedulla

Renalcortex

Corticalnephron

Juxtamedullarynephron

Renal arteryand vein

Aorta

Ureter

Urethra

Urinarybladder

Kidney


Figure 44.12ba

Loop ofHenle

Nephron OrganizationAfferent arteriole from renal artery

GlomerulusBowman’s capsule

Proximaltubule

PeritubularcapillariesDistal

tubule

Efferentarteriolefrom glomerulus Branch of

renal vein Descendinglimb

Ascendinglimb

VasarectaCollecting

duct


Figure 44.8

CapillaryFiltration

Excretorytubule

Reabsorption

Secretion

Excretion

Filtrate

Urin

e

1

2

3

4urine


12

3


1. Na+ acitively reabsorbed

2. Cl- passively reasbsorbed

3. H20 passively reabsorbed

Creates concentration gradient

One way set of reabsorption relationships is as follows:• Na+ is reabsorbed with pumps/active transport creating a electrical

gradient• Cl- (an other anions) follows passively (attracted by + charges)• Water then follows solutes.

Important slide



Figure 44.13

Proximal tubule1

2

5

4

3

Distal tubule

Descending limbof loop of Henle

Thick segmentof ascendinglimb

Thin segmentof ascendinglimb

Collectingduct

CORTEX

OUTERMEDULLA

INNERMEDULLA

Active transport

Passive transport

Interstitialfluid

Filtrate

Salts (NaCl and others)

H2O

HCO3

H+

Urea

Glucose, amino acids

Some drugs

H2O

NH3H+

K+H2OHCO3

NaCl Nutrients

NaCl

H2OHCO3

K+ H+

NaCl

NaCl

H2ONaCl

Urea

3


Figure 44.14-2

300

300300

300

400400

600 600

900900

1,200

1,200

mOsm/L

H2O

H2O

CORTEX

OUTERMEDULLA

Activetransport

Passivetransport H2O

H2O

H2O

H2O

H2OINNERMEDULLA

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

NaCl

100

200

100

400

700

Documents

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mammals See lecture notes (from board) for much of the mammal, digestive system, and urinary system material