© 2013 Cengage Learning

OutlineOutline

The Evolution of Human Emotion Emotions as Evolved, Information Processing

Systems Different Categories of Emotion The Cultural Calibration of Emotions

The Biological Bases of Emotion – Basic Emotions The Original Universality Studies Research on Facial Expressions of Emotion After the

Original Universality Studies

Outline (cont’d.)Outline (cont’d.)

The Biological Bases of Emotion – Basic Emotions (cont’d.) Other Sources of Evidence for the Universality of

Basic Emotions and Their Possible Biological Bases Summary

Cultural Regulation of the Basic Emotion System Front-end Calibration of the Basic Emotion System:

Cultural Differences in Emotion Antecedents and Appraisals

Back-End Calibration of the Basic Emotion System: Cultural Display Rules

Outline (cont’d.)Outline (cont’d.)

Cultural Regulation of the Basic Emotion System (cont’d.) Cultural Calibration of Emotion Judgments

The Cultural Construction of Emotional Experience

The Cultural Construction of Concepts, Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs About Emotion Concepts of Emotion Categories of Emotion The Location of Emotion

Outline (cont’d.)Outline (cont’d.)

The Cultural Construction of Concepts, Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs About Emotion (cont’d.) Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs About Emotion Summary

Conclusion

THE EVOLUTION OF THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN EMOTIONHUMAN EMOTION

Emotions as Evolved, Information Emotions as Evolved, Information Processing SystemsProcessing Systems

Emotions give meaning to events Feelings: subjective experience/affect; part of

emotion Emotions: transient, neurophysiological

reactions to events When emotions are triggered, they recruit coordinated

system of components to prepare for dealing with event

Emotion is a human universal

Different Categories of EmotionDifferent Categories of Emotion

Basic emotions: triggered by biologically-innate system in our brains

Self-conscious emotions: associated with self-reflective processes Shame Guilt Pride Embarrassment

The Cultural Calibration of EmotionsThe Cultural Calibration of Emotions

Culture provides necessary coordination and organization of social complexities

Cultures create rules, guidelines, values, and norms concerning regulation of emotion

Cultural regulation of emotion occurs via: Regulating our biologically-based basic emotions Helping to construct unique emotional experiences

going beyond basic emotions Helping to construct unique concepts, meanings,

attitudes, values, and beliefs about emotion

THE BIOLOGICAL BASES THE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF EMOTION – BASIC OF EMOTION – BASIC

EMOTIONS EMOTIONS

The Original Universality StudiesThe Original Universality Studies

Darwin: facial expressions of emotion have both communicative and adaptive value

Universality studies: Universal emotions identified: anger, disgust, fear,

happiness, sadness, surprise

Judgments of expressions posed by preliterate tribes consistent with industrialized nations

Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion consistent between Americans and Japanese

Source: Paul Ekman

Research on Facial Expressions Research on Facial Expressions of Emotion after the Original of Emotion after the Original

Universality StudiesUniversality Studies Universal signals found in babies: smiling,

distaste, disgust, and crying Perfect correspondence between facial

behaviors produced between blind and sighted individuals

Morphological similarities between human expressions of emotion and nonhuman primate expressions displayed in similar contexts

Figure 8.5. Comparison of Blind and Sighted Athletes Who Just Lost a Match for a Medal. Photos Copyright Bob Willingham (Reprinted with Permission)

Other Sources of Evidence for the Other Sources of Evidence for the Universality of Basic Emotions and Universality of Basic Emotions and

their Possible Biological Basestheir Possible Biological Bases Universality in:

Emotion recognition Physiological responses to emotion Subjective emotional experience Coherence among emotion response systems Emotion antecedents Emotion appraisal processes

Figure 8.6. The Seven Basic Emotions and their Universal ExpressionsSource: David Matsumoto, Ph.D.

SummarySummary

Emotions are universal psychological phenomenon based in evolution of species

Innate emotions allow us to appraise events and situations in reliable and predictable ways

Emotions trigger host of responses part of universal emotion package

Recognition of emotions in others has important social meaning

Universal processes allow us to adapt, respond, and cope with problems regardless of culture

CULTURAL REGULATION CULTURAL REGULATION OF THE BASIC EMOTION OF THE BASIC EMOTION

SYSTEMSYSTEM

Cultural Regulation of the Basic Cultural Regulation of the Basic Emotion SystemEmotion System

Cultures influence a core, biologically-based basic emotion system in order to regulate emotions and ensure social coordination

Cultural calibration of innate emotion and expression system allows for regulation of culturally-appropriate emotional responses Allows for culturally-appropriate behavioral

responding, social coordination, prevention of social chaos

Front-End Calibration of the Basic Front-End Calibration of the Basic Emotion System: Cultural Emotion System: Cultural

Differences in Emotion Antecedents Differences in Emotion Antecedents and Appraisalsand Appraisals

Cultural differences exist in relative frequencies of various antecedent events to bring about an emotion

Many appraisal processes appear to be universal

Cultures influence what events their members become emotional about in first place, and how to interpret those events

Back-End Calibration of the Basic Back-End Calibration of the Basic Emotion System: Emotion System:

Cultural Display RulesCultural Display Rules Cultural display rules: govern how universal

emotions can be expressed Display rules can modify expressions:

Express less than actually felt (deamplification) Express more than actually felt (amplification) Show nothing (neutralization) Show emotion but with another emotion to comment

on it (qualification) Mask or conceal feelings (masking) Show emotion when not felt (simulation)

A Worldwide Mapping of Display RulesA Worldwide Mapping of Display Rules

Cultural Calibration of Cultural Calibration of Emotion Judgments Emotion Judgments

Cultures calibrate how individuals perceive emotions in others

Decoding rules: culturally dependent rules learned early in life that govern how emotional expressions are recognized

Cultural differences exist in inferences about emotional experiences underlying facial expressions of emotion

CULTURAL CALIBRATION CULTURAL CALIBRATION OF EMOTION OF EMOTION JUDGMENTS JUDGMENTS

Cultural Calibration of Cultural Calibration of Emotion Judgments Emotion Judgments

Cultures calibrate how individuals perceive emotions in others

Individualistic cultures associated with higher recognition rates for certain facial expressions

Emotion recognition rates are influenced by culturally learned decoding rules

Cultural differences in inferences of emotional experiences underlying facial expressions

Ingroup advantage: ability to recognize emotions of those with same culture better than others

THE CULTURAL THE CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF CONSTRUCTION OF

EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCEEMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE

The Cultural Construction of The Cultural Construction of Emotional ExperienceEmotional Experience

Cultures construct and mold emotional experiences in different ways

Socially engaging emotions: friendliness, respect, sympathy, guilt and shame

Socially disengaging emotions: pride, self-esteem, sulkiness, or frustration

Emotional complexity: co-occurrence of both pleasant and unpleasant emotions

Cultural differences linked to dialectical thinking

THE CULTURAL THE CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF CONSTRUCTION OF

CONCEPTS, ATTITUDES, CONCEPTS, ATTITUDES, VALUES, AND BELIEFS VALUES, AND BELIEFS

ABOUT EMOTIONABOUT EMOTION

Concepts of EmotionConcepts of Emotion

How American society values and structures people's feelings and emotions is directly related to values fostered by American culture

The way American culture understands and defines emotion may not be same in other cultures

Not all cultures have a word for emotion

Categories of Emotion Categories of Emotion

Hypercognize emotions: variations of emotions are identified and words created for these variations

Hypocognize emotions: relatively fewer variations of emotions exist

Types of words cultures use to identify and label emotion Gives clues about the way different cultures structure

and mold emotional experiences of their people

The Location of EmotionThe Location of Emotion

Different cultures locate emotions in different places Americans: heart Japanese: hara — gut or abdomen Chewong: liver Tahitians: intestines Ifaluk: "our insides"

Emotions are understood differently and have different meanings for different peoples

Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs about Emotionabout Emotion

Cultures facilitate different values about emotion Cultural values about emotion are about how

people want to feel (ideal affect), different than how people actually feel (actual affect)

Temperament and personality traits, not cultural values, predict actual affect better than cultural values

Cultural values predict ideal affect better Cultures facilitate construction of beliefs about

emotions

SummarySummary

Many of culturally-constructed emotions are emotions other than basic emotions

More complex emotions may require more cognitive abilities than do basic emotions

Emotion-related processes that depend on those cognitive abilities are more heavily related to culture

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

ConclusionConclusion

Emotions are universally expressed and recognized Emotions elicit expressive behavior, physiology,

cognitions, and action potential in all cultures

Cultures also exert profound influences on emotions Cultures regulate basic emotions by influencing

relative frequencies, types of triggers, and dimensions

Some universal emotions biology-based; others require higher-order cognitive processes